Lection 2Theme: Vegetable group

plants community, consisting of medicinal plants

Authors as.- prof. Kernychna

I.Z.

Plan1. Medicinal plants of steppe and meadows2. Medicinal plants of forest3. Weeds as medicinal plants4. Medicinal plants on the banks of river

Plan1. Medicinal plants of steppe and meadows2. Medicinal plants of forest3. Weeds as medicinal plants4. Medicinal plants on the banks of river

SteppeSteppe• In In physical geography, ,

a a steppesteppe (from (from Russian степьстепь, , "steppe," further "steppe," further derivation unknown) is derivation unknown) is an an ecoregion, in the , in the montane grasslands and shrublands and and temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biomes, characterized , characterized by by grassland plains without without trees apart apart from those near rivers from those near rivers and lakes. and lakes. Soil type is type is typically typically chernozem

• Steppes are usually characterized by a Steppes are usually characterized by a semi-arid and and continental climate. Extremes climate. Extremes Besides this huge difference between Besides this huge difference between summer and winter, the differences between summer and winter, the differences between day and night are also very great. day and night are also very great.

• The mid-latitude steppes can be summarised The mid-latitude steppes can be summarised by hot summers and cold winters, averaging by hot summers and cold winters, averaging 250–500 mm (10-20 inches) of 250–500 mm (10-20 inches) of precipitation per year. Precipitation level alone is not per year. Precipitation level alone is not what defines a steppe climate, what defines a steppe climate, potential evapotranspiration must also be must also be taken into account.taken into account.

Two types of steppe can be Two types of steppe can be recorded:recorded:

• Temperate steppe: the "true" Temperate steppe: the "true" steppe, found in steppe, found in continental areas areas of the world; of the world;

• Subtropical steppe: a similar Subtropical steppe: a similar association of plants that can be association of plants that can be found in the driest areas with a found in the driest areas with a Mediterranean-like climate; it has -like climate; it has usually a short wet periodusually a short wet period

Cold steppeCold steppe• The world's largest steppe The world's largest steppe

region, often referred to as "the region, often referred to as "the Great Steppe", is found in ", is found in southwestern southwestern Russia and and neighbouring countries in neighbouring countries in Central Asia. . Another large Another large steppe area steppe area ((prairie) is located ) is located in the central in the central United States ((North America) ) and and western Canada

• A A meadowmeadow is a field vegetated is a field vegetated primarily by primarily by grass and other and other non-non-woody plants ( (grassland). ). The term is from The term is from Old English mædwemædwe. In agriculture a . In agriculture a meadow is grassland which is meadow is grassland which is not grazed by domestic not grazed by domestic livestock but rather allowed to livestock but rather allowed to grow unchecked in order to grow unchecked in order to make make hay. It may be naturally . It may be naturally occurring or artificially created occurring or artificially created from cleared woodlandfrom cleared woodland

Agricultural meadowAgricultural meadow•Especially in the Especially in the

United Kingdom and and Ireland, the , the term meadow is commonly used term meadow is commonly used in its original sense to mean a in its original sense to mean a haymeadow, signifying haymeadow, signifying grassland grassland mown annually in the annually in the summer for making summer for making hay. . "Grassland" is used to include "Grassland" is used to include both meadow and grass pastureboth meadow and grass pasture..

Transitional meadowsTransitional meadows• A transitional meadow occurs when a A transitional meadow occurs when a field

, , pasture, , farmland, or other cleared land , or other cleared land is no longer is no longer grazed by livestock and starts by livestock and starts to display luxuriant growth extending to to display luxuriant growth extending to the flowering and seeding of its grass and the flowering and seeding of its grass and wild flower species. The condition is wild flower species. The condition is however only temporary because the however only temporary because the grasses eventually become shaded out grasses eventually become shaded out when when scrub and and woody plants become become well-established, being the forerunners of well-established, being the forerunners of the return to a fully wooded state.the return to a fully wooded state.

A perpetual meadow is one in which A perpetual meadow is one in which environmental factors restrict the growth of environmental factors restrict the growth of woody plants indefinitely. Examples include:woody plants indefinitely. Examples include:

• Alpine meadows occur at high elevations occur at high elevations above the above the tree line and are maintained by and are maintained by harsh climatic conditionsharsh climatic conditions

• Coastal meadows are maintained by are maintained by salt sprays

• Desert meadows are restricted by low are restricted by low precipitation

• Wet meadows are semi- are semi-wetland areas areas saturated with water throughout much of the saturated with water throughout much of the year.year.

