Lecture 01 - Introduction to Aircraft Propulsion
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Transcript of Lecture 01 - Introduction to Aircraft Propulsion
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Introduction to Aircraft Propulsion
Dr. Firman Hartono
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Introduction to Aircraft Propulsion
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa dapat:
- Menjelaskan sejarah pengembangan mesin propulsi
- Menyebutkan jenis-jenis mesin propulsi dan daerah
kerjanya
- Menjelaskan inovasi yang telah dilakukan
- Menyebutkan pemanfaatan mesin turbin gas non-
aeronautics
Referensi:
Saeed Farokhi, Aircraft Propulsion, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009
Jack D Mattingly, Element of Propulsion: Gas Turbine and
Rockets, AIAA Inc., Virginia, 2006
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A ircraft Propu ls ion - The action or process ofimparting motion to an aircraft by means of a force
such as a thrust of air or energy released by
burning fuel
rust
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To Fly
How ??
Leonardo Da Vinci’sornithopter, 1480
Flapping wing is mechanically
difficult to achieved
‘The first manned
flight’, 21-11-1783
How to control
the speed and
direction?
George Cayley (1773 – 1857),Father of Aviation
The Lift, Drag, Weight and
Thrust forces should be
separated.
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To Fly
Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896)
Samuel P Langley (1834-1906)
George Cayley
Powered Flight
Glider
Wright Brothers
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First Powered Flight
Early Development 1903 (Wright Brothers) → Piston engine 12 hp with propeller.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Propeller_Animation.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Propeller_Animation.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Combustion_Engine_Animation.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Combustion_Engine_Animation.flv
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The Propeller
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Higher Speed: Jet Engine
Sir Frank Whittle Dr. Hans von Ohain
Whittle engine was patented in
1932, developed in 1936, tested in
April 1937 and used as aircraftengine in May 1941 (Gloster
E28/39)
Ohain engine was developed in
1935, tested in February 1937 and
used as aircraft engine in August
1939 (Heinkel 178)
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Jet%20Engine%20Animation.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Jet%20Engine%20Animation.flv
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He 178 (1939): The 1st Jet Powered A/C
Engine HeS 3
Dimension : 1.48 m long
0.93 m dia
Weight : 360 kg
Thrust : 4.4 kN @
13000 rpm, 800 km/h
Pressure Ratio: 2.8 : 1
Sfc : 18.0 L/(kg.h)
MTOW : 1998 kg
Dimension : 7.48 m long7.20 m span
Max Speed : 598 km/h
Range : 200 km
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Gloster E28/39 (1941)
W.2/700
Max Thrust : 1127 kgf @ 16500 rpm
CPR : 4:1
SFC : 0.4 lb/hr/lb
T/W : 2.6 : 1
Compressor: 1 stage 2 sided cent
Combustor : reverse flow, 10
Turbine : 1 stage axial
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Me 262 (1942): 1st Production Jet A/C
Jumo 004B Turbojet
Length : 3860 mmDiam : 810 mm
Compressor: 8 stage axial
Combustor : 6
Turbine : 1 stage
Jumo 004B Turbojet
Max Thrust : 8.8 kN @ 8700 rpmCPR : 3.14:1
SFC : 1.39 kg/(h.daN)
T/W : 12.2 N/kg
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Innovations in A/C GTE
Transonic
Compressor
VariableStator
Low-EmissionCombustor
Turbine Cooling
Multispool Configuration
Modern Materials andManufacturing Techniques
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A/C GTE Development
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A/C GTE DevelopmentDevelopment of High-Pressure Ratio Engines
Year Compressor PressureRatio
1939 - 1945 3:1 to 5:1
1946 – 1950 5:1 to 6:1
1951-1952 10:1
1965 - 1969 20:1 to 25:1
Up to 2000 30:1 to 40:1
2001 - ….. more than 40:1CFM56 – 7 Turbofan Engine
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/CFM56%20Turbofan.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/CFM56%20Turbofan.flv
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A/C GTE: Turbojet
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A/C GTE: Turbofan
Turbofan = Gas Generator + Fan
Bypass Ratio
h
c
m
m
B
Total Thrust: hc TTT
Low B < 2
Medium 2 < B < 3
High B > 3
Aft-Fan
Forward-Fan
Turbine blade extension
Bolted to the compressor
