Learning

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Definition Of Learning • “A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.” • It has several components that deserve clarification. • Learning involves change. • Change may be good or bad from an organizational point of view. • People can learn unfavorable behaviors. • The change must be ingrained( in terms of inner qualities). • Immediate changes may be only reflexive or result of fatigue. • Experience is necessary for learning.

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Transcript of Learning

Page 1: Learning

Definition Of Learning

• “A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.”

• It has several components that deserve clarification.• Learning involves change.• Change may be good or bad from an organizational point of

view.• People can learn unfavorable behaviors.• The change must be ingrained( in terms of inner qualities).• Immediate changes may be only reflexive or result of fatigue.• Experience is necessary for learning.

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Theories Of Learning

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Classical Conditioning

• A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.

• It is passive.• Something happens and we react in a specific

way.• Example:- Founder of this experiments ( Ivan

Palow –Russian physiologist in 1900’s)

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Operant Conditioning

• A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.

• Example:- I & II

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Social Learning Theory

• The view that people can learn through observation and direct experience.

• Example:- much of what we have learned comes from watching models-parents, peers, motion pictures , and television performers, bosses and so forth.

• It is extension of operant conditioning and it gives perception of learning.

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Shaping Behavior

• Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.

• It offers a logical approach toward achieving the desired behavior.

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Reinforcement

• Positive Reinforcement: occurs when a stimulus is presented as a result of operant behavior and that behavior increases.

• Negative Reinforcement: occurs when an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is removed as a result of operant behavior and the rate of the behavior increases.

• Punishment: (Positive) It is the adding of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus to decrease a behavior or response.

(Negative) is the removal of a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior or response.

• Extinction: Eliminating any reinforcement that is maintaining a behavior is called extinction.

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Intermittent Reinforcement

• Reinforcing a desired behavior often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated.

• Continuous Reinforcement: the desired behavior Each and every time it is demonstrated.

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• Fixed –Interval schedule: spacing rewards at uniform time intervals.

• Variable – Interval schedule: Distributing rewards in time so that reinforcements are unpredictable.

• Fixed – ratio schedule: Initiating rewards after a fixed or constant number of response.

• Variable –ratio schedule: Varying the reward relative to the behavior of the individual.


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