Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
-
Upload
izatishak86 -
Category
Documents
-
view
224 -
download
0
Transcript of Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
1/39
LECTURE 1
UHS 2052INTRODUCTION TO EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
LILY SURIANI MOHD ARIF
JPSM/FPPSMS44-B101-10
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
2/39
COMMUNICATIONTHE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
Of all the knowledge and skills you have, thoseconcerning communication are among the mostimportant and useful.
Communication will always play a crucial part inyour personal and professional lives and itsmastery and competence will influence how
effectively you live these lives.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
3/39
COMMUNICATIONTHE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
Present yourself in a positive lightBuild interpersonal relationshipsInterview effectivelyParticipate in relationships and task groupsInfluence attitudes and behaviors of audiencesUse media critically
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
4/39
COMMUNICATIONTHE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
To Improve EmployabilityTo Improve RelationshipTo Improve Physical and Mental Health
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
5/39
COMMUNICATIONT YPES OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION
Intrapersonal communicationInterpersonal communicationInterviewingSmall group communicationOrganizational communicationPublic communicationComputer mediated communicationMass Communication
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
6/39
THE COMPETENT COMMUNICATOR
Communication Skills A large and ready arsenal or interpersonal skills that can be used asthe situation warrants.
Cultural SensitivitySkills for communicating effectively in intercultural situations.
Critical Thinking
Skills for thinking logically and reasonably about communication andmessage appropriateness.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
7/39
THE COMPETENT COMMUNICATOR
Ethical FoundationSkills for communicating effectively and in a way thats consistentwith sound and ethical principles
Power Skills for increasing and maintaining power and influence as well asfor empowering others.
ListeningSkills for listening effectively and appropriately, depending on thesituation.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
8/39
COMMUNICATIONDEFINITION
Communication is the process understandingand sharing of meanings
Keywords:
ProcessUnderstanding
Sharing of Meanings
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
9/39
OBJECTIVES OF COMMUNICATION
We communicate for a purpose, and our basic objectivesin communication are generally these:
To be understood exactly as we intended. To secure the desired response to our
message. To maintain favorable relations with those with
whom we communicate.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
10/39
WHY STUDY COMMUNICATION?
To understand human communication we must first examine itsuses.There are at least seven uses for communication . Consider how effective you will be if you can successfully master theseabilities.
We use communication to i nform We use communication to pe rsuade We use communication to motivate We use communication to amuse Communication is used to control We use communication to create We use communication to destroy.
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BA -
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
11/39
WE USE COMMUNICATION TO INFORM.
As speakers and listeners, as writers and readers, weneed communication for informative purposes. Unlesswe can speak clearly, listen efficiently, write cogently,and read effectively, we cannot accomplish our
communicative goals.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
12/39
WE USE COMMUNICATION TO PERSUADE
We use communication to persuade, influence others,on a daily basis. In our private lives we sell ourselveson dates and to gain the admiration of our friends. In
the business world, we sell ourselves in employmentsinterviews or our proposals to colleague andsupervisors
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
13/39
WE USE COMMUNICATION TO MOTIVATE
It is not just jogging that can make our hearts race.Effective motivational communication can have thesame physical effect and still spurs us on to even
greater achievements. Pep talks, annual addresses or written requests can have beneficial motivationaleffects.By motivation others we help to bring out their best qualities.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
14/39
WE USE COMMUNICATION TO AMUSE.
Amusement does not detract from the importance of communication-it enhances it. We communicateconstantly to amuse ourselves and others. Orally, we
tell jokes and stories to amuse. We also amuseourselves in writing and reading.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
15/39
COMMUNICATION IS USED TO CONTROL
It should come as no surprise that we control othersthrough communication. When a judge declares adefendant guilty, the future of the accused is controlled
by the mandate of the court. When a law is passedreducing the speed limit to 55 miles per hour, we arecompelled to comply or run the risk of speeding ticketsand high-speed accidents.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
16/39
WE USE COMMUNICATION TO CREATE
We build through communication. No skyscraper wasconstructed without thousands of words beingexchanged among realtors and developers, architects
and venture capitalists, engineers and etc.etc.etc. Wealso build relationships with others through our communication. Our connections with parents andsiblings are created through our communication.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
17/39
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
18/39
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION
MESSAGES
Noise
Channels
Communication Context
Source/encoder
Receiver/decoder
Source/encoder
Receiver/decoder
FEEDBACK
http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BAhttp://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fslide.xml&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNGvE7L7MsRVuYwHhZU8TK0cj1K4BA -
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
19/39
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
20/39
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS
ENCODING/DECODING
Message encoding is the process of formulatingmessages-choosing content and symbols to conveymeanings.
Message Decoding is the process of assigningmeaning in the role of receiver to message symbols
generated by the message source.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
21/39
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS
MESSAGEThe message is the symbolic attempt to transfer meaning; it is the signal that serves as a stimulus for areceiver.
CHANNELThe channel is the medium through which the messageis transmitted. It is the link or links between source and
receiver. Channels include the five senses and anytechnological means used for message transmission.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
22/39
HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS
FEEDBACKThroughout the listening process, a listener gives a speaker
feedback messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what issaid. Feedback tells the speaker what effect he or she is having onthe listener(s).
