Lec 0 Solar Energy Overview 2013
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Transcript of Lec 0 Solar Energy Overview 2013
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Solar Energy: An Overview
EgyE 221
Solar Energy 1
Energy Engineering Program
College of Engineering
University of the Philippines, Diliman
Topic outline
• Solar Energy Resource
• Solar Energy Applications
• Solar Energy Economics
• Solar Energy Policy
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What is solar energy and why is it of
interest?
• solar radiation – electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun, available anywhere on earth at least part of the year
• Can be primarily converted into useful forms of energy
– heat
– electricity
• Technical feasibility of conversion technologies depends on availability of the resource in a specific location
Solar Energy Resource
• How much is there?
• What is the distribution?
• How much can be converted to useful energy?
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How much is there?
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How much is there?
Useful energy (exergy) in surface incident solar radiation, wind, hydro and
geothermal[1] compared to global consumption - Energy Information Administration
(in 2004, 447.605 Quadrillion btu/yr = 14.965 x 10^12 Watts)
Solar Data Measurement Sites in the
Philippines*
Univ of
Lowell, 1991
Profile of
Solar
Insolation in
the
Philippines,
early 1980s
PAGASA Solar
Data, 1970-
recent.
Data are not
continuous with
some missing
years.
*Cited in “Assessment of Solar Resources in the Philippines, Task 7Bb Report, Philippine
Renewable Energy Project, prepared by NREL under contract w USAID. Oct, 2000
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Solar Radiation Distribution in the
Philippines*
*Reported in “Assessment of Solar Resources in the Philippines, Task 7Bb Report, Philippine Renewable Energy Project,
prepared by NREL under contract w USAID. Oct, 2000
How much capacity is installed?
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Solar Energy Applications
Solar Photovoltaic
• Calculators, other small
electronic articles
• Street lighting, Community
charging
• Home electrification
• Remote stations (weather,
communications, etc...)
• Centralized power
generation
Solar Thermal
• Solar water heating (home,
pools, hospitals, hotels...)
• Solar space heating
• Solar space cooling
• Solar cooking
• Solar drying (agricultural
products)
• Solar incubators (eggs, etc...)
• Solar thermal power
generation
Solar
Thermal
Energy
Economics
Electric Water
Heater
Natural Gas
Water Heater
Solar Water
Heater
Solar Water
Heater w Rebates
Annual Energy Produced kWh 4300 same same
therm* 200 same same
Cost of fuel (1st year) $/kWh 0.11
$/1000 cuft 12.5
Energy Inflation Rate 6% 10%
Installed Cost, $ 1,500 1500 9000 5000
Maintenance, $/mo 0 0 2 2
Cost to Operate, $ 1st year 473 250 0 0
2nd year 501.38 275 0 0
3rd year 531.46 302.5 0 0
4th year 563.35 332.75 0 0
5th year 597.15 366.03 0 0
6th year 632.98 402.63 0 0
7th year 670.96 442.89 0 0
8th year 711.22 487.18 0 0
9th year 753.89 535.90 0 0
10th year 799.12 589.49 0 0
Total Cost of Energy
Consumed 6234.52 3984.36 0 0
Life Cycle Cost AFter 10
years 10 7,734.52 5,484.36 9,240.00 5,240.00
After 15 years 15 12,509.53 9,443.12 9,360.00 5,360.00
After 20 years 20 18,899.58 15,818.75 9,480.00 5,480.00
After 30 years 30 38,894.52 42,623.51 9,720.00 5,720.00
After 40 years 40 74,702.41 112,148.14 9,960.00 5,960.00
* 1 therm = 100 cu ft natural gas = 100,000 Btu = 105.5 MJ = 29.3 kWh
Comparative Life-
Cycle Cost Analysis:
�Electric Water
Heater
�Natural Gas Water
Heater
�Solar Water
Heater
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Solar Energy EconomicsCash Flow Analysis for Solar Water Heater
Annual Cost Monthly CostMonthly
Payments
Monthly Cash
Flow Impact
Cost to Operate, $ 1st year 473 39.42 55.51 -16.09
2nd year 501.38 41.78 55.51 -13.73
3rd year 531.46 44.29 55.51 -11.22
4th year 563.35 46.95 55.51 -8.56
5th year 597.15 49.76 55.51 -5.75
6th year 632.98 52.75 55.51 -2.76
7th year 670.96 55.91 55.51 0.40
8th year 711.22 59.27 55.51 3.76
9th year 753.89 62.82 55.51 7.32
10th year 799.12 66.59 55.51 11.09
11th year 847.07 70.59 0.00 70.59
Electric Heater Solar Water Heater w Rebate
Bank loan to pay for SWH: $ 5000
Bank interest: 6%
equal monthly payments for 10 years
The Renewable Energy Act 2008The Main benefits to be given to Renewable Energy developers are:
• Seven year income tax holiday
• Carbon credits generated from renewable energy sources will be free from
taxes. A 10% corporate income tax, as against the regular 30%, is also
provided once the income tax holiday expires.
