LEARNER GUIDE...Stand-by Person Skill Set - Learner Guide 3 StaySafe Training – RTO 45400 V1.1...

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MSMPER200

WORK IN ACCORDANCE WITH AN ISSUED PERMIT

LEARNER GUIDE

MSMWHS217

Gas Test Atmospheres

MSMPER202

OBSERVER PERMIT WORK

Stand-by Person Skill Set - Learner Guide 2

StaySafe Training – RTO 45400 V1.1 21012020

Stand-By Person Skill Set

Learner Name:

Learner Contact Number:

Date Training Commenced:

This Book Contains:

Course Information.

StaySafe Training www.staysafetraining.com.au Phone Admin: 0414 758 401

Email [email protected] ABN 17 617 624 432 StaySafe Training Registered Training Organisation number: 45400

PO Box 134 Whyalla SA 5600

© StaySafe Training

mailto:[email protected]



Introduction These training materials are based on the National Unit of Competency MSMPER200 Work in Accordance with an Issued Permit, MSMWHS217 Gas Test Atmospheres

Overview

You will learn

Work in Accordance with an Issued Permit - The purpose of a work permit system is to control tasks that are known to involve hazardous conditions. Work permit co-ordination systems are designed to draw together permit systems relating to the job site activities and conditions. Such as in the mining industry where working in confined spaces, performing hot work, working on powered machinery, excavation work and working around temporary openings in platforms or walkways are under one system of management.

Gas Test Atmospheres - The purpose of gas testing the atmosphere using electronic test apparatus, to find out if it is safe for the proposed work. It applies to situations where an individual may be required to carry out gas testing of an atmosphere prior to entering a specific area or workspace. The competency requires the person to interpret readings and take actions based on the interpretation. Working environment may be hazardous, unpredictable, subject to time pressure, chaotic and expose responders to risk, on land or water, by day or night. Workplace atmospheres may include visible and invisible hazards and hazardous surfaces.

Observe Permit Work – The purpose of observe permit work , controlling the permit site, tasking appropriate action for potential incidents and completing your work. On some work site permit are also know as clearance. A Safety Observe is also referred to as a Stand-by Person, Sentry, Fire Watch or hole watcher on some work site. The role is required by on some permits depending of the nature of the work being conducted. Including but not limited to are Confined Space, Hot Work, Excavation or Working at heights.

Stand-by Perso Skill Set Course Objectives

The unit is suitable for use in the following situations:

confined spaces hot work storage tanks, silos, pits, pipes, shafts, ducts, transport vehicles and ships testing as part of issuing a work permit monitoring as part of working under a work permit Working at heights Excavation Work

These unit of competency applies to an individual working alone or as part of a team or group and working in liaison with other shift team members and the control room operator, as appropriate.

Course Objectives

Working in Accordance with an Issued Permits Gas Test Atmospheres Observe Permit Work

Assessment

Knowledge Training Theory Assessment Practical Activities Practical Assessment



Module 1 Prepare for Work

Work Safely- Get Your Work Details

You must follow all safety rules and instructions when working in a confined space. If you are not sure about what you should do, ask your boss or supervisor. They will tell you where you can find the information you need.

Make sure you have everything about the job before you start. This includes:

What you will be doing. How you will be doing it. What equipment you will be using. You need to identify any dangers and work out the details for a work permit.

Health and Safety Rules Every workplace has to follow laws and rules to keep everyone safe. There are 4 main types:

Acts and Legislation These are laws that you have to follow.

Regulations These explain what the law means.

Codes of Practice These are instructions on how to follow the law, based on industry standards. There is a Code of Practice written for working safely in confined spaces that includes information about atmospheric testing and working with confined space permits.

Australian Standards These tell you what the minimum requirement is for a job, product or hazard. AS2865 is the Australian Standard for working in confined spaces.

Code of Practice - www.safeworksa.com.au Work health and Safety Acts - https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au Regulations www.safeworksa.com.au Australian Standards - https://www.standards.org.au/

These requirements are the basis of all policies, procedures and safe work practices within a company and/or workplace.

Technical and Safety Information

Like laws and rules, technical and safety information is an important part of all procedures and practices for working safely.

Before starting any work in a confined space, you need to make sure you have all technical and safety information for the job. This will help you to do your work in the safest way.

Technical and Safety Information

Description

Site Details The information and safety requirements of the workplace environment (where you will be working) including isolation of services.

Hazard Details Any hazards in the work area or related to the confined space. This could also include instructions on how to handle dangerous or hazardous materials.

Task Details Instructions of what the work is or what you will be doing (this includes confined space work permits).

Manufacturers’ Guidelines and Specifications

How to use and maintain tools, equipment and safety devices and systems.

Faulty Equipment Procedures Isolation procedures to follow or forms to fill out.

Signage Requirements Site signage used to warn others that some areas are not safe to be in, or that work is being completed.

