Lecture 04 - Facades and Roofs

Facades, roofs, roof terraces and roof flats 25-2-2015 Søren Peter Bjarløv Associate Professor

DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

Copenhagen


Statistics on ancient buildings in Copengahgen

Number of m2 new multistory buildings in Copenhagen (Denmark's Statistics, 2011) Total m2 = 26.184.000 m2. 75 percent is built before 1950

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Number of new flats in multistory buildings in Copenhagen (Denmark's Statistics, 2011) Total number of flats = 250.463. 75 percent(188.610) is built before 1950.

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Facades

The look


Facades

The construction


Attic

Ground floor

Basement


Masonry was dominating up to 1940-50

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The “column” in the traditional multistory house in Denmark


Half-timbering


Facades

The energy


Number of dwellings and heat consumption

– The total number of dwellings in Denmark is approx. 2.380.000. of

which approx. 40% or approx. 1 mill. is in multi-storey buildings. – The multi-storey buildings covers 27 % of the total dwelling area and use 27 % of the total heat consumption.

– The older dwellings have a higher energy consumption for heat than

the more resent ones but there is no significant difference in the heat consumption of buildings built before 1930 and buildings built in the period 1930-1950.

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Area and heat consumption Divided on type of building and the time it is built

Multistory building after 1950 14%

Multistory buildings before1950 13%

Other buidings before 1950 24%

Other buildings after 1950 49%

Other buildings after 1950 44%

Other buildings before 1950 29%

Multistory buildings before 1950 15%

Multistory buildings after 1950 12 %

Divided into area Divided after heat consumption


windows

walls

Lack of airtightness

Roofs

Gable

Installation

Thermal bridges


Interior methods for energy-reduction When it comes to energy-renovation of a building possessing remarkable aesthetical values, especially significant decorations on the front façade, the first and easiest way to keep the building’s original look is an internal insulation. As you know by now, internal insulation is quite problematic regarding building physics, and should be handled with great care.

Thus external insulation is a better solution because of: • the physics • It does not take space from the living area

The most known interior insulation methods is to built an interior wall of battens and gypsum boards and apply mineral insulation. It is always a good idea to use steel battens if condensation should occur, even if it is not expected. If condensation is expected then do not apply interior insulation.

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Research project - Interior Insulation


Timeframe: Spring 2014—end 2016 Funding: 2 million kr. Grundejernes Investeringsfond The project will test hydrophilic materials: 1. Foam concrete, 2, Aerated lightweight

concrete, 3. Hard mineral wool, 4. IQ Term 5. Calcium silicate.

The project include 3 elements: 1. Test of materials in a mock-up with 16 solid walls. 2. Test of materials in climate chambers. 3. Test of materials in a flat.

Research project 1: Usability and robustness of interior insulation with TI and COWI

Research project 2: Interior insulation with Xella

Timeframe: Spring 2014—spring 2016 Funding: 750.000 kr. Realdania The project will be carried out in 2 phases: Phase 1 will include testing of Ytong Multipor in a mock-up with 8 massive masonry walls with variation of outer surface, thickness of insulation, method of applying insulation and interior wall surface. Phase 2 will include testing Ytong Multipor in a flat.

2 research projects


Collaborators • DTU: • Reza Finken: [email protected] • Daniel Dysted: [email protected] • Hasse Sandholdt: [email protected] • Tommy Odgaard: [email protected] • Maria Harrestrup: [email protected] • Carsten Rode: [email protected] • Svend Svendsen: [email protected] • Søren Peter Bjarløv: [email protected] • Dresden Technical University: • John Grunewald: [email protected] • Ulrich Ruisinger: [email protected] • Jianhua Zhao: [email protected] • Danish Technological Institute: • Anne Pedersen: [email protected] • Carsten Johansen: [email protected] • Thor Hansen: [email protected] • Britt Haker Høegh: [email protected] • Susie Merete Frederiksen: [email protected] • COWI: • Michael Vesterløkke [email protected] • Svend Erik Mikkelsen: [email protected]

