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2. OUTLINES Learning theories Definition Transformative learning A brain-based learning Multiple intelligence Multimedia learning Other learning theories Learning style theory Prepared by : GM 3. Cognitive theories Definition Gestalt psychology Multi-stored theory Meaningful learning Cognitive structuralism Cognitive theories in classroom OUTLINES Prepared by : GM 4. I AM AQSA RASHEED ROLL NO. 2012-627 Asslamu Alaikum !!! Prepared by : GM 5. Learning Theories Definition : learning theories are conceptual framework that describes how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Prepared by : GM 6. Transformative Learning Theory Transformative learning is the cognitive process of effective changes in a frame of reference. A frame of reference defines our view of the word. Our frame of reference is composed of two dimensions, habits of mind and point of view. Prepared by : GM 7. A brain-based learning Learning is the process by which neurons join by developing the synapses between them. Different types of intelligence result from different combination of well developed functional areas. Prepared by : GM 8. Multiple Learning Howard Gardener suggests that different kinds of intelligent exists in human beings. It is the theory that has been fashionable in continuous professional development CPD training course for teachers. Prepared by : GM 9. Multimedia Learning Multimedia learning used of visual and auditory teaching materials that may include video computer and other information technology. The auditory channel deals with information that are heard and the visual channel process information that are seen. Prepared by : GM 10. Other Learning Theories Endragogical is the art and science to help adults learning. Connectivism is a recent theory of networked learning which focuses on learning as making connections. Prepared by : GM 11. Learning Style Theory Learning styles theory proposes that individual learns in different ways. There are four learning styles 1 Feelings 2. Watching 3. Thinking 4. Doing The knowledge of learner by getting from above styles will lead to faster and more satisfactory improvement. Prepared by : GM 12. Saba Amin Roll No. 2012-626 Islamic Education Prepared by : GM 13. Cognitive theories Cognitive theories grew out of Gestalt psychology , developed in Germany in the early 1900s and brought to America in the 1920s. Two key assumptions underline this cognitive approach: The memory system is an active organized processor of information and that prior knowledge plays an important role in learning. t Prepared by : GM 14. Cognitive theories The basic concept of learning is the main viewpoint in the cognitive learning theory(CLT) This theory can be divided into two specific theories: The social cognitive theory (SCT) The cognitive behavioural theory(CBT) Prepared by : GM 15. Gestalt psychology the word gestalt in German literally means shape or figure. Gestalt is a perspective focus on the belief that human consciousness can not be broken down into its elements. Prepared by : GM 16. This approach to the psychology was founded on the concept of gestalt Gestalt's performed many researches on human perception and learning . Later on they proposed the principals or law for perceptual organization. Prepared by : GM 17. Multi-stored memory Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) worked on this. It is also known as Multi- stored memory. One of the major issue in cognitive psychology is the study of memory. Human memory involves three stages. Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Prepared by : GM 18. Transudation of Energy It is short memory It is less than second for vision and about 3 seconds for hearing. For example : We see and hear many things everyday and a few things remain in our memory. We forget them in very short time. Sensory memory Prepared by : GM 19. It is called working memory. It is also known as conscious memory. It lasts around 15 to 20 seconds. For Example : Chunking Chunk means piece of a thing We group small bits of information into meaningful unit. Short-term memory Prepared by : GM 20. Ghazala Muhammad Ali Roll No. 2012-612 Islamic Education Prepared by : GM 21. It lasts from minutes to lifetime. It is divided into three subtypes of procedural, semantic and Episodic memory. Procedural memory : It is memory for the performance of particular types of action. Semantic memory: refers to the memory of meanings, understandings, and other concept-based knowledge, and underlies the conscious recollection of factual information and general knowledge about the world. long-term memory Prepared by : GM 22. Long-Term Memory Episodic memory: is the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, an d other contextual knowledge) that can be explicitly stated. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place. Prepared by : GM 23. Prepared by : GM 24. Cognitive structuralism was founded by Jean Piaget (1896-1980) According to Hinson : For teachers to promote more effective learning the teach needs to link new information to familiar in information selectively in as learner. Cognitive structuralism Prepared by : GM 25. Meaningful Learning Meaningful learning is opposed to rote learning. Meaningful learning refers to a learning way where the new knowledge is related with previous knowledge. Rote learning is where you memorize something without full understanding you dont know how new information relates to your other stored knowledge. Prepared by : GM 26. Cognitive Theories in the Classroom The steps taken are discussed below : Meaningful learning: Teacher need to promote more effective learning, the teacher need to link to familiar information. Dual coding learning: It suggests that we remember better with VISUAL LEARNING and VERBAL LEARNING. Schema theory: this theory suggested that our prior knowledge can facilitate or enhance transfer of learning. Phase of learning: to translate the information processing model into an instructional model called phase of learning. Prepared by : GM 27. Prepared by : GM