Learning and Ability

8/2/2019 Learning and Ability

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Foundation of Individual

BehaviorBiographic Characteristics and

Ability


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It is said that `managers, unlike parents,must work with used, not new, human

being`-whom others have already usedfirst.

So, when individuals enter anorganisation, they are a bit like usedcars. Each is different. Some are `lowmileage with a little exposure andothers are `wel-worn, having beendriven over some rough roads.


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This metaphor indicates that people enterorganisations with certain values andcharacteristics that will influence their

behaviour at work. The more obvious ofthem are personal or biographic andpersonality characteristics


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Biographical Characteristics

AgePerformance declines with increasing age(belief)? Such as, individual skills-speed, ability,strength and enthusiasm

Some say, job boredom contributes to reducedproductivity But other believe that,Older people bring experience, judgment, astrong work ethics & commitment to qualityMore experience, mature judgment, strong workethic and commitment .Age-turnover relationship: -ve correlationAge and job satisfaction positive relationship incase of professionals


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GenderThere are few, if any, important differencesbetween men and women that will affect their jobperformance

No consistent male-female differences in:Problem solving abilityAnalytical skills

Competitive drive

Motivation, sociability, learning abilityJob productivity


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GenderWomen are more willing to confirm with theauthority

Women are less aggressive than men

Some study showed that womenHave high turnover rate

Some claimed no difference

Changing role of women have made them

equally competitive and productive as men


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Some research findings suggest that:- Women between 18 -25, are the bestpredictor of whether or not they change their

jobs.- As job tenure increased; there is lesslikelihood to change job- Tenure has also found to lesson the

effects of dissatisfaction among the maleemployees


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Marital StatusResearch constantly indicate that marriedemployees haveFewer absencesUndergo less turnover

More satisfaction in the jobMarriage imposes more responsibility to women,make job more valuable and important to bothmen and women, particularly to men.


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Turn Over:Voluntary and involuntarypermanent withdrawal from the organization

Disadvantages of high rate of turnover: Itrealists in more recruitment, selection andtraining costs. It can also disrupt the efficientrunning of an organization when goodpersonnel leave.

But, like absenteeism, not all turnovers arebad. It may create the opportunity to replace underperforming personnel with some one.

But very often, voluntary turnover often involves theloss of people that the organization doesnt want toloose.


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Tenure and TurnoverSeniority productivity relationship A positive relationship between seniority and

productivity

Forming, storming, forming & performing Negatively related to turnover

Tenure and job satisfaction are positivelyrelated


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Some research findings suggest that:- Women between 18 -25, are the bestpredictor of whether or not they change their

jobs.- As job tenure increased; there is lesslikelihood to change job- Tenure has also found to lesson the effectsof dissatisfaction among the male employees

Other factors:Commitment to the organization,General economy and job market.


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Absenteeism: Failure to report to work- Not all absences are bad.- Avoidable and unavoidable absence.

If the frequencies of avoidable absence ofemployees are increased, it can reduceorganizational efficiency and effectiveness,and may increase negative impact on the

organization.But not all absences are bad.To some extent, organizations may benefit byan employees voluntary absence. For instance,

illness, fatigue or excess stress can decreasean employees productivity (e.g., surgeons,airlines pilot and ministers!).But these examples are clearly a typical. Formost part, we can assume that organizations

suffer when employees absenteeism is high.


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Satisfaction and Absenteeism:Mostly Inverse Relationship.

When satisfaction is high, absenteeism tendsto be low.

- Other factors,

Those who feel that their jobs are importantand significant has lower absenteeism.

But, low job satisfaction is likely to bring abouthigh absenteeism.

One should be concerned not only withquantity of life but also with its quality *humanelements.


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AbilityAbility refers to an individuals capacity to perform

the various tasks in a job.

Intellectual abilities are required to performmental activities

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)University admission tests SAT, ToFL,GMAT.etcIQ is not a prerequisite for all jobs

There are evidences that tests assessing verbal,numerical, spatial, perceptual abilities are validpredictors of job proficiency


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Dimension Description Job example

Number

aptitude

Ability to

speedy andaccuratearithmetic

Accountant

Verbalcommunication

Read and workability

Seniormanagers

Perceptual

speed

Identify

similarities anddifferencesquickly andaccurately

Investigaters


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Dimension Description Job example

Inductive

reasoning

Logical sequence

drawing

Market

researchers

Deductivereasoning

Ability to use logicand access the

implication of theargument

Supervisors

Spatialvisualization

Ability to imagineand draw picture in

mind

Interiordecorator

Memory Ability to recall andretain past

experiences

Sales person


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S h f


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Strength factors

Dynamic strength Ability to exert muscular force

repeatedly or continuously overtime

Trunk strength Ability to exert muscularstrength using the trunk

(Particularly abdominal) muscleStatic strength Ability to exert force against

external objects

Explosivestrength Ability to expend a maximum ofenergy in one or series ofexplosive act


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Dynamic strength


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Trunk strength


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Static strength


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Explosive strength


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Flexibility factExtent flexibility Ability to move trunk and back

muscles as for as possible

Dynamicflexibility

Ability to make rapid, repeatedflexible movements


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Other factors

Body

Coordination

Ability to coordinate the

simultaneous actions of differentpart of the body

Balance ability Ability to maintain equilibrium

despite forces pulling of balance

Stamina Ability to continue maximum

effort requiring prolonged effortover time


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Learning and Ability

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