• Rönby.dk: • Leif Rønby: [email protected] • Kingspan: • Scott McMonagle:

[email protected] • Bertram Zantinge:

[email protected] • Introflex: • Philip X.S. Møller: [email protected] • Xella: • Niels Jørgen Pallesen: Niels-

[email protected] • Jens Lauridsen:

[email protected] • E&P Service: • Søren Faebo Larsen: [email protected] • Rasmus Karkov: [email protected] • Thomas Binderup:

[email protected] • Bolind Consult: • Rune Berg Henriksen:

[email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]






























Project idea and objective

The project idea is to use interior hydrophilic insulation on massive masonry walls without the use of a vapour barrier. The objective of the project is to find one or more sufficiently robust methods to insulate the inside of the existing solid masonry walls

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What is the potential? By Tommy Odgaard

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› Plot of all non-demolished multi-story units in Denmark:

Specific numbers for 1850-1930 segment: 3 stories: 47559units 4 stories: 37636 units 5 stories: 115284 units 6< stories: 18719 units

› Sum: 219198 units

› 1930-1950 segment › Sum, 3<:169516 units


The challenges

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Results of initial calculation in WUFI with driving rain protection by Reza Finken

• Sd : water vapour permeability

Model Material Insulation thickness

RH Mould Index

RH Mould Index

[mm] > 80% [-] [%] [-]

Definition of models Behind insulation On the interior surface

A1 (Ref.) - - Yes 0 52-100 4.2

D1 CS* 30 No 0 41-63 0

D2 CS* 50 No 0 40-62 0

D3 CS* 60 No 0.14 39-62 0

E Mineral wool* 100 Yes 4.55 37-61 0

F2 IQ-Therm* 50 No 0.04 38-62 0

X1 AAC* 100 + C Yes 3.30 37-61 0

X2 CS* 30 + C Yes 0 41-63 0

X3 IQ-Therm* 50 + C Yes 0.51 38-62 0

Impregnation: 1 mm *Sd = 0.1 m (Sd : water vapour permeability) C = crack 1 cm deep

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Billedet ændrer sig når der er tale om kalcium silikat og IQ-Therm. Her betyder slagregnsbeskyttelse, at væggen forbliver tør og der ikke er risiko for skimmelvækst. Det hjælper dog ikke på mineraluld isoleringen, som stadig viser for meget fugt bagved isoleringen. Til sidst ses indflydelsen af en revne. Revnen gør at der er mere fugtig bag isoleringen, men det resulterer kun i kritisk risiko for skimmelvækst for AAC’s vedkommende, mens det er uproblematisk for kalciumsilikat og IQ-therm.

Model F2: Impregn. (Sd = 0.1 m) + Original wall (historical) + IQ-Therm (50 mm)

Model A1: Original wall without insulation Model A2: Original wall + Impregn. (Sd = 0.1 m) without insulation

Visual analysis from WUFI film of cross section view of exterior wall by Reza Finken

Min. surface temp. 9.2o C



Presenter

Presentation Notes

I subanalyse 2

Measuring equipment - placement

Red = Digital sensor Blue = Wooden dowel resistance Green = Gypsum resistance Purple = Resistance


Measuring equipment – used sensor systems

› RH and temperature are monitored through a range of systems.

› Digital sensor system: › Hygroscopic area:

› IST HYT221 sensor: › 240 measuring points

› Rotronic Hygroclip: › 4 measuring points (int-/exterior)

› Analogue sensor systems: › Hygroscopic area:

› Wooden dowel resistance measurement › 48 measuring points

› Resistance measurement in lath › 6 measuring points

› Over-hygroscopic area: › Gypsum block resistance measurement

› 24 measuring points


The experimental walls

1 x 2 meter walls under construction seen from inside 1 x 2 meter wall sunder construction seen from outside


Wall with lath and hole for beam and partition wall The gaps between the walls are insulated


Test materials

Source: Intro Flex ApS datablad

Source: http://stroba.ch/

IQ therm

Multipor

Source: DTU

Foam concrete

Thermal conductivity: 0,031 W/m K Thickness: 80mm

Thermal conductivity: 0.042 W/m K Thickness: 100mm

Thermal conductivity: ~0.050 W/m K Thickness: 100mm

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Det er valgt at anvende 3 køleskabe, der hver skal have 3 prøveopsætninger. Følgende isoleringsmaterialer vil blive undersøgt: IQ-therm, Multipoar og Skumbeton. Alle tre materialer vil havde en udgave med en indvendig fugtåben overfladebehandling og en med meget begrænset fugtåbenhed.