Emergency Procedures Instructions on what to do in emergency situations, for example if there is fire, or if first aid is needed.

Communication Procedures Technical and safety information could also include workplace procedures for communication.

http://www.safeworksa.com.au/

https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/

http://www.safeworksa.com.au/

https://www.standards.org.au/



Resources Copies of the various procedures, forms and registers must be available for people to refer to during training and as questions arise.

Duty of care - Keeping Everyone Safe

Work health and safety (WHS) laws say that all companies and workers need to keep themselves and other people safe while they work. This is called a duty of care. To keep yourself and another workers safe you need to:

Follow your instructions. Follow all workplace rules. Make sure all equipment is safe to use. Carry out your work safely. Report any problems.

You can get this information from:

Worksite policies, procedures, bulletins and memos Federal, state and local regulatory authorities. Australian Standards and legislative requirements relating to work in confined spaces. Instructions, plans, charts, diagrams, maps and engineer’s drawings. Signage and labels. Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and manufacturers’ instructions. Safe Operating Procedures (SOP)/Job Safety Analysis (JSA)/ Work Method

Statements (SWMS). If you think something is dangerous, tell your boss or supervisor as soon as possible.

Safety Data Sheets

A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) has important information about a hazardous chemical (which may be hazardous substance and/or dangerous goods) and must include details about:

The hazardous substances product name. The chemical and generic name of certain ingredients. The chemical and physical properties of the hazardous substance. Health hazard information. Precautions for safe use and handling. The manufacturer's or importer's name, Australian address and telephone number.

The SDS gives you information on what to do if there is exposure to the hazardous material, for example if there is a spill, or if you are working with the substance.



Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is clothing and equipment designed to lower the chance of you being hurt on the job. It is required to enter most work sites. Each workplace and job requires different PPE. These items are often a Mandatory requirement of entering work areas. Depending on workplace requirements, environmental factors, and requirements of the job to be done, you may have to wear any of the following:

Eye protection. Ear protection. Gloves. Protective clothing. Helmets. Safety footwear. Respirators and masks.

Make sure any PPE you are wearing is in good condition, fits well and is right for the job. If you find any PPE that is not in good condition, tag it and remove it from service. Tell your supervisor about the problem and they will organise to repair or replace the PPE. If you are not familiar with an item of PPE, ask a competent person to show you how to use it.

Rescue Equipment and Required Location of Equipment

IThere is always the chance of an emergency situation occurring when working on a work site such as a worker falling unconscious, a fire breaking out, a chemical spill, a worker falling or a plant tipping/rolling over. It is very important that you have a plan in place and incident response equipment on hand.

All rescue personnel should be trained and competent to use all rescue/incident equipment required on site. Equipment required may include but not limited to

Rescue lines. First aid kits. Firefighting equipment. Spill kits. Access equipment(breathing apparatus) defibrillator machine.

Position of First Response Equipment All permit work requires a rescue/incident plan that matches the permit/job procedure in place before ay permit work can commence All Identified First Response Equipment must be check to ensure that it is working correctly and it must be position near the entry point of the controlled area ready for use. This must be done before any workers attempt to enter the controlled area. All workers are recommend to be First aid and CPR trained and competent to use this equipment



Communication Equipment

Communication Equipment: Description:

Integrated Radios Integrated radios are built into the breathing apparatus.

Portable Radios Portable radios will have limited usefulness when using breathing apparatus and may have limited range due to atmospheric conditions.

Communication Sets

This is the name given to the complete communication equipment. Communication sets are made up of a microphone, battery, cables, amplifier and built-in speakers.

The way communication sets are used depends on the type of equipment and the manufacturer’s operating guidelines. These instructions can vary so it is important that you check the manufacturer’s operation manual for the equipment you are using.

Signal Lines

Depending on your organisation, signal lines may be a line similar to the main guideline, which will transmit predetermined signals. It may also be a communications cable, which can be connected to communications equipment.

Hand Signals

Hand signals must be understood for clear communications to occur. Most organisations will have signals that apply only to their worksites, or that have been designed for a particular task.

If hand signals are going to be used during the work make sure you are familiar with them and that you practice them before entering any confined space.

Distress Signal Unit

Most Distress Signal Units (DSU) will have a dual activation system, which will trigger an alarm automatically if movement is not detected within a certain timeframe (up to 1 minute of no movement), or the alarm can be set off manually.

The process for setting off your Distress Signal Unit will depend upon the make and model of equipment.

Report Faulty Equipment

If you find anything wrong during your checks you must:



Safe Work Method Statements A Safe Work Method Statement is a site-specific statement that must be prepared before any high-risk construction work is commenced. It covers the job and safety responsibilities of each member of a work group. Workers should be involved in discussions of tasks, associated hazards, risks and controls.

Required by many sites before high risk work begins.

