Lect 3- overy cancer
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Transcript of Lect 3- overy cancer
Ovarian Cysts and Tumors
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Ovaries
• The most important medical problems in ovaries are the neoplasms
• Death from ovarian cancers is more than that of cervix and uterus together
• Silent growth of ovarian tumors is the rule ,which make them so dangerous
Types of Ovarian Tumors• Functional
• Follicle cyst• Corpus luteum cyst• Theca lutein cyst
• Inflammatory• Tubo-ovarian abscess
• Benign tumors/cysts*• Endometriotic cyst• Brenner tumor• Benign teratoma (dermoid
cyst)• Fibroma*Rare or very rare potential
for malignancy
• Malignant (or malignant potential)• Malignant teratoma• Endometrioid carcinoma• Dygerminoma• Secondary ovarian tumor• Cystadenoma,
cystadenocarcinoma (>50% for serous, ~5% for mucinous)
• Granulosa cell tumor (15-20%)
• Arrhenoblastoma (<20%)• Theca cell tumor (<1%)
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Primarily Cystic Primarily Solid Mixed
•Mucinous cystadenoma (benign, sometimes grow quite large)•Serous cystadenoma (benign)•Adenocarcinoma (malignant)
•Fibroma (benign)•Brenner tumor (usually benign)•Granulosa Cell tumor (malignant, produces estrogen)•Thecoma (benign, produces estrogen, occasionally androgens)•Sertoli-Leydig Cell tumors (Generally benign, may produce androgens and/or estrogen)•Dysgerminoma (malignant, but usually good prognosis)
•Dermoid (teratoma, usually benign, may produce thyroid hormone)•Clear cell carcinoma (usually malignant)•Adneocarcinoma (malignant)•Endometrioid Carcinoma (malignant)
Ovarian neoplasms may be primarily cystic, solid, or mixed. Some are benign, some are malignant. Some produce enough hormone to cause symptoms for the patient. Some examples of these shown below.
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Ovarian Cysts and Tumors
• Non neoplastic cysts are common but they are not serious problems
• Primary inflammation of ovaries is rare• Salpingitis of fallopian tubes frequently causes
periovarian reaction (salpingo-Oophoritis).
• Frequently ,the ovaries affected by endometriosis is a form of an ovarian cyst that results from ectopic endometrial tissue being present in the ovary.
• During the normal cyclic hormonal changes, As the blood is trapped within the ovarian capsule or stroma, it gradually accumulates, forming a chronic hematoma, known as an endometrioma.
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Non-Neoplastic and Functional Cysts of ovary
• Follicular and Luteal cysts are most probably physiologic
• Cystic Follicles: Innocent lesions originate from unruptured follicles or in follicles that have ruptured and sealed.
• Usually they are small 1 – 1.5 cm ,and filled by clear fluid
Ovarian Cysts
• Signs & Symptoms– Pressure, backache, menstrual irregularities,
pain, breast atrophy, sterility, & hirsutism
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Follicular Cyst
• Is due to distention of unruptured graafian follicle
• It is sometimes associated with hyperestrinism and endometrial hyperplasia.
• Corpus luteum cyst
• It results from hemorrhage into a persistent mature corpus luteum.
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Theca lutein cyst
• Results from gonadotropin stimulation.
• Often multiple and bilateral.
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Ovarian Cancer 16
• Definition• Ovarian tumors may arise at any age, but are
commonest between 30 and 60. • 1.Ovarian tumors are particularly liable to be
or to become malignant.• 2.In their early stages they are asymptomatic
and painless.• 3.They may grow to a large size and tend to
undergo mechanical complications such as torsion and perforation.
OVARIAN TUMOURS
Ovarian Cancer: Burden of suffering
• Fifth leading cause of cancer death in women (after lung, breast and colon)
• Overall 5-year survival rate is 35%• The “silent killer”: asymptomatic in early stages• 75% diagnosed with advanced stage disease;
5-year survival only 10-28%• Woman’s lifetime risk of dying from ovarian
cancer is 1.1%
Risk Factors
• Most women with ovarian cancer do not have any known risk factors
• However, there are several factors that may increase risk of ovarian cancer
• Having one or more of these risk factors doesn’t mean that ovarian cancer will develop, but the risk may be higher compared to the average woman
Risk Factors
• Inherited genetic mutations – Often exhibited by a family or personal history of
breast, colorectal or ovarian cancer
• Family history of ovarian cancer• Age• Reproductive history and infertility• Hormone replacement therapy• Obesity
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Ovarian Tumors classification
• Diversity of pathologic entities because of the three cell types make up the normal ovary
• Three cell types :
• 1- the surface epithelium tumors
• 2- Germ cells tumors
• 3- Stromal /sex cord cells tumors
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Ovarian Tumors
Epithelial tumors: These tumors arise from a layer of cells that surrounds the outside of the ovary called the germinal epithelium.
• About 70-80% of all ovarian cancers are epithelial. • These are most common in women who have been
through menopause (aged 45-70 years).
