leaves (Senna – Eucalyptus – Rosemary –

Sage )

Ph./ Mahmoud SallamFaculty of pharmacyAl-azhar university.

Contents:I. Senna leaves :

السنامكي (morphology, T.S., powder and chemical test).

II. Eucalyptus leaves : الكافور

(morphology and T.S.).

III.Rosemary leaves : الروزماري

(morphology).

IV. Sage leaves : المريمية

(morphology).

Origin: the dried leaflets of Cassia acutifolia (Alexandrian senna) & Cassia angustifolia (Indian senna). Family: Leguminosae (Fabaceae).

I. Senna leavesسنامكى

1-MorphologyGreen. Color: Cauline. Insertion:Alternate. Phyllotaxis:

Stipulate.Leaf base: Stipules :

Petiolate. Leaf petiole: Compound paripinnate. Lanceolate – ovate. Mucronate. Entire. Asymmetric. Pinnate reticulate. Pubescent (hairy). Papery.

Lamina: Composition: Shape: Apex: Margin: Base: Venation: Surface: Texture:

2-T.S.1) Lamina area:

Smooth. Polygonal cells, having straight

walls. Paracytic. Non-glandular, unicellular, curved

and warty hairs. May contain mucilage.

A. Upper epidermis and lower epidermis: Cuticle: Epidermal cells:

Stomata: Trichomes:

Content:

Isobilateral. Continuous over midrib region. Clusters of Ca-ox are scattered in

spongy tissue and palisade

B. Mesophyll: Type: Upper palisade: Content:

2) Midrib area: Formed of polygonal elongated

cells.A. Upper epidermis and

lower epidermis:

Formed of collenchyma besides the lower epidermis and parenchyma in the other region.

B. Cortical tissue:

Formed of xylem to the upper side. Phloem to the lower side .

Arch of pericyclic fibres below the vascular bundle and a compact mass of fibres above.

The pericycle formed of lignified fibre accompanied by crystal sheath.

C. Vascular tissue: Vascular bundle:

Pericycle:

T.S.

3-Powder Colour: green. Odour: characteristic. Taste: bitter mucilagenous. Main diagnostic elements (M.D.E.):

1. Paracytic stomata.2. warty hairs: Non-glandular, unicellular,

conical with warted walls.3. cluster crystals of Ca-ox.4. crystal sheath: lignified fibers surrounded

by parenchymatous sheath containing prisms of Ca-Ox.

Warty hair:

Cluster crystals of Ca-Ox:

Crystal sheath:

Active Constituents:1. Anthraquinone derivatives glycosides:

a) Dianthrone (Sennasoides A , B, C and D.)

b) Anthranol (aleo-emodin, and rhein aglycones.)

2. Flavonoid: Kaempferol.3. Mucilage.

chemical testBorntraeger’s test:

- Boil with 4 ml alcoholic KOH, 2:3 min.- Dilute with water.- Filter.

- Acidify with Dil. HCL.- Cool , shake well with 5ml ether or benzene.- Separate the ether or benzene into clean test tube and shake with 2 ml of dilute solution of NH4OH.

Rose-red to intense red (with C. acutifolia) , orange color (with C. angustifolia)

The aqueous layer.

Filtrate.

0.2 g of the crushed or powdered senna leaf

Modified Borntraeger's test (For dianthrones):

- Boil with 4 ml alcoholic KOH, 2:3 min.- Dilute with water.- Filter.

- Acidify with Dil. HCL. - Few drops H2O2.- shake well with 5ml ether or benzene.- Separate the ether or benzene into clean test tube and shake with 2 ml of dilute solution of NH4OH.

Rose-red to intense red.

The aqueous layer.

Filtrate.

0.2 g of the crushed or powdered senna leaf

Origin: dried leaves of Eucalyptus globulus. Family: Myrtaceae.

II. Eucalyptus leaves ورق الكافور

1-MorphologyDark shining green. Color: Cauline. Insertion:Alternate. Phyllotaxis:Petiolate. Leaf petiole: Simple. Lanceolate to Falcate (Sickle-

shaped). Tapering, acuminate. Entire. Symmetric. Pinnate reticulate anastomose near

the margin. Glabrous, glandular with numerous

small dots of cork. Thick and leathery.

Lamina: Composition: Shape: Apex: Margin: Base: Venation:

Surface: Texture:

T.S.

Mesophyll:. isobilateral

Origin: dried or fresh leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Family: Labiatae (Lamiaceae)

III. Rosemary leaves ورق الروزماري

MorphologyUpper surface: dark green.Lower surface: pale green.

Color:

Cauline. Insertion:Whorled. Phyllotaxis:Sessile . Leaf petiole: Simple. Linear folded inward along the

margins (revolute). Obtuse. Entire. Decurrent. Pinnate reticulate. Leathery.

Lamina: Composition: Shape: Apex: Margin: Base: Venation: Texture:

Origin: dried leaves of Salvia officinalis. Family: Labiatae (Lamiaceae)

IV. Sage leaves ورق المريمية

MorphologyGrayish-green. Color: Cauline. Insertion:Opposite. Phyllotaxis:Petiolate. Leaf petiole: Simple. Oblong to ovate. Acute to Mucronate. Crenulate. Symmetric. Pinnate reticulate. Wrinkled. Papery.

Lamina: Composition: Shape: Apex: Margin: Base: Venation: Surface: Texture:

Good luck !Do your best …..

Ph./ Mahmoud Sallam