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Cold box – hot box by Daniel og Hasse

Lag 3

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Det er valgt at anvend 3 køleskabe, der hver skal havde 3 prøveopsætninger. Følgende isoleringsmaterialer vil blive undersøgt: IQ-therm, Multipoar og Skumbeton. Alle tre materialer vil havde en udgave med en indvendig fugtåben overfladebehandling og en med meget begrænset fugtåbenhed.


Test set-up

3 refrigerators each with 3 test set-up’s.

Refrigerator 1 Refrigerator 2 Refrigerator 3

Test 1 1

Multipor with vapour tight surface

IQ-Therm with vapour open surface treatment

Foam concrete (100mm) vapour open surface

treatment

Test 2

Multipor with vapour open surface

treatment

IQ-Therm with vapour tight surface treatment

Foam concrete (100mm) vapour tight surface

treatment

test 3 Reference wall Foam concrete (50mm)

vapour open surface treatment

Foam concrete (50mm) vapour tight surface

treatment


Foam Concrete panels

Density: 120 kg/m3 Conductivity: 0.05 W/m·K


Vacuum insulation • The use of vacuum insulation panels (VIP) is an innovative solution if the available

space is limited, typically at building renovations. • These panels use the insulating effects of vacuum to produce five-eight times

lower thermal conductivity than traditional insulation materials, so the same insulation effectiveness can be reached using much thinner layers than in case of the conventional ones.

• A U-value of 0.08 W/m2K can be obtained for a 6 cm thick VIP slab, depending on the materials.

• The currently available VIP slabs have a size of 60x100 cm and 1-6 cm thickness.

• A drawback of VIP is the special sensitivity to mechanical impacts, as the laminated aluminium foil must not be damaged by drilling, cutting, nailing or the like, since the interior pressure of the panel will rise and the special properties of the panel will be lost.

• Thus the panels have to be protected before, during and after the installation. Normally prefabricated sandwich elements are applied where VIP is combined with other insulation materials, such as EPS or fibreglass.

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• VIP consists of: • a rigid core from which the air has been evacuated • a gas-tight membrane to provide an effective barrier against all atmospheric gases

and moisture getting into the evacuated space, so that the vacuum can be maintained. The membrane is a composite foil, e.g. a very thin metal film (usually aluminium)

reinforced by a plastic film on each sides. • Core materials like perlit • Mineral powder • Mineral fibre • Fibreglass or silica also prevent the membrane walls from collapsing at high pressure.

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DTU SPACE - Building 328 - Glas facade with vacuum isolation


Exterior insulation and finish systems

The EIFS systems – also known as Dry-it systems – are very common at building renovation projects because of: – their reasonable price – simple applicability – high insulation effectiveness

This system helps to get uniform temperature at any point of the Building It protects the building envelopes from climatic effects It minimizes the thermal movements in the wall caused by the temperature differences in summer and winter.

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• Substrate plaster layer applied on the existing surface.

• A layer of rock wool or in other countries, Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) – attached by an adhesive to the substrate layer. This insulation material can also be used for decoration e.g. a new cornice.

• A base coat applied on the insulation, consisting of a fiberglass

reinforcing mesh embedded in a polymer based adhesive. The mesh has a texture with about 6 mm square openings.

• A colored, textured finish coat applied on the base coat.

reinforcing mesh

Brick masonry Adhesive Insulation board Polymer based base coat

Primer Finish coat

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• The system consists of the following individual components: • Anchor elements attached to the wall structure and to the connecting

elements. Sizing might be required depending on the applied cladding material.