Information that should be Included A list of steps for how to do the job. Hazards and Hazard Controls Tolls and Equipment used to complete the task

Also know as: Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS). Job Safety Analysis (JSA). Safe Operating Procedure (SOP).

How to Fill Out a Work Method Statement

Conducting a risk analysis You will need to complete the risk analysis in order to complete a permit application.

A risk assessment register or similar non-specific risk assessment model can be used as a format for risk assessments relating to the hazards identified.

The results of this assessment should be entered onto the Register to provide guidance in setting priorities to control the hazards and manage the risks.

A precaution needs to be specified for each identified hazard and included in the Register. Each precaution should seek to eliminate the risk from a particular hazard, or at least, reduce it to an acceptably low level.

Unless the precautions that you have identified are very basic and few in number, you should always consider using a work permit system.

In the case of any task or condition where you consider a fatality or serious injury could result - you must exercise strict control of the work. This can best be achieved by using a work permit system. Work permits are a legal requirement for many types of work, including confined space work.

Work, Health & Safety Regulations place obligations on all parties to look out for their own health and safety and for that of others. In doing this, there are also specific obligations in relation to the performance of hazardous tasks which mandate the use of Work Permit systems. However, the effectiveness of these permits will rely entirely on the commitment of all parties to using them consistently and competently.



What is a hazard?

The term 'hazard' is commonly used when people think and talk about safety.

It can be defined as: A hazard is the thing or situation that has the potential to cause injury, harm in terms of. Human injury, ill-health, or damage to property, the environment, or a combination of these.’

The term ‘hazard’ is often misused by using it to refer to any feature of the physical, organisational and/or behavioural environment − such as a spill on the floor, lack of training or poor work practices − which contributes to the incident or the severity of the outcome.

Identify and Control Hazards

Before you start work, you need to check for any hazards or dangers in the area. If you find a hazard or danger you need to do something to control it. This will help to make the workplace safer. When you start checking for hazards, make sure you look everywhere. A good way to do this is to check:

Up high above your head. All around you at eye level.

Down low on the ground (and also think about what is under the ground).

All hazards will need to be adequately controlled. Hazard control measures may include:

Placing a standby person outside a confined space to respond in an emergency Placing barriers and safety signs to stop unauthorised entry into a restricted area Isolation, tagging and lockout procedures for liquid, gas, electric current or other stored energy Purging gasses and ventilation Safety equipment (e.g. harnesses, static lines, safety nets) Rescue equipment and personnel Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

‘Hazard’ and ‘risk’ are often confused. A hazard is either present or not present, while risk is variable depending on the

environment and circumstances.

A hazard does not pose a risk unless people are exposed to it; A risk arises when people are exposed to a hazard.

Risk is variable depending on the circumstances and conditions. It is measured in terms of:

The consequences of the possible outcome and The probability (level of certainty or likelihood) that those consequences will

occur.

Estimates of the level of risk are influenced by factors such as peoples previous experience and knowledge, especially about the way the hazard causes injury or damage. There is an old phrase ‘familiarity breeds contempt’. Thus, when discussing risk, the key questions are:

How serious will the consequences be?

How likely is the injury or damage to occur?



Controlling Hazards After you have found hazards or dangers you need to work out how bad they are:

Thinking about these things will help you to choose how to control the hazards. Hazards controls need to follow:

Legislation (laws). Australian Standards. Codes of Practice. Manufacturers’ specifications.

Industry standards.

The best way to control hazards is to use the Hierarchy of Hazard Control. This is a list of 6 ways to control hazards, in order from best to worst.

You start at the top of the list and see if you can take away (eliminate) the hazard or danger.

If you can’t take it away you move down the list to see if you can swap it for something safer (substitution).

Keep working through the list until you find something that controls that hazard or danger.

This table shows you the 6 different types of controls in order from best to worst:

Hierarchy Level Action

1. Elimination Completely remove the hazard. This is the best kind of hazard control.

2. Substitution Swap a dangerous work method or situation for one that is less dangerous.

3. Isolation Isolate or restrict access to the hazard.

4. Engineering Controls Use equipment to lower the risk level.

5. Administrative Controls Site rules and policies attempt to control a hazard.

6. Personal Protective Equipment

The least effective control. Use PPE while you carry out your work.

Hazard control measures need to be put in place before you start your work, or as soon as you see a hazard while you are doing your work. Hazard controls can sometimes be listed in your work instructions or you can ask your boss or supervisor for help.

Hazard Controls WHS regulations say that you need to use the following hazard controls whenever possible

Level Hazard Controls

Level 1 Completely avoid carrying out the work

Level 2 Work only on solid structures that include safe entry and exit from the work area.

Level 3 Lower the risk of a worker incident by using one or more of the following things:

Appropriate tools and equipment

Once a hazard control is in place you will need to check to make sure it is working well to control the hazard or danger.