Connected to reduction gear
Driven by free turbine
cruise speed capability similar to turbojet
higher propulsive efficiency than turbojet at low speed
better noise characteristic than turbojet
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A/C GTE: Turbofan
GE-90B engine used by Boeing-777
Latest GE-90 jet engine derivatives, which are used by Boeing-777
aircraft family have127,900 pound of thrust during final testing for
engine certification
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A/C GTE: Turboprop
Turboprop = Gas Generator + Prop
Total Thrust: h prop TTT
total thrust of a turboprop engine is
the summation of propeller thrust(about 75 - 90 %) and jet thrust
(about 10 – 25 %)
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Turbomeca_Engine_-_Production__amp__Assembly_3D_Animation.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Turbomeca_Engine_-_Production__amp__Assembly_3D_Animation.flv
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Moelyadi - 19.02.2008 Page 19
Propeller Propulsion
Piston Engine Turbo Prop Prop Fan
Propeller Propulsion
Operational alt : 25000 ft
Speed : 300 -500 kts
Operational alt : 35000 ft
Speed : 600 -800 kts
Operational alt: 15000 ft
Speed : 100 -200 kts
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Ram Powered A/C Engine: Ramjet
Invented by Rene Lorin in 1913
Leduc 0.10, 1st Ramjet Powered A/C
(1949)
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/SPACE_ACCESS_Ejector_Ramjet_Engine_Run.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/SPACE_ACCESS_Ejector_Ramjet_Engine_Run.flv
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Ram Powered A/C Engine: ScRamjet
Boeing X-51 UAV under B-52wing, 200 s Scramjet burn at
Mach 5 (May 2010)
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Non Continuous Combustion Engine
Type Description Advantage Disadvantage
Motorjet Obsolete type that worked
like a turbojet but instead of a
turbine driving the
compressor a piston engine
drives it.
Higher exhaust
velocity than a
propeller, offering
better thrust at
high speed.
Heavy, inefficient and
underpowered. Example:
Caproni Campini N.1.
Pulsejet Air is compressed and
combusted intermittently
instead of continuously. Some
designs use valves.
Very simple
design, commonly
used on model
aircraft.
Noisy, inefficient (low
compression ratio), works
poorly on a large scale,
valves on valved designs
wear out quickly.
Pulse
Detonation
Engine
Similar to a pulsejet, but
combustion occurs as a
detonation instead of a
deflagration, may or may not
need valves.
Maximum
theoretical engine
efficiency.
Extremely noisy, parts
subject to extreme
mechanical fatigue, hard
to start detonation, not
practical for current use.
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The Pulsejet
valve-lesspulsejet
V-1 with Pulse Jet Engine
http://localhost/var/www/apps/Project/Pulse%20Jet/small%20valveless%20pulsejet.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/Project/Pulse%20Jet/small%20valveless%20pulsejet.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/Project/Pulse%20Jet/lhmorepower.mpeghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/Project/Pulse%20Jet/lhmorepower.mpeg
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Hybrid Engine: Turbo Ram Jet
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Summary: Propulsion Systems
Vehicles Propulsion
Atmospheric Vehicles Space Vehicles
Propeller Air Breathing Rocket Solar Sailer
Piston Engine
Turbo PropDucted Propfan
Unducted Propfan
Pulse jet
Ram jet
Turbo jet
Turbo Fan
Turbo Ram jet
Scram jet
Solid propellant rocket
Liquid propellant rocket
Turbo rocket
Helio Gyro
Astro Ramjet
http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q2/070522b_nr.htmlhttp://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2007/q2/070522b_nr.html
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Use of GT Based Engine
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/how_a_turbine_engine_works.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/how_a_turbine_engine_works.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Tomahawk%20Cruise%20Missile.flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/Tomahawk%20Cruise%20Missile.flv
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1. Carilah masing-masing 1 contoh wahana terbang bermesin:- Piston Propeller
-Turboprop
-Turboshaft
- Pulsejet
- Ramjet-Turbojet
- Low Bypass Turbofan
- High Bypass Turbofan
2. Jelaskan perbedaan antara pulsejet dengan pulse detonation
engine.
TUGAS I
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Questions?