Medicinal plants Medicinal plants of steppe and of steppe and

meadowsmeadows

Yarrow – Yarrow – Achillea Achillea millefoliummillefolium

It iIt is a herbaceous perennial plants s a herbaceous perennial plants (25-60 sm (25-60 sm heights heights )).. The stem is The stem is angular and rough, the leaves angular and rough, the leaves alternate, the segments very alternate, the segments very finely cut, giving the leaves a finely cut, giving the leaves a feathery appearance. feathery appearance.

TThe flowershe flowers heads heads forms forms compound corymbcompound corymb.. These heads These heads consist of yellow disc and 5 consist of yellow disc and 5 white ray flowers.white ray flowers.

• Uses: Uses: The The herbherb and flowers and flowers. . Medicinal actionMedicinal action – – haemostatic, haemostatic, diaphoretic, diaphoretic, astringent, mild astringent, mild tonic to tonic to stimulate the appetite.stimulate the appetite.

Yellow sweet clover Yellow sweet clover ((Melilotus officinalisMelilotus officinalis)) – is biennial glassy plant – is biennial glassy plant with tree compound with tree compound leaves. Flowers are leaves. Flowers are yellow, shallow, yellow, shallow, collected in a raceme. collected in a raceme. The above-ground The above-ground organs (grass) of melilot organs (grass) of melilot apply as a coughing up, apply as a coughing up, sedative mean.sedative mean.

Active ingredientsActive ingredients: : coumarin, protein, , protein, organic acid.organic acid.

USES: USES: herb –herb – expectorants, expectorants, anticoagulans, anticoagulans, sedativum, analgeticum sedativum, analgeticum means. means.

Yellow sweet Yellow sweet clover clover

((Melilotus Melilotus officinalisofficinalis))

Coltsfoot (Tussilago Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara).farfara).

It is a perennial herbaceous. The plant is typically between 10 - 30 cm in height. Leaves: the basal leaves appear after the flowers and are roughly heart shaped. Flowers: are yellow. Blooms first appear in early spring and continue into mid spring.

•Uses:Uses: It is made into herbal It is made into herbal teas (un-opened flowers and teas (un-opened flowers and leaves) and is found in leaves) and is found in COUGH PREPARATIONS. COUGH PREPARATIONS. •Medical action: mucliginosus, Medical action: mucliginosus, spasmoliticum, expectorans spasmoliticum, expectorans and antifhlogisticum.and antifhlogisticum.

Tormentil cinquefoil - Tormentil cinquefoil - ((PotentiPotentilla erella erectacta))

• The grassy perennial The grassy perennial with woody rhizome. with woody rhizome. Most of its flowers Most of its flowers have 4 petals.  Other have 4 petals.  Other Potentilla species Potentilla species have 5.  Other have 5.  Other features: A low-features: A low-growing plant.  Most growing plant.  Most leaves have three leaves have three leaflets plus two large leaflets plus two large stipules at base stipules at base looking like leaflets.looking like leaflets.

• UsesUses:: Rhizomes as Rhizomes as astringent, astringent, haemostatic means.haemostatic means.

Dwarf EverlastDwarf Everlast - - Helichrysum arenariumHelichrysum arenarium

Grassy perennial Grassy perennial plants plants with with a short dark-brown woody a short dark-brown woody rhizome. Stem is straight. rhizome. Stem is straight. Leaves next lancet-linear, Leaves next lancet-linear, felt-covered. Lower leaves felt-covered. Lower leaves are oblong. Flowers are are oblong. Flowers are shallow, tubular, orange or shallow, tubular, orange or yellow in the numerous yellow in the numerous spherical small baskets spherical small baskets collected in compound collected in compound corymb. corymb.

Uses:Uses: An infusion of An infusion of the bright the bright yellow flowersyellow flowers is is used in the treatment of gall used in the treatment of gall bladder disorders and as a bladder disorders and as a diuretic in treating diuretic in treating rheumatism and cystitis.rheumatism and cystitis.

• It is a herbaceousIt is a herbaceous perennial plantperennial plant growing to 1 m tallgrowing to 1 m tall with with compound compound pinnate leaves. The pinnate leaves. The fruit is nut. fruit is nut.