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Ovarian Tumors
Stromal tumors: Stromal tumors develop from connective-tissue cells that help form the structure of the ovary and produce hormones.
• These account for 5-10% of ovarian cancers and also these tumors typically occur in women aged 40-60 years.
Germ cell tumors: Tumors that arise from germ cells (cells that produce the egg) account for about 15% of all ovarian cancers.
• These tumors develop most often in young women (including teenaged girls). Although 90% of women with this type of cancer are successfully treated, many become permanently infertile.
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Pathophysiology
Ovarian carcinoma can spread by local extension, lymphatic invasion, intraperitoneal implantation, hematogenous dissemination, and transdiaphragmatic passage.
Intraperitoneal dissemination is the most common and recognized characteristic of ovarian cancer.
Malignant cells can implant anywhere in the peritoneal cavity but are more likely to implant in sites of stasis along the peritoneal fluid circulation.
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Designation DefinitionStage I Cancer limited to the ovaries
IA Growth limited to one ovary, capsule intact, no malignant ascites, no tumor on external surface
IB Growth limited to both ovaries, capsule intact, no malignant ascites, no tumor on external surface
IC As for IA or IB but with surface growth, ruptured capsule (before or during surgery), positive washings, or malignant ascites
Stage II Growth involving one or both ovaries with pelvic extension
IIA Extension and/or metastases to the uterus and/or tubes
IIB Extension to other pelvic organsIIC As for IIA or IIB but with surface growth, ruptured capsule (before or during
surgery), positive washings, or malignant ascites
Stage III Tumor involving one or both ovaries with peritoneal implants outside the pelvis and/or positive retroperitoneal or inguinal nodes; liver capsule involvement
IIIA Tumor grossly limited to the true pelvis with negative nodes but microscopic seeding of abdominal peritoneal surfaces
IIIB Abdominal peritoneal implants, but none exceeding 2 cm; nodes negative
IIIC Abdominal peritoneal implants larger than 2 cm and/or positive retroperitoneal or inguinal nodes
Stage IV Tumor involving one or both ovaries with distant metastases; pleural effusions must be demonstrated to harbor malignant cells; liver parenchymal involvement
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Classification of Ovarian Tumors, Surface Epithelial Tumors
-Serous Tumors : Benign ,Borderline and malignant
-Mucinous T. : Benign ,Borderline , and malignant
-Endometrioid T. : Benign, Borderline, and malignant
Clear cell papillary serous
-Transitional cell T. :Brenner tumors, Benign ,Borderline ,and malignant
-Undifferentiated Carcinoma
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l-Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
• 65 – 70 % of overall tumors
• 90 % of malignant tumors
• Age 20+
• Traditionally divided into Benign ,Malignant ,and Borderline in malignancy
• Can be strictly epithelial (serous ,Mucinous)
• Only 25% diagnosed in Stage I
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A. Serous Tumors
• The most frequent ovarian tumor
• Age is 30 -40
• May be solid ,usually cystic
• Cystadenoma or Cystadenofibroma
• 65% benign ,15% low malignant potential , and 25% malignant
• 65 % of all ovarian cancers
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Serous Tumors
• Most are large ,spherical to ovoid ,cystic structures
• 5 – 10 cm and might be 30-40 cm
• 25% of benign tumors are bilateral
• The surface of the benign is smooth and glistening .
• In contrast to the malignant forms ,the surface is nodular and irregular
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Serous Tumors
• Cystic spaces are filled by serous fluide• Papillary formation is very important and need to
be sampled well• Histologically the benign tumors are lined by a
single layer of tall columnar epithelium• Papillary formation can be seen in both the
benign and the malignant ones
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Serous Tumors
Psammoma bodies could be seenBetween the clearly benign and the solid
malignant tumors we can see the tumors of low malignant potential
The tumors may seed the peritoneum, the implants of tumors are non invasive.
Sometimes may behave as invasive peritoneal implants
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Psammoma bodies
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Figure 22-39 A, Borderline serous cystadenoma opened to display a cyst cavity lined by delicate papillary tumor growths. B, Cystadenocarcinoma. The cyst is
opened to reveal a large, bulky tumor mass.
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© 2007 Elsevier
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Figure 22-40 Papillary serous cystadenoma revealing stromal papillae with a columnar epithelium.
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© 2007 Elsevier
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Figure 22-42 Papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary with invasion of underlying stroma.
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Mucinous Tumors
• Epithelium is consists of mucin-producing cells
• Less likely to be malignant
• 10% of ovarian cancers
• 80% of them benign
• 10% LMP
• 10% malignant
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Figure 22-44 A, A mucinous cystadenoma with its multicystic appearance and delicate septa. Note the presence of glistening mucin within the cysts.
B, Columnar cell lining of mucinous cystadenoma.Downloaded from: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (on 28 April 2008 01:14 PM)
© 2007 Elsevier
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Brenner Tumor• Transitional cell epithelium
• Most are benign
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Figure 22-46 A, Brenner tumor (right) associated with a benign cystic teratoma (left). B, Histologic detail of characteristic epithelial
nests within the ovarian stroma. (Courtesy of Dr. M. Nucci, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.)