• Energy self-sufficiency to 60% by 2010 from 56.6% in 2005, by tapping
resources like solar, wind, hydropower, ocean and biomass energy
• Renewable energy facilities will also be given a 1.5% realty tax cap on
original cost of equipment and facilities to produce renewable energy.
• The bill also prioritizes the purchase, grid connection and transmission of
electricity generated by companies from renewable energy sources.
• Power generated from renewable energy sources will be value added tax-
exempt.
• A net metering scheme will give capable consumers the option to
generate their own power. Net metering will allow renewable energy
producers to earn from the power they contribute to the grid, and are also
charged for electricity drawn from the grid.
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RE Act: Market Development
On-grid/Off-grid Development Mechanisms:
• Renewable Portfolio Standard– sets a minimum percentage of generation to be
sourced from eligible RE sources
– contribute to the RE growth
• Feed-in Tariff– guaranteed fixed price for electricity generated from
RE sources for at least 12 years
– only those covered by RPS
• Renewable Energy Market– Submarket of the WESM for trading RE certificates
RE Act: Market Development
On-grid/Off-grid Development Mechanism
• Off-grid RE development
– Minimum percentage of annual generation from available RE resources
– Cash incentive to RE developers for missionary electrification
• Priority and Must-Dispatch for Intermittent RE resources
• Connection facilities for RE-based power
• Payment of ancillary services
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RE Act: Production Stimuli
• Production Incentives– Income tax holiday for 7 years
– Duty-free importation of RE machinery, equipment and materials within the first 10 years
– Net operating loss to be carried over the next 7 consecutive years
– 10% corporate tax
– tax exemption of carbon credits
– Tax credit on domestic capital equipment and services
• Incentives for Feedstock Producers– Duty-free importation and VAT-exemption on all types of
agricultural inputs, equipment and machinery
RE Act: Consumer Empowerment
• Consumption Incentives
– Zero percent VAT on sale of fuel generated from
RE
– Green Energy Option allows end-users to use RE
as their source of energy
– Net metering for RE to allow end-users who
generate their own power to sell to the grid
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ERC approved feed-in tariffs for
renewable energy generation sources
RE Resource Proposed FIT* Approved FIT**
Hydro 6.15 5.90
Biomass 7.00 6.63
Wind 10.37 8.53
Solar 17.95 9.68
*NREB
** ERC (July 2012)
250
250
200
50
10RE Target Capacity Distribution
Hydro Biomass Wind Solar Ocean
TOTAL: 760 MW
Data from: http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2012/07/fit-now-out-in-the-philippines
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Homework
Due: Nov 18, 2013
• For a given capacity, find out and compute the capital and operating costs for a solar water heater, an LPG-based water heater and an electric water heater in the Philippine context.
• Compare the Life Cycle Costs and the Cash Flows.
• Explain your results and their significance to the utilization of solar water heaters here in the Philippines.
End