Characteristics of feedback:i.Positive-Negative
ii.Person/Message focusediii.Immediate-Delayediv.Low/High monitoringv.Supportive-Critical
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
23/39
HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS
NOISE
Noise is the distortion or interference that contributes todiscrepancies between the meaning intended by thesource and the meaning assigned by the receiver.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
24/39
HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS
4 Types of Noise
PhysicalPhysiologicalPsychologicalSemantic
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
25/39
HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Physical NoiseInterference that is external to both speaker and listener, it
interferes with the physical transmission of the signal or messagee.g. Screeching of passing cars, hum of computer, sunglasses.
Physiological NoisePhysical barriers within the speaker or listener.e.g visual impairments, hearing loss, articulation problems,
memory loss
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
26/39
HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Psychological NoiseCognitive or mental interferencee.g. Biases and prejudices in senders and receivers, close-
mindedness, inaccurate expectation, extreme emotionalism (anger,
hate, love, grief)
Semantic NoiseSpeaker and listener assigning different meanings.e.g. People speaking different languages, use of jargon or
overly complex terms not understood by listener, dialecticaldifferences in meaning.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
27/39
HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS
CONTEXT
The communication context is the environment for thecommunication interaction.
Context includes not only the specific time and place of the interaction but also the roles, relationships and thestatus of the communication participants.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
28/39
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION PROCESS
4 Types of Communication Context
Physical context The tangible or concrete environment in which
communication takes place-the room or hallway or park.
Cultural context Refers to the communicators rules and norms, beliefs and
attitudes that are transmitted from one generation to another e.g In some cultures, direct eye contact between child and
adult signifies directness and honesty; in others it signifiesdefiance and lack of respect.
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
29/39
Social-psychological contextIncludes, for example, the status relationships among the
participants, the roles and the games that people play, culturalrules of the society in which theyre communicating.
Temporal (time) contextIncludes the time of day as well as the time in history in which
the communication takes place. For many people, the morning isnot a time for communication. For others, the morning is ideal.
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
30/39
COMMUNICATION EFFECTS
Communication always has some effects on those involved inthe communication act. For every communication act, there issome consequences.
Intellectual (cognitive)AffectivePsychomotor
e.g You may gain knowledge or learn how to analyze, synthesizes or evaluate something ( intellectual or cognitive effects ) or you may acquirenew feelings, attitudes, or beliefs ( affective effects ) You may learn newbodily movement, or express surprise ( Psychomotor effects )
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
31/39
ETHICS
Because communication has effects, it also involves aquestions of ethics. The ethical dimension of communication iscomplicated because ethics is interwoven with ones personalphilosophy of life and the culture in which one is raised that it isdifficult to propose a guidelines for everyone.Nevertheless, ethicalconsiderations need to be considered as integral to anycommunication act. The decisions you make concerningcommunication must be guided by what you consider right aswell as what you consider effective.
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
32/39
ETHICS
What does ethics mean to you? Are ethical principles objective or
subjective?Does the end justify the means?
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN COMM. PROCESS
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
33/39
COMMUNICATION MODELS
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
34/39
COMMUNICATION AS ACTION : M ESSAGE TRANSFER (LASWELL 1948)
SOURCERECEIVER
MESSAGE
CHANNEL
INTERFERENCE
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
35/39
COMMUNICATION AS ACTION : M ESSAGE TRANSFER (LASWELL 1948)
In this model, communication takes place when a message is sentand received. Period. It is a way of transferring meaning from sender to receiver. Harold Laswell (1948) described the process as follows:
Who (sender)Says what (message)In what channelTo whom (receiver)With what effects
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
36/39
COMMUNICATION AS INTERACTION : MESSAGE EXCHANGE (MC CROSKEY 1972)
`CONTEXT
SOURCE RECEIVER
MESSAGE
CHANNEL
INTERFERENCE
FEEDBACK
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
37/39
COMMUNICATION AS INTERACTION : MESSAGE EXCHANGE (MC CROSKEY 1972)
The communication as interaction perspectives used thesame elements as the action model but added two newones: feedback and context. Although it emphasizes feedback and context, it doesnot quite capture the complexity of the communicationprocess if the communication process takes placesimultaneously. The interaction model of communication
still views communication as a linear, step by stepprocess
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
38/39
COMMUNICATION AS TRANSACTION : MESSAGE CREATION (MC AULEY 1979)
SOURCE RECEIVER
MESSAGE
CHANNEL
INTERFERENCE
FEEDBACK
-
7/31/2019 Lecture 1 & 2-Intro to Communication
39/39
COMMUNICATION AS TRANSACTION : MESSAGE CREATION (MC AULEY 1979)
The communication-as-transaction perspectiveacknowledges that when we communicate with oneanother, we are constantly reacting to what our partner is saying and expressing.
The figure indicate we send and receive messagesconcurrently. Even when we talk, we are alsointerpreting our partners verbal and non verbal
responses.