Downloaded from: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (on 28 April 2008 01:14 PM)
© 2007 Elsevier
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Papillary adenocarcinoma, ovary
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Sex Cord Tumors• 1. Granulosa cell tumor (granulose-theca cell tumor)• 2. Thecoma (theca cell tumor)• 3. Interstitial cell tumor (luteoma, lipid cell tumor,
steroid cell tumor)• 1- Granulosa cell tumor • Most postmenopausal ,could be any age• Unilateral• Solid and cystic • Tiny to large in size• Produce estrogen• Malignant behaviour in 5-25%
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Sex Cord Tumors,Thecoma-Fibroma
• Any age
• Unilateral
• Solid gray to yellow
• Rarely malignant
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Granulosa – theca cell tumor.
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Sex Cord TumorsSertoli - Leydig
• All ages
• Unilateral Gray to yellow
• Produce androgens
• Uncommonly malignant
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Sex cord tumor with annular tubules.
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Germ Cell Tumors
A germ cell tumor (GCT) is a neoplasm derived from germ cells. Germ cell tumors can be cancerous or non-cancerous tumors. Germ cells normally occur inside the gonads (ovary and testis).
- -Dysgerminoma
- -Yolk Sac Tumor- -Embryonal Carcinoma- -Choriocarcinoma- -Teratoma : Mature, Immature- -Polyembryoma- primary choriocarcinoma
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Germ Cell TumorsDysgerminoma
• 2nd and 3rd decades
• Unilateral
• Counterpart to Seminoma in male
• Solid ,gray to yellow
• All malignant
• PLAP positive
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Embryonal carcinoma
• 2nd and 3rd decade
• Solid
• Aggressive
• CD 30 positive.
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Germ Cell TumorsTeratoma
• 15-20 % of Ovarian tumors• Majority in the first 2 decades• The younger the patient ,the greater the
likelihood of malignancy• Over 90% are benign cystic ,mature
teratomas• Immature teratomas are malignant and
are rare.
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Figure 22-48 Opened mature cystic teratoma (dermoid cyst) of the ovary. Hair (bottom) and a mixture of tissues
are evident.Downloaded from: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (on 28 April 2008 01:14 PM)
© 2007 Elsevier
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64Downloaded from: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (on 28 April 2008 01:14 PM)
© 2007 Elsevier
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Endodermal Sinus (Yolk Sac) Tumor
• Its characteristic histologic feature is a glomerulus-like structure composed of a central blood vessel enveloped by germ cells within a space lined by germ cells (Schiller-Duval body)
• Most patients are children or young women presenting with abdominal pain and a rapidly developing pelvic mass.
• The tumors usually appear to involve a single ovary but grow rapidly and aggressively.
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Figure 22-52 A Schiller-Duval body in yolk sac carcinoma.
Downloaded from: Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (on 28 April 2008 01:14 PM)
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Choriocarcinoma
• More commonly of placental origin, the choriocarcinoma, similar to the
• Most ovarian choriocarcinomas exist in combination with other germ cell tumors, and pure choriocarcinomas are extremely rare.
• are aggressive tumors that generally have metastasized widely through the bloodstream to the lungs, liver, bone, and other viscera by the time of diagnosis.
• high levels of chorionic gonadotropins that are sometimes helpful in establishing the diagnosis or detecting recurrences.
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Ovarian TumorsMetastatic Carcinoma
• Older ages
• Mostly Bilateral
• Primaries are Breast ,lung, and G.I.T. (Krukenberg Tumors)
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Symptoms• Digestive symptoms, such as gas, indigestion,
constipation, or a feeling of fullness after a light meal• Bloating, distention or cramping• Abdominal or low-back discomfort• Pelvic pressure or frequent urination• Unexplained changes in bowel habits• Nausea or vomiting• Pain or swelling in the abdomen• Loss of appetite• Fatigue• Unexplained weight gain or loss• Pain during intercourse• Vaginal bleeding in post-menopausal women
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Diagnostic tools
• History• Pelvic Exam (including rectal)• Transvaginal Ultrasound – detection of
masses and mass characteristics• Tumor markers – CA-125, LPA (plasma
lysophosphatidic acid)• CT – assess spread to LN, pelvic and
abdominal structures• MRI – best for distinguishing malignant from
benign tumors
Treatment
• Depends on staging, tumor type, age, desire for future fertility
• Can include surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy
• Clinical trials are ongoing
Surgical treatment
• Primary debulking and cytoreduction; may include:– Bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy– Hysterectomy– Lymphadenectomy (para-aortic, inguinal)– Omentectomy– “brushing” of diaphragm, examination of liver
Chemotherapy and Radiation
• Usually 6 cycles of chemotherapy
• Cisplatin (or Carboplatin) plus Paclitaxel most commonly used combination therapy
• XRT