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LEARNING1

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What is Learning

?

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Learning

Its a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as

a result of experience.

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Theories of Learning

a) Classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov

b) Operant conditioning by B.F Skinner

c) Social learning theory

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Classical conditioning

A type of conditioning in which the stimulus produces a

response which is not expected in the normal case.

Definition : A type of conditioning in which an individual

responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce

such a response

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Experiment of Pavlov

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Meat\Food is an unconditioned stimulus.

Bell is an conditioned stimulus.

Salvation on seeing the food is unconditioned response.

Salvation on ringing the bell is conditioned response.

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Operant conditioning

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behaviour

leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.

Ex :- Recognition for students for their class performance.

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Behaviorism : proposed by Skinner and operant conditioning

is part of it.

It argues that behaviour follows stimuli in a relatively

unthinking manner.

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Social Learning Theory

People can learn through the experience of other people or

by self experience. It is an extension of operant conditioning.

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Four processes that determine the influence of model on the

Individual :-

a) Attentional process

b) Retention

c) Motor reproductiond) Reinforcement process

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Attentional : When the model is attractive, important to us .

Retention : How well individual recollects the model.

Motor reproduction : After observing the model it must be

converted to doing.

Reinforcement : Individuals are motivated to exhibit the

modeled behaviour if positive incentives or rewards are

provided. 12

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Shaping Behaviour

It is the systematically reinforcing each successive step that

moves an individual closer to the desired response.

Ways to shape behaviour

Positive reinforcement

Negative reinforcement

Punishment

Extinction 13

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Positive reinforcementResponse with something pleasant.

Negative reinforcementResponse by the termination or withdrawal

of something unpleasant.

Punishment : Unpleasant response to eliminate an undesirable

Behaviour.

Extinction : Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a

behaviour.

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Schedules of reinforcement

a) Continuous b) Intermittent

a) Continuous : Reinforcing a desired behaviour each time it

is demonstrated.

b) Intermittent : Reinforcing a desired behaviour often enough

to make the behaviour worth repeating

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Intermittent-Two types

Fixed ratio schedule : Initiating a reward after a fixed

number or constant no of responses.

Variable ratio schedule : Varying the reward relative to the

behaviour of the individual.

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ReinforcementTwo types

a) Fixed interval : Reinforcement or rewards are provided at

regular intervals.

b) Variable interval schedule : Reinforcements are distributed

in a unpredicted manner.

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OB Mod

Organizational Behavior Modification (OB Mod)

The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in

the work setting .

Five step problem solving model

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a) Identifiy critical behaviors

b) Develop base line data

c) Identify behavioral consequences

d) Develop and implement an intervention strategy

e) Evaluate performance improvement

Example : Case of Emery Air Freight.

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OB mod can be used to reduce absenteeism, lateness

and accident rates

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Conclusion

Learning is important for organizational effectiveness

Shaping behaviour through reinforcements can improveindividuals performance and vital for behavioral change

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To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but also

dream; not only plan, but also believe.

- Anatole France22