lect 7 Behavioristic and Cognitive Behavioral perspective - Copy.ppt
Transcript of lect 7 Behavioristic and Cognitive Behavioral perspective - Copy.ppt
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1 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e
The Behavioral Model
Behavioral theorists believe that ouractions are determined largely by ourexperiences in life
Concentrates wholly on behaviors andenvironmental factors
Bases explanations and treatments on
principles of learning
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2 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e
The Behavioral Model
The model began in laboratories whereconditioning studies were conducted
Several forms of conditioning:
Operant conditioning
Modeling
Classical conditioningAll may produce normal or abnormal
behavior
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3 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e
How Do Behaviorists Explain Abnormal
Functioning?
Operant conditioning
Humans and animals learn to behave
in certain ways as a result of receivingrewards whenever they do so
Operant conditioning also known as
instrumental conditioningLearning based on reinforcements and
punishments.
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Reinforcements can be positive(pleasurable) or negative (the removal ofsomething unpleasurable and alwaysincrease the probability that a behaviorwill be repeated.
Punishments, or aversive consequencesdecrease the likelihood that behaviorswill be repeated.
Edward Thorndike pioneer in study ofoperant conditioning
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Operant Conditioning Cont
Law of effect-Thorndikes principle that
behaviors followed by pleasurableconsequences are likely to be repeatedwhile behaviors followed by aversive
consequences are not. When applying operant conditioning
explanation, abnormal behavior is learned
when it has been reinforced in some way orwhen normal behavior has been punished.(e.g., a child who only receives attentionfrom parents when he/she acts out.)
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Modeling/Social Learning
3rd form of learning described by
behaviorists also referred to as vicarious
conditioning
Learning based on observing and imitatingthe behavior of others. (e.g., children who
watched an adult act aggressively toward a
large doll later acted aggressively toward thedoll themselves, while other children who
watched an adult play calmly with the same
doll imitated the calm adults behavior.
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7 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e
Classical conditioning
Learning by temporal association
When two events repeatedly occur closetogether in time, they become fused in apersons mind; before long, the person
responds in the same way to both eventsFather of classical conditioning: Ivan Pavlov
(1849 1936)
Classic study using dogs and meat powderExplains many familiar behaviors (both
normal and abnormal)
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During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR(salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
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9 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e
Behavioral Therapies
Aim to identify the behaviors that arecausing problems and replace them
with more appropriate ones
May use classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, or modeling
Therapist is teacher rather thanhealer
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10 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e
Behavioral Therapies
Classical conditioning treatments may beused to change abnormal reactions toparticular stimuli
Example: systematic desensitization forphobia
Step-by-step procedure
Learn relaxation skills
Construct a fear hierarchy
Confront feared situations
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11 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e
Assessing the Behavioral Model
Strengths:
Powerful force in the field
Can be tested in the laboratory
Significant research support forbehavioral therapies
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Weaknesses:Too simplistic
Behavior therapy is limited
Downplays role of cognition
New focus onself-efficacy, social cognition, and
cognitive-behavioral theories
Abnormal Psychology 1 12
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13 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e
The Cognitive Model
Seeks to account for behavior by studyingthe ways in which the person attends to,
interprets, and uses available information
Argues that clinicians must ask questionsabout assumptions, attitudes, and
thoughts of a client
Concerned with internal processes
Present-focused
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14 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e
How Do Cognitive Theorists Explain
Abnormal Functioning?
Maladaptive thinking is the cause of
maladaptive behavior
Several kinds of faulty thinking:
Faulty assumptions and attitudes
Illogical thinking processesExample: overgeneralization
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15 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e
Cognitive Therapies
People can develop a new way of thinking toprevent maladaptive behavior
Main model: Becks Cognitive Therapy
The goal of therapy is to help clientsrecognize and restructure their thinking
Therapists also guide clients to challenge
their dysfunctional thoughts, try out newinterpretations, and apply new ways of
thinking in their daily lives
Widely used in treating depression
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16 Comer,Abnormal Psychology, 7e
Assessing the Cognitive Model
Strengths:
Very broad appeal
Clinically useful and effectiveFocuses on a uniquely human process
Theories lend themselves to research
Therapies effective in treating several
disorders
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Weaknesses:Precise role of cognition in
abnormality has yet to be
determined
Singular, narrow focus
Overemphasis on the presentLimited effectiveness
Abnormal Psychology 1 17
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COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
Over the past 20 years, the cognitive and
behavioural theories have become more inter-connected, emphasizing both behaviour and
thinking
Bandura social learning theory
self-control
self-efficacy
Cognitive-behavioural therapy is becoming the
dominant aradi m in clinical s cholo
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AND COGNITIVE- BEHAVIOURAL
TREATMENTS
Problem-solving trainingDZurilla &
Goldfried
Self-instructional training - Meichenbaum
Cognitive-behavioural therapy is becoming
the dominant paradigm in clinical psychology
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