Learning How do we learn?. What is Classical conditioning? Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)
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Transcript of Learning How do we learn?. What is Classical conditioning? Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)
Learning
How do we learn?
What is Classical conditioning?
• Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)
Classical Conditioning
• Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat
• Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation
• Neutral Stimulus = Tone
• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone When paired with the unconditioned stimulus
• Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone
Example
Example
Example
• Father spanks son for swearing.
• Son develops a strong fear of his father. Father is a(n) _____________? Conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning
• Acquisition
• Extinction Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of
elevators
What is generalization?
Do you remember?
• Who developed classical conditioning?
• How can you condition a cat to come when it is time to eat?
• What is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR
• What is generalization?
What is Operant Conditioning?
• B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior)
• Associating behavior with its consequences
• E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.
What does reinforcement do?
• Positive reinforcement Increases behavior Give something a person wants
• E.g. Vending machine
• Negative reinforcement Increases behavior Remove an unwanted stimulus
• E.g. Bill cleans up his room to stop Mother nagging
Pos. & Neg. Reinforcement
What are primary & secondary reinforcers?
• Primary = Innately reinforcing Food & Sex
• Secondary reinforcers (Conditioned reinforcer)
Associated with a primary reinforcer E.g. Money
Want
Food
Want
Food
Do you want immediate or delayed Reinforcement?
• Immediate reinforcement is more motivating
• A smaller check now is immediate reinforcement.
• As opposed to delayed reinforcement A larger paycheck at the end of the month. Lottery payout Saving for retirement Social Security at age 62 or 70
What are reinforcement schedules?
• Continuous Every time
• Partial (Intermittent) Fixed ratio
• $15 for every 3 pages you write Fixed Interval
• $15 for every hour you work Variable ratio
• $15 after varying # of pages • (You do not know how many pages you
will need to do before you get paid again) Variable interval
• $15 given at various times during the day
What reinforcement schedule does a slot machine use?
What reinforcement schedule does your employer use?
What does punishment do?
• Positive punishment Reduces behavior Get something you don’t want
• Time out, spanking, or jail
• Negative punishment Reduces behavior What you do want is taken away ( Television time)
• Problem with punishment Creates anger, fear, resistance Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable
behavior.
How does shaping work?
• Reinforce closer and closer approximations of what you want
• Cookies to reinforce quiet play Each time they need to play longer to get the cookies
• M&M therapy
• Animal behavior
Do you remember?
• Who developed operant conditioning?
• How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
• What is an example of positive and negative reinforcement?
• What is an an example of five reinforcement schedules?
• What is an example of shaping?
What kinds of motivation do you have?
• Internal (intrinsic) Motivation Hobby - You like doing it
• External (outside) motivation Job - You get money for doing it
How does thinking effect your behavior?
• Behavior is not automatically produced by a reward.
• We think about it, and ask: How much of the reward do I get? What are the chances of getting the reward? Is the reward worth it?
What is observational Learning?
• Albert Bandura
• Modeling - Bobo doll experiment
• E.g. Child turning the key to start the car (without explicit training)
• Matt using the ATM machine after watching Dad
Do you remember?
• What do you do because of internal motivation?
• What do you do because of external motivation?
• How does cognitive processes (thinking) effect rewarded behavior?
• What did you learn with observational behavior?