• UsesUses:: Rhizomes and Rhizomes and roots as astringents, roots as astringents, haemostatic haemostatic haemostatic means. haemostatic means.

Garden burnetGarden burnet ((SanguisoSanguisorba rba officinaofficinalislis))

Tansy - Tanacetum Tansy - Tanacetum vulgare vulgare

It is a perennial herbaceous It is a perennial herbaceous with compound leaves and with compound leaves and yellow, buttonlike flowers. It yellow, buttonlike flowers. It has a stout, somewhat reddish, has a stout, somewhat reddish, erect stem, usually smooth, erect stem, usually smooth, 50-150  cm tall, and branching 50-150  cm tall, and branching near the top. The near the top. The leaves are are alternate, 10-15  cm long and alternate, 10-15  cm long and are pinnately lobed. Yellow are pinnately lobed. Yellow flower heads heads forms compound forms compound corymb.corymb.

USES: flowers as anthelmintic USES: flowers as anthelmintic (vermifugu) means. (vermifugu) means.

Chamomilla is an erect annual, up to 60cm in height, with wispy 2-3 pinnate leaves. Yellow tubular flowerheads and hollow receptacle. This is surrounded by a single row of white ligulate florets.

Uses: flowers head as anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antimicrobial, mild sedative, carminative (вітрогінний), antiseptic, anticatarrhal.

Common Chamomile – Chamomilla recutita

AbsinthiumAbsinthium or or Wormwood Wormwood ((Artemisia Artemisia

absinthium)absinthium) It is a It is a herbaceous

perennial plant, with a hard, woody , with a hard, woody rhizome. The stems are straight, . The stems are straight, grooved, branched, and silvery-grooved, branched, and silvery-green. The green. The leaves are spirally are spirally arranged, greenish-grey above and arranged, greenish-grey above and white below, covered with silky white below, covered with silky silvery-white hairs. Leaves can be silvery-white hairs. Leaves can be both simple and sessile (without a both simple and sessile (without a petiole). Its petiole). Its flowers are pale yellow, are pale yellow, tubular, and clustered in spherical tubular, and clustered in spherical bent-down bent-down heads (capitula). (capitula).

UsesUses::herb herb as as stomachic (stimulate appetite ), (stimulate appetite ), antiseptic, , antispasmodic, , carminative, , cholagogum, cholagogum, anthelmintic and aromo and aromo aromaticum means.aromaticum means.

Weeds as medicinal Weeds as medicinal plantsplants

• WeedWeed is a is a plant normally applied to normally applied to unwanted plants in human-controlled unwanted plants in human-controlled settings, especially settings, especially farm fields and and gardens, but also , but also lawns, , parks, , woods, and other areas. More specifically, , and other areas. More specifically, the term is often used to describe any the term is often used to describe any plants that grow and reproduce plants that grow and reproduce aggressively. Generally, a weed is a aggressively. Generally, a weed is a plant in an undesired place.plant in an undesired place.

Taraxacum officinaleTaraxacum officinale is is perennial plant with taproots perennial plant with taproots system and short stem. The system and short stem. The leaves are oblanceolate, leaves are oblanceolate, oblong, or obovate. The oblong, or obovate. The florets are yellow or orange-florets are yellow or orange-yellow in color. yellow in color. Seeds has Seeds has own parachute that blow own parachute that blow away on the windaway on the wind..

Plants have milky sap.Plants have milky sap.Uses:Uses: rootsroots, , leaves as leaves as

choragogum, diureticum, choragogum, diureticum, vitamin means.vitamin means.

Dandelion -Taraxacum officinale

Mary Thistle - Mary Thistle - Silybum Silybum marianummarianum

Silybum marianumSilybum marianum is a is a milk thistle. This fairly . This fairly typical typical thistle has red to has red to purple flowers and shiny purple flowers and shiny pale green leaves with white pale green leaves with white veins. The medicinal parts of veins. The medicinal parts of the plant are the ripe seeds.the plant are the ripe seeds.

•UsesUses::in cases of in cases of liver diseases (diseases (cirrhosis, , jaundice and and hepatitis), ), gallbladder disease, and is claimed to disease, and is claimed to protect the liver against protect the liver against poisons.poisons.

BACHELOR'S BUTTON

(Cornflower)– Centaurea cyanus

Flores Centaurea cyani

It is an annual plant with grey-green branched stems. The leaves

are lanceolate. The flowers are most commonly an intense blue

colour with spreading ray florets surrounding a central cluster of

disc florets.