All hazards need to be adequately controlled. These control measures may include:

Placing a standby person outside a confined space to respond in an emergency Placing barriers and safety signs to stop unauthorised entry into a restricted area Isolation, tagging and lockout procedures for liquid, gas, electric current or other stored energy Purging gasses and ventilation Safety equipment (e.g. harnesses, static lines, safety nets) Rescue equipment and personnel Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Talk to your supervisor or safety officer if you are not sure if it is safe enough to carry out your work. If you think the hazard is still too dangerous you should not try to do the work.



Common hazards encountered in work that may require a permit include:

Area Potential Hazards

Surfaces Are they unstable, slippery, untidy, sloping or not going to support your weight?

Structures Are they unstable or incomplete?

The Ground Is it uneven, soft or unstable? Will it support the weight of access equipment (scaffolds, EWPs etc.)?

The Work Area in General

Is it crowded, busy or messy? Is there plant, equipment, tools, rubbish, workers or other obstructions in the area? Are there hazardous materials in the area? Are there other hazards specific to the worksite? Are there hazards related to the work being done in the area? Is there a chance of tools, materials or equipment falling down onto other people? Is there enough lighting to cover the whole work area?

Access To and From the Work Area

Is there a safe way to get to and from the work area?

Unprotected Edges Are there unprotected edges on floors, working platforms, walkways, walls or roofs?

Environment Is bad weather predicted (e.g. storms and rain)? Are there very hot or cold temperatures? Are there UV hazards?

Manual Handling

Trying to carry heavy or bulky items while on a ladder. Having to bend or twist too much to get hold of materials or equipment. Holding yourself in an uncomfortable position, or in a way that will make it hard to keep your grip. Balancing while moving from one surface to a different one.

Hazardous Source Examples

Gravitational A person could fall from a height, slip or trip on the same level or an object fall onto to a person below. Injuries may range from lacerations to impact injuries to death. Example, Material hung up in a raised dump truck tray, working in a cherry picker

Mechanical Moving machinery parts or material subject to tension or compression. Injuries range from lacerations, to amputations, to death.

Noise / Vibration Exposure to noise or vibration. Injuries may range from whole body vibration, spot vibration, such as to the hands / finger to noise induced hearing loss.

Electrical Any item that is in contact with an electrical power source, including batteries. Electricity is used to operate equipment. Injuries range from burns to death.

Chemical Any substance such as liquids, dusts, fumes, gases or substances that can be inhaled, ingested or absorbed that leads to a chemical reaction, including fuel or gas to drive combustion.

Thermal Sources include hot or cold environments or objects eg furnaces /cool rooms, hot processes, welding, hot/cold objects, with Injuries including burns, heat stress, heat exhaustion, hypothermia, hyperthermia, or death.

Liquid Deep bodies of water, pollutants, organism’s and animals within the water, water flow

Radiant Arising from welding activities.

Pressure Objects under pressure including gas cylinders, boilers, compressed air, hydraulic lifts(compressed fluid) Pneumatic machinery(compressed air or vapour) Injuries range from laceration to death.

Sharp objects / edges Impalement , protrusions or obstructions

Radiation X rays, UV radiation, microwaves, lasers or welders Injuries range from burns to death

Microbiological Exposure to bacteria, viruses or other pathogens such as in body substances, cooling towers. Injuries range from acute to chronic, have long term effects and could result in death eg. HIV, hepatitis, food poisoning.

Biomechanical / Ergonomic

Muscles are used for lifting, pushing, pulling holding, restraining or involves repetitive use of muscles; Most common injury is muscle strain, or tear.



Regulatory requirements legislation/codes Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) legislation, codes of practice and guidance material national and Australian standards licence and certification requirements internal permit control systems Environment Protection Authority (EPA) Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) State/Federal legislation

WHS Acts and regulations

WHS Acts and regulations set the obligations and rules for managing OHS. Hazard specific regulations such as those for hazardous substances, noise, plant and manual tasks, give information on the obligations for identifying specific hazards. In some cases, this information is general (i.e. identify hazards); in other cases, the regulations give specific information and the circumstances and type of hazards to be identified.

For example: Part 3.1 of the Model WHS regulations Managing Risks to Health and Safety applies to persons

conducting a business or undertaking who have a duty under the regulations to manage risks to health and safety. It requires duty-holders to identify hazards, apply and maintain a hierarchy of risk control measures and, in specified circumstances, review those risk control measures.

The Model Hazardous Chemicals regulations require a person conducting a business or undertaking at a workplace to identify any risk of a physical or chemical reaction in relation to a hazardous chemical used, handled, generated or stored at a workplace.

Consumer product safety regulators across Australia, undertake numerous activities to ‘minimise risks associated with unsafe products or inappropriate use of products. This work includes:

✓ Monitoring the market ✓ Encouraging safe practices ✓ Working out ways to address hazards ✓ Regulating hazardous products ✓ Enforcing regulations ✓ Working with other regulators.

