Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to...

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Learning

Transcript of Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to...

Page 1: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Learning

Page 2: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

LEARNING

Learningrelatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Page 3: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

LIFE WITHOUT LEARNING

• Learning is more than school, books and tests. Without learning our lives would simply be a series of reflexes and instincts.• We would not be able to communicate, we would

have no memory of our past or goals for the future.

Page 4: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

ASSOCIATION

We learn by associationOur minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence

Associative Learning learning that two events occur togethertwo stimulia response and its consequences

Page 5: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

SIMPLE AND COMPLEX LEARNING

TYPES OF LEARNING

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SIMPLE LEARNING

• Habituation: Learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus. • Ex-Emergency sirens in the city

How often do you look when a car alarm goes off?

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SIMPLE LEARNING

• Mere Exposure Effect: A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed. • Ex-A coach/parent’s voice

Which do you prefer?

Which did your parents drink when you were a little kid?

Page 8: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

CLASSICAL OR PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING

We learn to associate two stimuli

Page 9: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936Russian physician/ neurophysiologist

Nobel Prize in 1904

studied digestive secretions

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PAVLOV’S CLASSIC EXPERIMENT

Before Conditioning

During Conditioning After Conditioning

UCS (foodin mouth)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

Nosalivation

UCR (salivation)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Classical Conditioningorganism comes to associate two stimuli

a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulussalivation when food is in the mouth

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Conditioned Response (CR)

learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

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BEHAVIORISM- JOHN B. WATSON

viewed psychology as objective science recommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes

not universally accepted by all schools of thought today

Page 16: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Acquisition

the initial stage in classical conditioning

the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response

in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Page 17: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Extinctiondiminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS

in operant conditioning, when a response is no longer reinforced

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Classical Conditioning

Strengthof CR

Pause

Acquisition(CS+UCS)

Extinction(CS alone)

Extinction(CS alone)

Spontaneousrecovery ofCR

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Spontaneous Recoveryreappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR

Generalizationtendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responses

Page 20: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Discriminationin classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCS

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EXAMPLES

• Baby Albert• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE

• Classical Conditioning in a classroom• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EYxUdPj-EEY

• Let’s see how well you do!!

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

We learn to associate a response and its consequence

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment

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LAW OF EFFECT

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

Operant Behavioroperates (acts) on environmentproduces consequences

Respondent Behavioroccurs as an automatic response to stimulus

behavior learned through classical conditioning

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect

developed behavioral technology

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OPERANT CHAMBER

Skinner Box

chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer

contains devices to record responses

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

Reinforcerany event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Shapingoperant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

Primary Reinforcer

innately reinforcing stimulus i.e., satisfies a biological need

Conditioned Reinforcer

stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer

secondary reinforcer

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OPERANT CONDITIONING

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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Continuous Reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs

Partial (Intermitent) Reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time

results in slower acquisitiongreater resistance to extinction

Page 32: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Fixed Ratio (FR)reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

faster you respond the more rewards you get

different ratiosvery high rate of responding like piecework pay

Page 33: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Variable Ratio (VR)reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

average ratios like gambling, fishingvery hard to extinguish because of unpredictability

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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Fixed Interval (FI)reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

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SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Variable Interval (VI)reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

produces slow steady responding like pop quiz

Page 36: Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

PUNISHMENT

Punishmentaversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows

powerful controller of unwanted behavior

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PUNISHMENT

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COGNITION AND OPERANT CONDITIONING

Cognitive Map

mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

Latent Learning

learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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COGNITION AND OPERANT CONDITIONING

Overjustification Effectthe effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do

the person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task

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COGNITION AND OPERANT CONDITIONING

Intrinsic MotivationDesire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective

Extrinsic MotivationDesire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishments

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OPERANT VS CLASSICAL

CONDITIONING

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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Observational Learning

learning by observing others Modeling

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Prosocial Behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

opposite of antisocial behavior

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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Mirror Neuronsfrontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy


1 Learning Ms. Simon. 2 Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

1 Learning Ms. Simon. 2 Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Learning Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Learning Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

5 Learning€¦ · influenced by an organism’s inborn characteristics (nature–nurture). Finally, some types of learning can affect our physical health by influencing how our body

5 Learning€¦ · influenced by an organism’s inborn characteristics (nature–nurture). Finally, some types of learning can affect our physical health by influencing how our body

Learning A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience.

Learning A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience.

Learning Learning refers to relatively permanent changes in behavior resulting from practice or experienceLearning refers to relatively permanent changes.

Learning Learning refers to relatively permanent changes in behavior resulting from practice or experienceLearning refers to relatively permanent changes.

Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Helps us …

Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Helps us …

Learning. Define Learning Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

Learning. Define Learning Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

Conditioning A type of learning: Learning – relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to an experience.

Conditioning A type of learning: Learning – relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to an experience.

Learning Ms. Simon Do Now: Define Learning. Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Learning Ms. Simon Do Now: Define Learning. Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Learning is more flexible in comparison to the genetically- programmed.

Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Learning is more flexible in comparison to the genetically- programmed.

PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning. Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8 Learning. Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Unit 6 Learning How do we Learn?. Learning = a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Relatively Permanent: Learning.

Unit 6 Learning How do we Learn?. Learning = a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Relatively Permanent: Learning.

Year 12 SELF Cognition Theories of Learning...Learning can be simple learning, such as habituation (an organism’s decreasing response to stimuli with repeated exposure) or the “mere-exposure

Year 12 SELF Cognition Theories of Learning...Learning can be simple learning, such as habituation (an organism’s decreasing response to stimuli with repeated exposure) or the “mere-exposure

Learning: a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Are reflexive actions learning?

Learning: a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Are reflexive actions learning?

Learning and Classical Conditioning . How Do We Learn? Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Learning and Classical Conditioning . How Do We Learn? Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

1 Learning A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. We learn by association. Our minds naturally connect events that.

1 Learning A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. We learn by association. Our minds naturally connect events that.

An organism’s traits are its

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1 Chapter 7 Learning. 2 Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Learning is more flexible in.

1 Chapter 7 Learning. 2 Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Learning is more flexible in.

AN ORGANISM’S METABOLISM

AN ORGANISM’S METABOLISM

Chapter 8 Learning. L EARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Chapter 8 Learning. L EARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.