Wednesday Execute Executive Relative Exchequer Genre Wind chimes Liaison Sesame Strategy Strategic Economics Economy

Project Trio Hazard Exorbitant Suit Suite Hotel Vehicle Academy Academic Academician Helped Competitive

Phonetics

DEFINITION

The science or study of speech sounds,

their production,

their analysis,

classification and

transcription.

Why to study Phonetics?

Language

a system of communication through speech

written language - an attempt to represent the spoken language by visual symbols.

English Language

English is not a phonographic language, i.e.

spelling generally does not give a clear

indication of pronunciation

Necessary for Indian students to make a

systematic study of the English sound

system.

Sounds

Consonants vowels

Vowels

Air comes out freely through the mouth No closure of the air passage No narrowing of the passage that would

cause audible friction.

Consonants

the closure or narrowing takes place

Classification of consonants

Place of articulation Manner of articulation

Place of articulation

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palato-alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Place of articulation

Lips Teeth Teeth ridge Tip of the tongue Blade of the tongue Front of the tongue Back of the tongue Hard palate Soft palate

Bilabial Plosives / p, b /

The air passage in the mouth is closed by the two lips

Soft palate is raised The lips are separated and the air is released

with explosion

Alveolar Plosives / t, d /

The air passage is closed by the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge

Soft palate is raised The tip of the tongue is suddenly

removed from the teeth ridge The air escapes with explosion

Velar Plosives / k, g /

The air passage is closed by the back of the tongue making a contact with the soft palate

Tongue is suddenly removed Air escapes with explosion

Affricates

Air passage is completely closed by a contact between the tip and blade of the tongue and the teeth ridge

The rims of the tongue making a contact with the upper side teeth

The front of the tongue and the soft palate also raised

The air is released slowly

Labio-dental Fricatives / f,v /

Lower lip very close to the edge of upper teeth, making a light contact

Soft palate is raised The air comes out between the lower lip

and upper teeth with friction

Dental Fricatives

The tip of the tongue is brought very close to the edge of the upper teeth to make a light touch

Soft palate is raised The air passes between the tip and blade

of the tongue and the upper teeth

Alveolar Fricatives / s, z /

The tip and the blade of the tongue are brought very near the teeth ridge

The air comes out through a narrow groove

The soft palate is raised

Palato- alveolar Fricatives

The tip and blade of the tongue are brought very near the teeth ridge

The front of the tongue is also raised towards the hard palate

The air passes through the narrow passage with audible friction

The soft palate is raised

Glottal Fricative / h /

Produced by the air coming through a narrow glottis with audible friction

The sound can also be regarded as a voiceless beginning of the following vowel

It does not occur finally

Bilabial Nasal / m /

The mouth passage is completely closed by the lips

The soft palate is lowered The air comes out through the nose

Alveolar Nasal / n / The tip of the tongue makes a closure

against the teeth ridge and the rims of the tongue are against the upper side teeth

The soft palate is lowered The air comes out through the nose

Velar Nasal

The back of the tongue makes a closure with the soft palate

The soft palate is lowered and the air escapes through the nose

Lateral / l /

There is a closure in the middle Air comes out through the sides

Vowel sounds 12

as in these

as in bit

as in bed

as in bad

as in bus

as in card

as in hot

as in all

force horse

as in book

as in rule

as in tube

as in serve

as in account

as in drama

DIPTHONGAL GLIDES (8)

Mixture of two vowel sounds

as in gate

as in bite

as in boil

as in home

as in house

as in cheer

as in air

as in poor

CONSONANTS (24)

as in pen

as in bag

as in take

as in day

as in keep

as in gate

as in chain

as in join

as in face

as in vain

as in thank

as in then

as in see

as in zoo

as in shade

as in measure

as in hand

as in make

as in night

as in long

as in lamp

as in rain

as in yes

as in wait

Let us practise

about

breakfast

substance

gentlemen

human

backward

standard

beggar

particular

drama

Prosodic characteristics of speech

speech is more than a sequence of sounds

suprasegmental properties: length stress and accent intonation (pitch movement across

utterances and texts)

Length

vowel length tense/lax (more and less effort)

sit seat

What is Word Stress?

Take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic, for example. Do they sound the same when spoken? No!

They sound different, because *one* syllable in each word is "stressed" (stronger than the others).

PHOtograph phoTOgrapher photoGRAPHic

accent = Distinctive manner of oral expression, "he couldn't suppress his south indian accent”

word stress, phrase stress, sentence stress, delay green house green house I went to the zoo yesterday

Here’s an example… A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over

the world.B: Who?A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over the world.C: Where?A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over the world.D: When?A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over the world.B: To do what?A: The mice will go to the moon tomorrow to take over the world!

Stress

/ rise\ fall/\ rise-fall\/ fall-rise/\/ rise-fall-rise