Leaving Certificate Biology Notes: Kingdom Fungi
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Transcript of Leaving Certificate Biology Notes: Kingdom Fungi
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Unit 3
Kingdom Fungi
Leaving Certificate Biology
H. Jones, St. Columba’s College
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Introduction• Mycology is the study of fungi.
• The general characteristics of fungi are:
• Their bodies are long thread like tubes of cells called hyphae.
• They are unicellular or multi-cellular.
• They have cell walls made from chitin.
• They have enclosed nuclei and mitochondrion.
• They reproduce by spores
• They are heterotrophic only and do not contain chlorophyll.
• Fungi include mushrooms, moulds, mildews and yeasts.
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Fungal Nutrition
• Fungi can be either saprophytic (dead material), parasitic (living material causing harm) or mutualistic (symbiotic) (living material not causing harm, e.g. lichens and mycorrhiza)
• While some mushrooms are edible, some are highly poisonous and should not be consumed if not known.
• Edible mushrooms include button mushrooms, morels, field mushrooms and truffles.
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Symbiotic Fungi
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Parasitic Fungi
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Saprophytic Fungi
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Harmful and Beneficial Fungi
Beneficial Harmful
Yeast for brewing
Mushrooms are used a food
Fizzy drinks
Bread making
Cheese
Antibiotics
Human diseases (athletes foot,
dandruff, ringworm)
Plant disease (blight)
Food spoilage (Moulds and
Mildews)
Material destruction (wood)
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Rhizopus stolonifer (Bread Mould)
Rhizopus is known as the
common bread mould
and is seen if bread is
left out for a long
period.
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Rhizopus 1
• Nutrition
• It feeds on starchy foods, fruit, vegetable
peelings etc and is a saprophyte.
• The fungus secretes enzymes onto the
starchy substrate and the starch is broken
down outside the fungus and the nutrients
are then absorbed.
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Rhizopus 2
• Structure
• The fungus appears as dark blue circular patches.
• It is often called a pin mould because it often looks
like pins sticking out of the substrate surface.
• Rhizopus composed of thread like structures called
hyphae.
• They have no crossed walls (aseptate), and are
haploid.
• A large group of hyphae is called a mycelium.
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Rhizopus 3
• There are two types of hyphae, stolons and
rhizoids
• Stolons are used to spread the fungus
throughout the substrate (food)
• Rhizoids increase surface area for absorption
of the digested nutrients.
• The pin-shaped structures are used during
reproduction.
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Rhizopus Life Cycle
• Rhizopus reproduces both sexually and
asexually.
Asexual Reproduction
• After a few days some hyphae grow upwards
out of the substrate.
• These are called sporangiophores.
• These structure have swollen tips contain a
sporangium, which contains many spores.
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Rhizopus Life Cycle - 2
• The base of the sporangium is called a
columella.
• In dry conditions, the spores are dispersed
and are carried on the wind.
• If they land on a suitable substrate, they will
each produce a hypha and continue to grow.
• The offspring will be genetically identical to
the parent.
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Rhizopus Life Cycle - 3
Sexual Reproduction
• Rhizopus exists as two strains (minus and plus).
• During sexual reproduction, hyphae of each of the
strains come close together.
• The hyphae grow towards each other and make
contact at the tip.
• The tips swell with cytoplasm and nuclei (haploid)
on both sides.
• The swelling is known as a progametangium.
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Rhizopus Life Cycle - 4
• A wall forms around the progametangium,
producing an enclosed gametangium on each hypha.
• The two gametangia fuse and the many haploid
nuclei in each fuse forming diploid zygotes.
• The cell with the diploid nuclei thickens and
become a dormant zygospore.
• The zygospore remains dormant for anything up to
a number of years, and until conditions are
favourable
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Rhizopus Life Cycle - 5
• Meiosis occurs inside the zygospore, producing
numerous haploid cells yet again.
• When the zygospore opens, new hyphae grow out.
• These produce sporangiophores and reproduce
asexually.
• The offspring are not genetically identical from the
parent.
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Exercise
• Using you text book and other resources
write notes on Yeast (Saccharomyces)
under the following headings:
1. Structure (including diagram)
2. Reproduction
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Mandatory Investigation
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Yeast Structure
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Reproduction in Yeast
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