Learning!

Psychology Ms. Rebecca

Do Now:

• What are some good habits you have? Ex: Brushing your teeth after eating, exercising, eating healthy, doing homework etc…

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Why should we care about learning?

• 1. Learning principles can help us to get over fears, learn good habits, and unlearn bad habits.

• 2. It can also help us to reach our full potential as students and people in general!

Why is it part of Psychology?

• Learning is a psychological process that shapes us into the people we are today, and who we will be in the future!

?s to answer by end of lesson:

• 1. What are the 2 main types of conditioning and how do they work/differ from one another?

• 2. How can operant conditioning help someone to get over a fear?

• 3. What types of reinforcement can be used to help change behavior?

• 4. What is the difference between latent learning and observational learning?

Multiple Choice Test• • Ivan Pavlov is famous for his findings on classical conditioning by testing the

effects of ringing a bell on.....– people– rabbits– frogs– dogs

• • The idea that you can learn how to swing a golf club by watching someone

else do it is called:– Latent learning– Observational learning– Positive reinforcement– Programmed learning

• • Learning that is hidden in your subconscious until it is needed (like when you

remember when things are in your kitchen only when you need to use them) is called: – Latent learning– Programmed learning– Observational learning– Media learning

• • Many psychologists believe that trying to get over a fear using

_______________ may be too difficult for many people.– flooding– extinction– systematic desensitization– generalization

• • ______________________ helps people to get over their fears by teaching

them relaxation techniques to use as they are gradually exposed to the things they fear.– flooding– generalization– systematic desensitization– extinction

• •

• Conditioning children to like going to the doctor by giving them candy every time they go to the doctor is an example of _____________________.– Classical conditioning– Operant conditioning– Aerobic conditioning– Counter conditioning

• Food, water and warmth are all examples of _________________

– Primary reinforcers– Secondary reinforcers– Building reinforcers– None of the above

• Money, attention and social approval are all examples of __________________.– Primary reinforcers– Secondary reinforcers– Life reinforcers– None of the above

• True/False

• ____ Negative reinforcement decreases the frequency of a desired behavior.

• • ____ Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of a desired

behavior.• • ____ Punishment is different from negative reinforcement.•

Key Terms

• Classical conditioning• Stimulus/response• Ivan Pavlov• US, UR, CS, CR• Extinction• Taste aversion• Spontaneous recovery• Flooding• Systematic

desensitization

• Operant conditioning• B.F. Skinner• Primary/secondary

reinforcement• Positive/negative

reinforcement• Punishment• Other types of

reinforcement• Latent learning• Observational learning

Learning

• Anything we are born NOT knowing how to do must be learned.

• Ex: reading, walking, talking….

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How do we learn things?

• Many different ways:• Watching others• Reading books• Trying something new….

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A Day at the Beach Activity

• Relax and close your eyes…………

Jaws Ex of Classical Conditioning!• Shark = fear• Jaws Music: you’ve

learned to think of a shark and feel afraid

• Music originally made you feel nothing (or still doesn’t if you haven’t seen the movie)

Classical Conditioning

• We learn to do something or not to do something based on a stimulus and a response to that stimulus.

Stimulus

• Something that produces a reaction.

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Response

• The reaction a person or animal has to something (stimulus).

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Another Example:

• You really like a song on the radio. Every time you hear that song you feel happy and you want to dance.

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Example Continued

• Stimulus: Music

• Response: feeling happy and wanting to dance.

Classical Conditioning

• Learning to respond to a stimulus in a certain way.

Example:

• When we eat food, it’s normal for our mouths to produce saliva to digest the food. This is NOT a learned behavior.

BUT

• It is NOT normal to produce saliva when we are simply SMELLING food because we don’t need to digest smells.

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Classical Conditioning

• The reason that you drool or make saliva when you smell delicious food is because you are classically conditioned to do this.

Classical Conditioning

• We have learned that when we see and smell delicious food nearby, we will probably get a chance to eat it, which will require saliva.

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2 Stimuli become associated with one another

• Stimulus 1: Smell of food

• Stimulus 2: Eating food

Ivan Pavlov Rings a Bell

• Dogs learned from experience that when Pavlov rang a bell, they would be fed.

Ivan Pavlov Rings a Bell

• The dogs learned to salivate when they heard the bell, because they associated the bell with being fed.

Ivan Pavlov Rings a Bell

• Stimulus 1: Being Fed• Response 1: Salivating

• Stimulus 2: Bell Ringing• Response 2: Salivating

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But it’s not called Stimulus/Response 1 and 2…

• Unconditioned Stimulus• Unconditioned Response• Conditioned Stimulus• Conditioned Response

• Note: Things that are conditioned must be learned

Unconditioned Stimulus

• Stimulus that caused as AUTOMATIC response that doesn’t need to be learned.

• Ex: When the dogs were fed they naturally salivated.

Unconditioned Response

• The response to an unconditioned stimulus.

• Ex: When the dogs were fed they naturally salivated.