Codes of practice Codes of practice are an invaluable source of information for hazard identification because they give information on the hazard, the factors that contribute to the risk and what is acceptable / not acceptable. The WHS practitioner should be familiar with the major hazard-specific codes of practice for their state, and any in which their organization operates.

‘Standards’ are usually taken to be those published by Standards Australia. Standards Australia is an Australian not-for-profit organisation with links to similar organisations internationally. It develops standards for a range of areas through a consensus-based process with its stakeholders. Australian Standards generally set the basis for minimum requirements, but they have no formal authority unless ‘called up’ in regulations.

Safe Work Australia, WHS regulators and industry bodies may also produce standards and guidelines that provide information for hazard identification.

Copies of regulations, codes of practice and guidelines can be obtained from the websites for the various bodies or in hard copy from the regulator or legal publisher. Australian standards can be purchased online or in hard copy from Standards Australia. Alternatively, libraries may carry a copy.

Standards Standards are published documents providing ‘specifications and procedures designed to ensure products, services and systems are safe, reliable and consistently perform the way they were intended to. They assist stakeholders in ensuring that hazard identification procedures are discussed in a common language, which defines quality and safety criteria. Standards can be guidance documents including:

Australian Standards®; International Standards and Joint Standards; Codes; Specifications; Handbooks; and Guidelines.



Provides detailed information, practical advice, specifications and procedures information to ensure safety

and compliance with in the work place

CODES OF PRACTICE This legislation is supported by Codes of Practice which provides practical information, or guidance, on how to meet the requirements of the regulations. Codes of practice are not mandatory but provide information to help workplaces achieve safe systems of work.

AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS Australian Standards set out specifications and procedures designed to ensure products, services and systems are safe, reliable and consistently perform the way they were intended to. They also act as guidance material to achieve compliance requirements with WHS

legislation. OVERVIEW OF LEGISLATION

COMPLIANCE

DOCUMENTS

Information of what everyone has to do

while at work to do

Information regarding how to do the job correctly and

safely to do it



Module 2 – Work in accordance with an Issued Permit Applying for the Permit You need to identify any dangers and work out the details for a work permit. You need to be clear about what work you will be doing. Make sure you have everything about the job to apply for a permit before you start. This includes what you will be doing, how you will be doing it where you will be doing it and what equipment you will be using. You need to know why you are entering the Controlled area to identify any dangers and work out the details for a work permit.

Work Permits The purpose of a work permit system is to control tasks that are known to involve hazardous conditions. Work permit co-ordination systems are designed to draw together permit systems relating to the job site activities and conditions. Such as in the mining industry where working in confined spaces, performing hot work, working on powered machinery, excavation work and working around temporary openings in platforms or walkways are under one system of management. If you, your co work or contractors do any work on sites that contain hazards, you need to have some system, no matter how basic, for the identification of these hazards associated with the work, assessing the risks arising and adequately controlling those risks.

What type of work permit do you need? It is important to have sufficient knowledge of all types of permits to make sure work is not carried out with an incorrect permit. There may be a need for additional permits within the scope of work required. There are a number of jobs that can require a work permit including:

confined space. - All confined spaces work must be done in line with a confined Space permit.

Working at heights. Cold work/general permit to work – work that WILL NOT generate any source of

ignition such as a flame, spark or temperature high enough to ignite flammable material.

Hot work – work that WILL generate a source of ignition such as a flame, spark or temperature high enough to ignite flammable material.

Excavation – issued for the penetration of any ground surface with mechanical excavating equipment.

Operation of plant. Minor repairs. Other special permits such as :plumbing/gas/electrical work.

This permit will outline every part of the job (who, what, where, when, why and how the job will be done) and all of the safety measures that must be taken.

The permit must be kept until the work has been completed or for at least 2 years if a serious incident occurs.

Confined Space Work Confined Space Work - All confined spaces work must be done in line with a confined space work permit. Outline every part of the job and all of the safety measures that must be taken. There are many reasons why a worker may need to enter a confined space:

Cleaning and removing waste. Repair work, e.g. welding or cutting. Installing pumps and motors. Painting, sand blasting or applying surface coatings. Reading of meters, gauges and dials. Installing, repairing or inspecting cables, e.g. telephone, electrical or fibre optic. Tapping, coating or testing of

piping systems, e.g. steam, water or sewage. Inspection of plant or equipment. Constructing a confined space, e.g. industrial boiler. Some specific hazards associated with confined space work include: Atmospheric hazards. Fires

and explosions. Heat or smoke. Obstructions. Limited head spaces. Slippery surfaces.