Uses: flowers as diuretic and cholagogum means.

Greater burdock – Arcticum Greater burdock – Arcticum lappalappa

It has large, alternating, It has large, alternating, cordiform leaves that cordiform leaves that have a long have a long petiole and and are are pubescent on the on the underside.underside.The flowers are purple The flowers are purple and grouped in globular and grouped in globular capitula, united in , united in clusters. clusters. UsesUses: : root as root as diureticum, cholagogum, diureticum, cholagogum, diaphoreticum means. diaphoreticum means.

Capsella Bursa

Pastoris- Shepherd’s

purseBrassicaceae(Crucifereae)

Uses. Herba for stop bleeding. vitamins K1, C,

cumarines, flavonoids,

aminoacids, tannins, micro- and

microelements

Urtica dioica- nettle or common nettle

Family - Urticaceae

• UsesUses::. Extracts can be used to treat arthritis, anemia, hay fever, kidney problems and pain. Fresh nettle is used in all folk remedies to stop different types of bleeding, due to its high vitamin K content.

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Medicinal plants of Medicinal plants of forestforest

• One of the basic types of One of the basic types of vegetation groupings, consisting of trees and groupings, consisting of trees and shrubs and covering an extensive shrubs and covering an extensive area. area.

• The degree of forestation and the The degree of forestation and the variety of forest species in Ukraine variety of forest species in Ukraine are determined by Ukraine's are determined by Ukraine's geographical position between the geographical position between the humid region of Western Europe and humid region of Western Europe and the dry steppes of Asiathe dry steppes of Asia

• The forests in the western part of Ukraine The forests in the western part of Ukraine have a Western European character; in have a Western European character; in the southern part small woods rather the southern part small woods rather than forests are found. As Ukraine's than forests are found. As Ukraine's climate, relief, climate, relief, soils, and water regime , and water regime change from the west and north towards change from the west and north towards the east and south, large differences arise the east and south, large differences arise in the extent of forestation and the in the extent of forestation and the composition of the forests. The eastern composition of the forests. The eastern and part of the southern limits of and part of the southern limits of dispersal for such important tree species dispersal for such important tree species as the as the fir, , spruce, , beech, , hornbeam, and , and ash dissect Ukraine. dissect Ukraine.

Redhaw Hawthorn Redhaw Hawthorn - - Crataegus sanguinea Crataegus sanguinea They are They are shrubs and and small small trees growing growing

to 5-15 m tall, to 5-15 m tall, characterized by characterized by their small their small pome fruit and thorny and thorny

branchesbranches. . UsesUses:: leaves, flowers leaves, flowers

and fruit show and fruit show cardioactive, cardioactive,

desensitizing activity, desensitizing activity, spasmolytic and spasmolytic and sedative effect.sedative effect.

Strawberries are forest – Fragaria vesca

is a herbaceous perennial plants that

have compound leaves with three hairy. The

flowers are white, bisexual, on long thin peduncles, have for 5 white petals. Fruit is

pseudocarp (strawberry). Uses: The

leaves and the fruit - diuretic, tonic,

cholagogum means.

Mountain – Arnica Mountain – Arnica montanamontana

Arnica Arnica is is perennial herbaceous plants. herbaceous plants. They have a deep-rooted, erect They have a deep-rooted, erect

stem, that is usually unbranched. Their , that is usually unbranched. Their downy, opposite downy, opposite leaves are borne are borne towards the towards the apex of the stem. The ovoid, of the stem. The ovoid, leathery, basal leaves are arranged in a leathery, basal leaves are arranged in a rosette. They show large yellow or rosette. They show large yellow or orange orange flowers, with 10-15 long ray 9 , with 10-15 long ray 9 florets and numerous disc florets. The florets and numerous disc florets. The flowers have a slight flowers have a slight aromatic smell. smell.

•Uses: flowers as antispasmodic, Uses: flowers as antispasmodic, haemostatic, cholagogum sedative haemostatic, cholagogum sedative means. means.

Reduce pain and swelling Reduce pain and swelling when made into salves when made into salves (liniments).(liniments).