Conditioned Stimulus

• Something that normally doesn’t cause the response it causes AFTER conditioning.

• Ex: The ringing of a bell

Conditioned Response

• A learned response to a stimulus that used to be meaningless.

• Ex: The dogs salivating after they hear a ringing bell (Conditioned Stimulus).

Adapting to the Environment

• Why is classical conditioning important in nature?

• It helps animals to learn to survive in their environment.

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Adapting to the Environment

• Ex: A bunny learns to run away when it smells or sees cats nearby.

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Adapting to the Environment

• Humans may learn to get out of the house if they smell smoke, even if they don’t see fire.

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Taste Aversion

• learned avoidance of a certain type of food.

• Ex: You eat so much ice cream you throw up. You won’t want to eat ice cream again for a while.

Why are taste aversions important?

• They can save lives! Sometimes when foods make us sick, it is because they are poison and we shouldn’t eat them. Ex: Alcohol!

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Extinction

• When a conditioned stimulus no longer is followed by an unconditioned stimulus, it will lose its ability to create a conditioned response.

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Ex:

• Conditioned Stimulus: Your car alarm goes off and it is stolen

• Conditioned Response: You freak out whenever you hear the alarm go off on your NEW car

After a while

• You learn that the car alarm goes of ALL THE TIME and it hasn’t been stolen in YEARS.

• You stop freaking out when you hear the car alarm. This is Extinction.

Same thing happened with the dogs

• Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after he rang a bell.

• After a while, the dogs stopped salivating when they heard the bell.

Spontaneous Recovery

• BUT Extinction may not last forever.

• For a few days, Pavlov did not ring the bell AT ALL. THEN, he rang the bell and the dogs salivated again. But not as much.

Spontaneous Recovery

• If your car alarm doesn’t go off for a long time, and then suddenly it does, you may freak out a little bit, even if your car hasn’t been stolen.

Another example:

• Perfume or Cologne of someone you loved.

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Generalization

• Responding the same way to stimuli that are similar.

• Ex: If you throw up after eating a gallon of chocolate ice cream you probably will avoid other flavors of ice cream too in addition to chocolate ice cream.

Discrimination• BUT people still respond

differently to stimuli that are NOT similar.

• Ex: You can’t eat ice cream for a while but chocolate cake is different enough from ice cream to be ok to eat.

How does classical conditioning help people?

• It can help people get over fears of things and situations.

2 ways to help reduce fears:

• 1. Flooding• 2. Systematic Desensitization

1. Flooding

• A person is forced to be around the thing that they fear.

• Ex: If you are afraid of heights, you may be forced to look out a 6th story window until you are no longer upset about it.

Problem with flooding:

• People who are really afraid of something would HATE being forced to be around the thing they fear. It may be difficult to get someone to face their fear like that.

2. Systematic Desensitization

• People are taught ways to relax when facing a fear. They are GRADUALLY exposed to the things they fear while being helped to relax.

Example:

• People who are afraid of spiders may be shown pictures of spiders and are helped to relax.

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Example continued

• Gradually they are shown real spiders at a distance and helped to relax.

Example continued

• Finally, the spiders may be brought closer and closer while using the same relaxation techniques until the person is no longer afraid.

Pros and Cons:

• Systematic Desensitization is easier for patients than Flooding BUT it can take a LONG time.

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Another way to get over a fear: Counter conditioning

• A pleasant stimulus is paired with something someone is afraid of.

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Counter conditioning example:

• A child who is afraid of shots is given candy while they are at the doctor. The good experience of eating the candy my cancel out the fear of shots.

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Review Question

• Read the following situation and write which parts are the:

• 1. Unconditioned Stimulus• 2. Unconditioned Response• 3. Conditioned Stimulus• 4. Conditioned Response

Situation

• Whenever you see your boyfriend or girlfriend you want to kiss them. You love everything about them. You especially like the way their perfume or cologne smells. Eventually, just smelling the perfume or cologne they wear makes you want to kiss them.

Another type of learning:

Operant Conditioning:Learning to do things

because of their results.

Ex: You may learn to study because when you study you get good grades.

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Different from Classical Conditioning

• Because people have more control over these behaviors.

• Studying is still a choice. Drooling when you eat isn’t a choice and drooling when you hear a bell isn’t a choice either.

B.F. Skinner’s birds

• Trained to peck target for food.

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Reinforcement

• Something, like a reward, that helps increase the frequency of a behavior.

Reinforcement

• Ex: Dogs are reinforced to do tricks with treats

Different Types of Reinforcers

• Primary Reinforcers• Secondary Reinforcers

Primary Reinforcers• Reinforcement that works

because of the biological NEEDS of a person or animal

• Ex: We need food, water, shelter to survive. To don’t need to be taught the importance of these things.

Secondary Reinforcement

• Reinforcement that has value that must be learned over time.

• Ex: grades, money, social approval, attention

Positive and Negative Reinforcement

• Positive Reinforcement: increases the frequency of a behavior when it is given.

• Ex: good grades are positive reinforcement for studying.