Working at Heights Working at heights includes any situation where a worker, or other nearby person, is exposed to a risk of falling (from one level to another) that is likely to cause injury to the worker or person. Generally this includes work conducted:

In or on plant or a structure that is at an elevated level. or being used to gain access to an elevated level Near an opening through which a person could fall. Near an edge over which a person could fall or near a surface through which a person could fall On or near a slippery, sloping or unstable surface.

Wherever possible, the need to work at heights should be eliminated, however if this option is not reasonably practicable, the Code of Practice ‘Managing the Risk of Falls at Workplaces’ outlines the steps that should be taken to minimise the risk involved. Any work that has to be conducted at heights requires adequate training, instruction and the employment of a system of fall protection.

Excavation Work Excavation involves the penetration of any ground surface either by hand (e.g. with a shovel or jack hammer) or with excavating machinery (e.g. an excavator or backhoe).This permit is required to ensure no underground services pose a risk to those working and to preserve the structural integrity of nearby structures. Generally this kind of permit requires contact with an underground services authority to identify the position of underground utilities. If excavation will be conducted by mechanical equipment (trenchers, backhoes etc.) a designated spotter may be required under permit conditions to ensure adequate observation to prevent contact with overhead power lines and to observe for any unusual objects or sounds from the excavation. In most cases this person will be dedicated to this role and identified by name in the permit.

Permit Information Your first task is to have a critical look at your site, plant, machinery and work processes. List all hazards and on a Register. (A draft form suitable for this purpose is included in this package). At this stage, list everything regardless of how minor you may consider it to be, as you will look at its significance later.

To do this, here are a number of important questions to ask yourself before you apply for a permit.

What work are you planning to do? Where the job is being carried out ? Do i need to contact any other companies to get another permit, permission or assistance from them

You will need to be totally clear about the nature of the work you wish to perform. All types of work have specific reasons why a permit may need to be issued.

Do you need a work permit? You will need to have reasons why the work you are to do requires a permit. You will need to judge your job

requirements against the permits you plan to apply for. You should add to the list every hazard that you can think of in relation to each task or condition.

Each listed task or condition should now be considered in terms of the likelihood of the associated hazards causing death, injury or incident

Work Permit Details

The details in the permit should cover the hazards and hazard controls that have been identified.

A permit should include the following: Location, description and duration of work to be done. There may be a number of different sites that must be

covered by a permit. Movement of personnel, Equipment and vehicles may require additional permits Hazards that may be encountered. Atmospheric test and monitoring requirements and results. Hot work. Rescue plan and information Stand-by person Time frames



Information you may require before applying for a permit are

You need to make sure you have all in information that is required to work under a permit and ensure all required information is included on a permit if you are unsure of the information on a permit or if there is anything that is not correct or is missing you must notify the permit issuer ?

Some of the information required on a permit but not limited to is : scope and urgency of work

probable length of time for work to be completed

types of tools and equipment to be employed

size of a work team

atmospheric test and monitoring requirements and results (e.g. atmospheric/oxygen/ breathability, flammability/explosiveness, toxicity, temperature, humidity)

authorisation

isolation, lock out and tag out processes

stand-by personnel

emergency response and rescue arrangements

information relevant to specific tasks (e.g. labels, MSDSs HAZCHEM signs)

relevant OHS and environmental requirements, standard procedures and work instructions and relevant regulatory licence requirements and company policy and procedures

permit control systems

process/methods of work/Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)

Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)/Job Safety Analysis (JSA)/Safe Work Method Statements (SWMS)

Because many of the tasks routinely done around job sites will involve more than one Work Permit, a work permit co-ordination system is necessary. A suitable format (The Work Permit Co-ordination Sheet) is included.

Requirements to build the Work permit

Appointment of an authorised competent person

“Competent person” -means a person who is suitably qualified (whether by experience, training, or both) to carry out the work or function described in the relevant Regulation. For example, In the case of quarries, this will most likely be the Quarry Manager or their deputy.

Duties include the: Identification of hazards, assessment of risks, nomination of risk control measures, and the keeping of records. Inspection and assessment of high risk tasks. Preparation of Work Permits and the entry of details on the Work Permit Coordination Sheet. Issue of the Work Permit to authorise the commencement of work. Supervision of the progress of the work. Receiving back of Work Permits on the completion of the work. Checking of the work site to ensure it has been returned to a safe condition. Reporting of any unforeseen hazardous conditions, or suggestions to the Manager & the OH&S Committee for

action. Sign off of permits

Collation of all permits for filing. (Regulations require that permits be kept for at least one year and risk assessments for five years).

Reading, Writing and Numeracy

Adequate language, literacy and numeracy skills are required to complete the permit documentation, differentiate between high and low pressures and temperatures, voltages or masses. You will need to sign that you understand the conditions and agree to work by the terms and conditions of the permit. You will need to write down the time and date the permit was issued.