• Mineral fibre insulation attached to the wall by adhesives or mechanical fixings.

• Wind sheet applied on the insulation board. • Ventilated air gap between the insulation and the cladding, maintained by

the connecting and fixing elements. • Connecting and fixing elements, as spacers between the insulation and

cladding. • Cladding, that can be made of different layers: slate, ceramic, natural

stone, metal, glass and wooden materials.

Wooden cladding on wooden structure Metal cladding

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Ventilated façade The ventilated cladding systems are multi-layer structures where the insulation and the cladding are separated by a ventilated air gap. The natural ventilation reduces the amount of heat that buildings absorb in hot weather conditions, and removes moisture which could cause mould and fungus at the internal side. Thus this system has better physical properties than EIFS systems.

These ventilated systems protect the primary structure against thermal exposures, and the insulation against the direct, combined action of rain, wind and solar radiation.

It also reflects a notable amount of external noise, and enables dry

installation of the covering elements, unlike the EISF systems.

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The listed houses

• Implementing external additional insulation at a house like this would mean a complete change of the façade, since there is no possibility to preserve the existing decorations as they are today, using any cladding material.

• Although the many different materials permit free interpretation of façades, making significant changes on the discussed building’s façade would generate public and professional debates.

• A building like this, considering its location, historical and aesthetic issues, would not tolerate an overall change of the front façade.

• What can we do?


Light double glazing façade?


Double glass facade on a save house

Summer Winter


Louver-type facade Integrated shading device


Roofs


Flat roof


Flat roof insulation – Minimum 1:40 slope

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Shed roof and low pitched roofs


Gable, Gambrel, hipped and mansard roof


The 3 most common roof-types in ancient Danish multistory buildings

Pitched roof ”Copenhagen roof” Mansard roof (Gable roof) (Mansard roof) (Gambrel roof)

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The critical details of the roof

http://www.godetage.dk/Sider/default.aspx


Increased roof height


Which tiles should be fixed?


The rules for ventilation of the roof?

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The roofing underlay hanging between the rafters


The valley is an important detail


Plywood, chipboard or wooden boards are fixed to the rafters


Zink plates are fixed to the wooden cladding


Battens are fixed to the wooden cladding on top of fillets which allow intruding water to run off under the battens


2 solutions of the valley along the dormer

The outer valley The lowered valley

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Construction of a dormer


Construction of a dormer were intruding water from the roofing underlay is lifted up to the upper side of the roof tile


Construction were intruding water from the roofing underlay is led down in the valley at the side of the dormer


Construction were intruding water from the roofing underlay is led down in the valley at the side of the dormer In the solution to the right the valley is lifted up to the upper side of the roof tile.


Roof battens – rules on how many connections you must have


Rules on how the battens should be fixed to the rafters

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Connection of roof and firewall


• Connection of roof and firewall


Flashing between chimney and roof


Slate roof


This statistic from 2004 is based on data collected from 674 rebuilding's from 1997 to 2002 shows that the biggest problems we have with roofs is the roofing underlay

71

3026

23 21 21

15 14

72

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10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Undertag Tagdækning Inddækninger Tagrum ogtagetage

Tagværk Isolering Render ognedløb

Dampspærre Afstandslister Taglægter

Number of damages in percentage registered in the different parts of the roof

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VÆLG DET RETTE UNDERTAG/ Choose the right roofing underlay DUKO er en uvildig klassifikation af undertagsmaterialer. På denne hjemmeside kan bygherrer og professionelle inden for byggeriet finde information om undertagsmaterialer. Vurder tagets anvendelsesklasse Undertagsmaterialer er inddelt i fire anvendelsesklasser. Start med at bestemme hvilken klasse der er nødvendig. Vælg undertagsmateriale Se oversigten med klassificerede undertagsmaterialer. Materialerne er opdelt efter anvendelsesklasse. Om undertage Et dårligt undertag kan medføre dyre byggeskader. Find mere information om undertage og byggeskader på DUKO.dk Om ordningen Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut administrerer ordningen. Læs mere om ordningen og om hvordan leverandører kan få undertagsmaterialer