Negative Reinforcement

• Increases the frequency of a behavior when it is taken away.

Ex of Negative Reinforcement

• Your mother always complains that you never talk to her. If you e-mail her, she stops complaining.

• Your mother NOT complaining is the negative reinforcement for you e-mailing her.

http://www.halfthedeck.com/images/Nagging%20Wife.jpg

Punishments

• Unwanted events that DECREASE the frequency of a behavior.

• If you get caught hitting your brother, your parents may take t.v. away. This punishment is supposed to decrease the frequency of you hitting your brother.

How is punishment different from negative reinforcement?

• Punishment DECREASES the frequency of a behavior.

• Negative Reinforcement INCREASES the frequency of a behavior by taking something bad away.

Continuous and Partial Reinforcement

• Continuous Reinforcement: When you give reinforcement EVERY time a desirable behavior happens.

• Problem: This isn’t always possible and can get expensive!

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Partial Reinforcement

• Desirable behavior is only reinforced enough times to make people want to repeat it.

• Ex: Going to the movies isn’t ALWAYS awesome, but…..

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3 Types of Partial Reinforcement

• Variable and Fixed Interval Schedules

• Variable and Fixed Ratio Schedules

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Interval Schedule• Fixed Interval Schedule:

• Reinforcement comes after a certain amount of time.

• Ex: You have a quiz every Friday. You will be reinforced to study each week for that test. Probably on Thursday.

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Interval Schedule

• Variable Interval Schedule

• Varying amounts of time go by before you are reinforced.

• Ex: Pop quizzes

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Variable Interval Schedule

• Makes students more likely to study EVERY night because they never know when the next quiz will be.

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Fixed Ratio Schedule

• A behavior must happen a certain number of times before someone receives reinforcement.

• Ex: Buy 3 sandwiches, get one free

Variable Ratio Schedule

• When the ratio of reinforcement randomly changes.

• Ex: Slot Machines• Sometimes you can win $20 after one try.• Sometimes you play 50 times and you only

win $5

Extinction

• If reinforcement no longer occurs, a behavior may stop happening.

• Ex: You stop passing tests no matter how much you study. SO, you stop studying.

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Operant Conditioning in Education:

• Classroom Discipline• Learning• Shaping

Shaping

• A way of teaching complex things by first teaching small steps.

• Ex: Learning to ride a bike

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Classroom Discipline• In the classroom you are

given positive reinforcement for answering questions right:

• Good job!

• Negative Reinforcement for answering questions right, take away homework!

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Cognitive Factors in Learning

• What people and animals know because of learning.

2 kinds of cognitive learning:1. Latent Learning2. Observational Learning

Latent Learning

• Learning that you don’t think about unless you need it.

• Ex: You have learned where things in your house are but you don’t think about where everything is UNLESS you need to find something.

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Observational Learning

• When we learn how to do something by watching another person do it.

• Ex: Play a sport

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Review

• 1. What are the 2 main types of conditioning and how do they work/differ from one another?

• 2. How can operant conditioning help someone to get over a fear?

• 3. What types of reinforcement can be used to help change behavior?

• 4. What is the difference between latent learning and observational learning?

Key Terms

• Classical conditioning• Stimulus/response• Ivan Pavlov• US, UR, CS, CR• Extinction• Taste aversion• Spontaneous recovery• Flooding• Systematic

desensitization

• Operant conditioning• B.F. Skinner• Primary/secondary

reinforcement• Positive/negative

reinforcement• Punishment• Other types of

reinforcement• Latent learning• Observational learning

Multiple Choice Test• • Ivan Pavlov is famous for his findings on classical conditioning by testing the

effects of ringing a bell on.....– people– rabbits– frogs– dogs

• • The idea that you can learn how to swing a golf club by watching someone

else do it is called:– Latent learning– Observational learning– Positive reinforcement– Programmed learning

• • Learning that is hidden in your subconscious until it is needed (like when you

remember when things are in your kitchen only when you need to use them) is called: – Latent learning– Programmed learning– Observational learning– Media learning

• • Many psychologists believe that trying to get over a fear using

_______________ may be too difficult for many people.– flooding– extinction– systematic desensitization– generalization

• • ______________________ helps people to get over their fears by teaching

them relaxation techniques to use as they are gradually exposed to the things they fear.– flooding– generalization– systematic desensitization– extinction

• •

• Conditioning children to like going to the doctor by giving them candy every time they go to the doctor is an example of _____________________.– Classical conditioning– Operant conditioning– Aerobic conditioning– Counter conditioning

• Food, water and warmth are all examples of _________________

– Primary reinforcers– Secondary reinforcers– Building reinforcers– None of the above

• Money, attention and social approval are all examples of __________________.– Primary reinforcers– Secondary reinforcers– Life reinforcers– None of the above

• True/False

• ____ Negative reinforcement decreases the frequency of a desired behavior.

• • ____ Positive reinforcement increases the frequency of a desired

behavior.• • ____ Punishment is different from negative reinforcement.•