Learning
-
Upload
benz-almasco -
Category
Education
-
view
4 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Learning
Learning
Learning refers to any relatively permanent change in behavior which occurs as a result of practice or experience.
Learning is a change in behavior, for better or for worse.
It is a change that takes place through practice or experience. (growth, maturation, injury)
The change must be relatively permanent. (fatigue, diseases, drugs, hunger, thirst)
Classical Conditioning
Ivan PavlovA type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
John Watson - Little Albert
VariablesNeutral stimulus - a stimulus that, before
conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
Unconditioned stimulus - a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
Unconditioned response - a response that is natural and needs no training
Conditioned stimulus - a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response - a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
A. Before conditioningNS (bell) Pricking of earsUS (food) salivation (UR)
B. During ConditioningNS (bell) + US (food) salivation (UR)
C. After Conditioning CS (bell) salivation (CR)
Applying Conditioning Principles to Human Behavior
DentistMcDonaldsPhobia - irrational fearsPosttraumatic Disorders of veterans
Perfumes
ExtinctionA basic phenomenon of learning that
occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.
Examples: you stop putting coins in a damaged pop machine, stop writing with a pen once runs out of ink, stop texting a friend who never answers, attention to a crying child
Spontaneous Recovery
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning.
Extinction Burstinitial increase in the response rate and
magnitude or intensity, especially if that response has an emotional or aggressive component
Example: drug addiction, crying to get attention
Generalization and Discrimination
Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus
that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus; the more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur
Examples: bell and buzzer, red lights (size, shape, shade)
Stimulus discriminationthe process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently
distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli
Examples: two teachers, growling dog and wagging of tail, smile and frown
Operant Conditioning
Law of EffectEdward Lee Thorndikepuzzle box for a catresponses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
example, class recitation
Operant Conditioning
BF SkinnerSkinner Box - learn to obtain food by
operating on their environment within the box
Laboratory rats Learning in which a voluntary
response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
Reinforcement: The Central Concept of Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement - the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
Reinforcer - any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again
Primary reinforcer - satisfies some biological needs and works naturally
Secondary reinforcer - a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer
Positive Reinforcementreinforcement by the presentation of a
reinforcerpositive reinforcer - a stimulus added that brings
about an increase in a preceding response
Negative Reinforcement reinforcement by the removal of an aversive
conditionnegative reinforcer - unpleasant stimulus whose
removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
Punishmenta stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again
Positive punishmentweakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus
Negative punishment (Penalty)removal of something pleasant (penalty)
Schedules of Reinforcementrefers to the frequency and timing of
reinforcement that follows desired behavior
Continuous reinforcement schedule - reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs
Partial (Intermittent) reinforcement schedule - reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time
Behavior that is reinforced occasionally can ultimately be learned better than can behavior that is always reinforced.
Learning occurs more rapidly under a continuous reinforcement schedules.
Partial reinforcement schedules maintain performance longer than do continuous reinforcement schedules before extinction.
2 Categories of Partial Reinforcement Schedules
Fixed- and Variable- Ratio Schedulesschedules that consider the number of
responses made before reinforcement is given
Fixed- and Variable- Interval Schedulesschedules that consider the amount of time that
elapses before reinforcement is provided
Fixed- and Variable- Ratio Schedules
Fixed - ratio schedulea schedule by which reinforcement is given only
after a specific number of responses are madeExample: garment workers
Variable - ratio schedulea schedule by which reinforcement occurs after
a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number
Example: door-to-door salesperson
Fixed- and Variable- Interval Schedules
Fixed - interval schedulea schedule that provides reinforcement for a
response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low
Examples: weekly paycheck, study habit
Variable - interval schedulea schedule by which the time between
reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed
Example: surprise quizzes
Shaping
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Examples: helping a mental hospital resident to speak again, teaching a child with autism to play basketball
Behavior Modification
A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
ReinforcementPunishmentExtinctionShapingPenalty
Behavior ContractingToken economyTime-outOvercorrection/
Flooding Reprimands
Cognitive Learning Theory
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.Latent LearningObservational LearningInsight Learning
Latent Learning
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.
It is said to occur but is not shown in behavior immediately, until later, when conditions for its emergence are favorable.
Behavior of rats in a maze (control and experimental group)
Lessons in schoolFailures in love
Observational LearningLearning by observing the behavior of another
person, or model.Albert Banduraoften referred to as social cognitive approach to
learningBobo doll (children and an adult)
Four processes in Observational Learning:1.Attention 2.Retention3.Motor Reproduction4.Motivation
Insight LearningSultan the chimpanzee and the bananaWolfgang KohlerSudden appearance of a solution to a problem; AHA
experience; restructuring a perceptual world into a new pattern\
A Catholic man who lived in a small town married twenty different women in that same town. All of them are still living, and he never divorced any of them. Yet he broke no laws. How could she do this?