Lect 13 Stress and Categories of Stressors
Transcript of Lect 13 Stress and Categories of Stressors
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Life would be simple indeed if our needswere automatically gratified.
As we know, many obstacles, both
personal and environmental, prevent this
ideal situation.
Such obstacles place adjustive demands
on us and can lead to stress.
All situations, positive and negative, that
require adjustment are stressful. 2
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To avoid confusion, we will refer to
adjustive demands as stressors,
to the effects they create within an
organism as stress,
and to efforts to deal with stress as coping
strategies.
is important to remember in the longrun is that the two concepts- stress and
coping are interrelated and dependent on
each other. 3
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Canadian physiologist Hans Selye (1956;
1976a), said that stress can be broken
down further into positive stress, eustress,and negative stress, distress.
(In most cases, the stress experienced
during a wedding would be eustress;
during a funeral, distress.)
In general, distress has greater potentialfor causing difficulties in adjustment. ,
though distress typily has the potential to
do more damage. 4
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Categories of Stressors
Adjustive demands, or stressors, stemfrom a number of sources.
These sources represent three categories:
frustrations, conflicts, and pressure.
1. Frustrations: When a person's strivings
thwarted, either by obstacles that block
progress toward a desired goal or by
the absence of appropriate goal,
frustration occurs.5
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A wide range of obstacles,
Both External internal, canlead to frustration.
Prejudice , discrimination, unfulfillment
in a job, and death of a loved one arecommon frustration stemming from the
environment; physical hacaps, lack of
needed competencies, loneliness, and
inadequate self-control are sources of fru
tion based on personal limitations .6
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2. Conflicts: Inmany instances stress results
from simultaneous occurrence of two or
more incompatible needs or motives: therequirements of one preclude satisfaction
of the others.
In essence we have a choiceto make, and we experience
conflict while trying to make it.
Conflicts are classified as approach-
avoidance, double-approach, and double-
avoidance types. 7
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a. Approach-avoidance conflicts
involve strong tendency to approach
and to avoid the same goal.
Perhaps an individual wants to join a high-
status group butcan do so only by endorsingviews contrary to their values
Approach-avoidance conflicts are sometimes
referred to as mixed blessing dilemmasbecause some negative and some positive
features must be accepted regardless of
which course of action is chosen. 8
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Roth and Cohen point out that
being inflexible in making these choices-
that is, in always choosing an approach
strategy or an avoidance strategy-can be
maladaptive.
When dealing with a stressor, sometimes
the best method of coping is to
approach it; at other times, the best thing
to do is to avoid it.
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b- Double-approach conflicts
involve choosing between two or moredesirable goals, such as which of two
movies to see on one's only free night of
the week. To a large extent, such simple plus-plus
conflicts result from the inevitable
limitations in one's time, space, energy,and resources; they are usually handled
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In more complex cases, however,
as when an individual is torn between two
career opportunities or between present
satisfactions and future ones, decision
making can be difficult and stressful.
Though the experience may cause more
eustress than distress, the stress is stillthere and the choice difficult; in either
case, the individual gives up something.
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c. Double-avoidance conflicts
are those in which the choices are
between undesirable alternatives, such as
either going to a party when you would
rather stay home or being consideredimpolite if you cancel at the last moment.
Neither choice will bring satisfaction, so
the task is to decide which course ofaction will be least disagreeable-that is,
least stressful.
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3- Pressures : Stress may stem
not only from frustrations
and conflicts, but also from
pressures to achieve specific goals or to
behave in particular ways. In general, pressures force a person to
speed up, intensify effort, or change the
direction of goal oriented behavior. All of us encounter many everyday
pressures, and we often handle them
without undue difficulty. 13
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In some instances, however,
pressures seriously tax our coping
resources, and if they become excessive,
they may lead to maladaptive behavior.
Pressures can originate from external orinternal sources.
Students may feel under severe pressure
to make good grades because their parentsdemand it, or they may submit themselves
to such pressure because they want to get
into graduate school. 14
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A given situation may involve all three
categories of stressors- frustration, conflict,and pressure. E.g.A premed student whose
lifelong ambition to become a doctor
received rejection letters from all themedical schools to which he had applied.
This unexpected blow left him feeling, sad
and empty.
He felt extreme frustration his failure
and conflict over what his next should be.15
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He was experiencing pressure from
his family and peers to try again, but hewas overwhelmed by a sense of failure.
He felt so bitter that he wanted to drop
everything and become a beach bum or ablackjack dealer in Las Vegas.
The loss of self-esteem he was experiencing
left him with no realistic backup plans andlittle interest in pursuing alternative
careers.16
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Although a particular stressor may
predominate m any situation, we rarely
deal with an isolated demand, Instead,
we usually confront a continuously
changing pattern of interrelated and
sometimes contradictory demands.
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