RASPBERRY – (Rubus idaeus L) It has a

perrennial plant which bears biennial stems ("canes") from the

perennial root system. Plant has large pinnate

leavers with five or seven leaflets. Inflorescence

is the сorymb-recame. The fruit is red, or

yellow edible, sweet, aggregation of drupes

Uses: The fruit – vitamin, diaphoretic means in influenza, high temperature

Rowans or mountain Rowans or mountain ashes (Soashes (Sorbus aucuparbus aucupariaria ))

There is small trees or shrubs with compound pinnate leaves and compound

corymbs inflorescens. The

fruit is a small red pome.

Uses: fruit as vitamin, diuretic and tonic means.

European bird cherry – Padus

avium

Prunus is a trees and shrurs. Leaves are simple and usually lanceolate. The flowers are usually white to pink, with five petals and five sepals. Inflorescences - racemes. The fruit is a drupe.

Uses: fruit as astringent means.

Dryopteris FilixDryopteris Filix--masmasmale Driopterysmale Driopterys

• Long herbaceous Long herbaceous plant  (50 - 100 cm plant  (50 - 100 cm tall) with a tall) with a horizontal, thick, horizontal, thick, short rhizome.short rhizome.

• Uses: Uses: Medicinal, poisonous and Medicinal, poisonous and

ornamentals. The ornamentals. The scientific and folk scientific and folk medicine used as medicine used as

anthelminticanthelmintic means

Common birch - Betula verrucosa

• In scientific,medicini apply an extract and decoctions of birch buds as diuretic and bile-expelling facilities. Use also as washes at furuncles, sadnakh, wounds. Decoction of birch buds, accepted inward, irritating operates, that is why it does not follow to appoint him at illnesses of buds. Widely use tinctures and decoctions of sheets of birch as diuretic, bile-expelling, sedativniy and protizapal'niy facilities. Preparations of sheets apply at kidney kol'ci, icteruses, as a stimulant.

Medicinal plants Medicinal plants on on the banks ofthe banks of river river

Trifid Bur-marigold - Trifid Bur-marigold - Bidens tripartitaBidens tripartita

•. Leaves: Opposite. Blade deep . Leaves: Opposite. Blade deep green, divided into three green, divided into three sometimes more lanceolate sometimes more lanceolate lobes or leaflets. Blade-margins lobes or leaflets. Blade-margins large-toothed, hairy. Flower: large-toothed, hairy. Flower: yellow tubular disc-florets yellow tubular disc-florets grouped together into flower-grouped together into flower-like heads (capitula). Corolla of like heads (capitula). Corolla of 5 fused petals. Calyx modified 5 fused petals. Calyx modified into a pair of into a pair of bristles. bristles. Fruit: a Fruit: a brown, flattened cypsela brown, flattened cypsela crowned by two, sometimes crowned by two, sometimes three barbed bristles. three barbed bristles. •UsesUses: herb as diuretic, : herb as diuretic, antiphlogistic means.antiphlogistic means.

Spiny restharrow (Ononis arvensis)

• Spiny restharrow Spiny restharrow ((Ononis arvensisOnonis arvensis) is a ) is a perennial glassy plant perennial glassy plant or low shrub with a or low shrub with a thick rhizome and root. thick rhizome and root. Leaves are tree Leaves are tree compound. Flowers are compound. Flowers are rose, located rose, located singlesingle in in bosoms leaves. bosoms leaves.

• Active ingredientsActive ingredients: : flavonoid-glycosides, flavonoid-glycosides, essential oilsessential oils and and tannins.tannins.

• USES: root are diuretic, USES: root are diuretic, cholagogum, cholagogum, desinticiues means.desinticiues means.

Marsh CudweedMarsh Cudweed - - Gnaphalium Gnaphalium uliginosumuliginosum

Gnaphalium uliginosumGnaphalium uliginosum is is a low-growing annual.a low-growing annual. Leaves felted with white Leaves felted with white hairshairs..

Uses:Uses: anti-inflammatory; anti-inflammatory; astringent; diaphoretic; astringent; diaphoretic; diuretic meansdiuretic means.. HerbHerb used used both internally and both internally and externally in the treatment externally in the treatment of laryngitis, upper of laryngitis, upper respiratory catarrh and respiratory catarrh and tonsillitis.tonsillitis.

The Crassulaceae family

Snowdon rose (Rhodiola rosea) is the grassy perennial plant brought to the

“Red book of Ukraine”.

Active ingredients: flavonoids, tannins,

essential oils.Uses: The

underground organs of plant called a “gold

root” and used as tonicum mean.