DUKO - Danish roofing underlay classification organisation

http://duko.dk/sw173.asp





http://duko.dk/





FIRE ANVENDELSESKLASSER DUKO opdeler undertagsmaterialer i fire anvendelsesklasser. Hvilken klasse man skal vælge afhænger af det tag som undertaget indgår i. På denne side kan man se hvordan man vælger den rigtige anvendelsesklasse. Der er fem forhold som afgør hvilke krav man bør stille til undertaget: 1) Tagdækning 2) Taghældning 3) Kompleksitet 4) Tilgængelighed 5) Klimapåvirkning For hvert af de fem forhold beregner man et antal points (et såkaldt kravniveau). Det samlede antal points (det samlede kravniveau) afgør anvendelsesklassen. De fire anvendelsesklasser er: Lav, Middellav, Middelhøj og Høj. Der stilles de største krav til anvendelsesklasse Høj.

Samlet kravniveau (points)

0-2 3-6 7-9 10-14

Anvendelsesklasse

L Lav

ML Middellav

MH Middelhøj

H Høj

Ved at udfylde de forskellige valgmuligheder nedenfor kan man automatisk få beregnet anvendelsesklassen. Samtidig kan man se kravniveauet for hvert af de fem forhold.


VÆLG DET RETTE UNDERTAG/ Choose the right secondary roof DUKO er en uvildig klassifikation af undertagsmaterialer. På denne hjemmeside kan bygherrer og professionelle inden for byggeriet finde information om undertagsmaterialer. Vurder tagets anvendelsesklasse Undertagsmaterialer er inddelt i fire anvendelsesklasser. Start med at bestemme hvilken klasse der er nødvendig. Vælg undertagsmateriale Se oversigten med klassificerede undertagsmaterialer. Materialerne er opdelt efter anvendelsesklasse. Om undertage Et dårligt undertag kan medføre dyre byggeskader. Find mere information om undertage og byggeskader på DUKO.dk Om ordningen Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut administrerer ordningen. Læs mere om ordningen og om hvordan leverandører kan få undertagsmaterialer

DUKO - Danish secondary roof classification organisation






http://duko.dk/





Konstrukt

ion Materiale Produktnavn Producent Sælger Info

Uventileret

Laminat af spunbonded HDPE

polyethylen og spundbonded polypropylen, armeringsnet

Interstep DuPont de Nemours S.à.r.l.

A/S Scandinova

Tlf. 44 50 11 00

Klik her

Ventileret Blødgjort 1,0 mm PVC m. kerne af polyestertekstil

Protan Undertag Protan A/S

Komproment Aps Tlf.

96 52 07 10

Klik her

Uventileret

Laminat af spunbonded HDPE

polyethylen og spundbonded polypropylen, armeringsnet

Tyvek Supro Grid

DuPont de Nemours S.à.r.l.

V. Burcharth & Søn A/S

Tlf. 66 11 99 66

Klik her

ANVENDELSESKLASSE MIDDELHØJ (MH)




http://www.scandinova.dk/

http://www.scandinova.dk/

http://duko.dk/graphics/PDF-filer_mv/Interstep_MH.pdf



http://www.protan.dk/

http://www.komproment.dk/

http://www.komproment.dk/

http://duko.dk/graphics/PDF-filer_mv/protan_undertag.pdf



http://www.dupont.com/



http://www.burcharth.dk/

http://www.burcharth.dk/

http://duko.dk/graphics/PDF-filer_mv/Tyvek_2505B_MH.pdf







Roof flats and terraces


View from roof terrace, Peblinge Dossering, rebuilt 2009 (VecTech, 2011)


Roof flats and terraces in Birkegade (RDS Architects)


Roof flats and terraces in Birkegade (JDS Architects)


Project Soltag (sun roof)

Lecture 04 - Facades and Roofs

Documents

Transcript of Lecture 04 - Facades and Roofs