The ability to read and correctly interpret complex Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams/Drawings (P&ID) The ability to speak clearly and unambiguously in English The ability to explain, describe and verify complex needs and issues. The ability to complete workplace forms Check that the permit you have received is the right permit for the job, contains accurate information about the

scope and location of the work and that all preparations specified on the permit have been completed. Check that the hazard controls specified on the permit are consistent with the hazard analysis. The permit holder takes the permit to the work site and keeps it until the permit is given back or withdrawn.



Training of Employees and Contractors All employees and contractors working with the permit system must be fully trained and competent with the system, responsibilities and requirements of doing the job. No person should be allowed to perform any work on the site without having received a site induction which includes a detailed introduction to the Work Permit system.

Authorisation for work to be done. Once issued, you will need to check that the details in the work permit match the job including hazards, control measures and equipment.

Changes to work conditions or identifying new hazards can mean the permit has to be cancelled before the work has been finished. The permit may have to be re-issued to address the latest information. An example Confined Spaces Work Permit can be found in.

Hazard control measures (for example signs, barriers, ventilation and purging).

Personal protective equipment and clothing needed for the job.

Size of work crew. Stand-by personnel and emergency response and

rescue arrangements. Isolation, lock-out and tagging processes. Other requirements determined by a risk assessment

and in accordance with the code of practice and AS2865.

Inspect the work area Inspect the work area to make sure all safety precautions comply with permit requirements and procedures. These may include:

actions specified in the permit/Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) are carried out (including a safety observer if required)

deviations from permit conditions are recognised, reported, corrected and re-authorization or extensions are arranged

standby person ready to respond in an emergency

appropriate use of a safety observer/spotter

communications are timely and effective

all safety and emergency procedures are consistently followed when inspecting the work if you identify something that is not on the current permit such as a new hazard or a change in the environment that varies from what is specified in the current permit you need to seek variation to the current permit or have everyone exit the controlled area and have a new permit issued



Review permits and Identification of changes to conditions

Effective risk management is really an ongoing 4 step process with the 4 step being monitoring

You may use the same methods as in the initial hazard identification step to check controls. Consult your workers and their health and safety representatives and consider the following questions:

Are the control measures working effectively in both their design and operation? Have the control measures introduced new problems? Have all hazards been identified? Have the new work methods, new equipment or chemicals made the job safer? Are the stipulated safety procedures being followed? Has instruction and training provided to workers on how to work safely been successful? Are all persons entering the site equipped with the work permit? Are workers actively involved in identifying hazards and possible control measures? Are they openly raising health

and safety concerns and reporting problems promptly? Is the frequency and severity of health and safety incidents reducing over time? If new legislation or new information becomes available, does it indicate current controls may no longer be the most

effective?

Where the answer to the questions above are negative, or changes to conditions are identified, it may lead to the permit being revoked before the work has been completed.

There are many problems that can arise while carrying out work requiring a permit including:

failure to correctly correspond to the requirements of the permit failure to seek clarification when anomalies occur variation in job scope from that specified in the permit

If problems are found, it is important to go back through the risk management steps, review all information and make further decisions about the risk controls on the work site permit. Priority for review should be based on the seriousness of the risk.

MONITOR THE

EFFECTIVENESS

CONTROL THE RISK

ASSESS THE RISK

IDENTIFY THE HAZARD



Safety precautions must comply with regulatory and permit requirements and procedures All operations should be performed in accordance with all relevant workplace procedures, work instructions, temporary instructions and relevant industry and government codes and standards.

plant and equipment used safely

hazards and plant condition monitored

required hazard reduction/control measures used correctly

barriers and safety signs placed to stop unauthorised entry

isolation, tagging and lockout procedures for liquid, gas, electric current or other stored energy implemented

dangerous gasses purged

Atmospheric testing complete and atmosphere safe. If it is not safe and cannot be made safe, then appropriate measures are implemented as per Standard Operating Procedures (SOP).

use of appropriate rescue and safety equipment including Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

relevant personnel informed of work and agree that it is safe and appropriate to proceed

Monitor hazards and hazard controls

compliance with the scope, location and timeframe specified in the permit or re-authorisation sought as required

appropriate action taken to resolve faults or report faults to appropriate personnel

incident and emergency procedures effectively implemented when necessary

making sure the work site is safe before leaving the job (even when work is only suspended)

end of day status report given to the issuer of the permit

Display of work Permit All personnel should be aware of the permit’s location so that they can refer to it when necessary. This may be at or near the work site.

If the work is being carried out in multiple locations then the permit documentation should be kept by an authorised person.

The permit should be kept in a clean condition so that the information can be clearly read without causing confusion.

Suspend a permit Job A permit may be suspended and the work stopped if the conditions of the permit vary for some reason. This could include but not limited to:

Scope or urgency of the work changes Identifications of new hazards Equipment and tool requirements changes Personnel/workers changes

If a breach of the permit conditions occurs, the matter must be brought to the attention of the permit acceptor or identified person in charge of the work being completed by the person witnessing the breach. On receive a report of a breach the permit acceptor must immediately have the work stopped until the situation is discussed with the permit issuer. The permit issuer will withdraw a permit if there is a failure to adhere to condition se down on the permit

Seeking authorised extension to permits when required or Obtain new one When working on a permit you have strict timeframes that must be followed if you have not completed the work within the timeframes that have been set on the permit, you must stop work, exit the controlled area and seek a permit extension from authorised personnel..You must not re-enter the controlled area until the permit extension has been approved and the Safety Observer is in place with the new permit. If the work has not been completed by the end of the shift a new permit will need to be obtained with all the updated information that is required.



Module 3 Gas Test Atmospheres What is a Confined Space?

The Code of Practice defines a confined space as an enclosed or partially enclosed space that:

Is not designed or intended primarily to be occupied or entered by a person. Has a restricted means of entry and exit? Is, or is designed or intended to be, at normal atmospheric pressure while any

person is in the space. Presents a risk to health and safety from:

An atmosphere that does not have a safe oxygen level, or Contaminants, including airborne gases, vapours and dusts, that may cause

injury from fire or explosion, or Harmful concentrations of any airborne contaminants, or Engulfment.

Confined spaces may include:

Culverts and storm water systems. Pipes and live or inactive sewer mains. Shafts, ducts and access chambers. Pits, trenches and gullies. Environmental traps and tanks. Box girders and bridge voids. Storage tanks, process vessels, boilers, pressure vessels, silos and other tank-like

compartments. Tank cars. Shipboard spaces entered through a small hatchway or access point such as:

Cargo tanks. Cellular double bottom tank. Duct keels. Ballast. Oil tanks. Void spaces (not including dry cargo holds).

Confined Space Hazards

There are a range of hazards that may exist in confined spaces:

Unsafe oxygen levels. Fires and explosions. Atmospheric hazards. The effect of irrespirable atmospheres on the respiratory system. Other hazards.

You need to be aware of the different hazards that can exists in a confined space and the effect they can have.

Isolate the Confined Space

The confined space needs to be isolated from other workers who are not involved in the confined spaces work.

Signage and barriers can be used to stop unauthorised entry into the confined space. Signage may include:

Site safety signage. Temporary signage for motorists and pedestrians. Barricades.



You can use a chart like the one shown below to work out if the work area is a confined space.



Gas Test Atmospheres

Gas Test Atmospheres is a core requirement to conducting any Confined Space work due to the varying gases found

within a Confined Space and atmospheric levels that can be dangerous to workers health and safety. To effectively control the Atmosphere hazards associated with working within a Confined Space it is necessary to test for:

The levels of oxygen with in the area and surrounding areas such as the entry/exit point Atmospheric contaminants Flammable gases or vapours present in the space

Testing the atmospheres in a confined space needs to be carried out by a competent person using a suitable, correctly calibrated in date Gas Detector. Testing must be carried out before any Confined Space work commences and results recorded on the permit. Continuous monitoring as stated on the Confined Space Permit must be followed while working is being carried out and any changes need to be identified and correct procedure followed.

Atmospheric Hazards

Dusts, gases, fumes, mists and vapours are common hazards in workplace air. These can seriously affect the health of workers.

The work processes being done (for example spray painting). Spills or leaks from pipes or machinery. Disturbance of materials (for example walking through a shallow liquid substance). The storage or transfer of materials (for example grain). Gasses in stormwater drains and sewers. Chemical reactions between substances. Exhaust gases from pumps or other machinery being drawn into the confined space by ventilation fans.

Residue left in confined spaces such as empty tanks and containers can cause a build-up of toxic or explosive gasses. Toxic gasses can quickly overcome and kill an unprotected worker. Inhaling some chemicals, such as solvents, can damage many parts of the body including the brain. Welding fumes, smoke and mists from spray painting are also serious respiratory hazards and workers should be adequately protected from exposure to any of them.

Confined spaces must be monitored for dangerous gases or unsafe oxygen levels, which cause irrespirable atmospheres. Irrespirable atmospheres are atmospheres that are unfit for breathing, or are incapable of supporting life.

Eighty percent of all confined space fatalities are a result of a hazardous atmosphere. Many of these fatalities occur because:

Gas detectors were not used to test the atmosphere Hazards were missed Hazards were underestimated

To effectively control the atmospheric hazards associated with work in confined spaces, it is necessary to test the atmosphere.

Testing the atmosphere in a confined space for gases is a routine part of risk management processes. A safe atmosphere in a confined space is one that:

Has a safe oxygen level; Has any flammable gas or vapour in the atmosphere below 5% of its Lower Explosive Limit (LEL); and Is free of atmospheric contaminants or contains atmospheric contaminants below their exposure standard (if any)

Therefore, testing needs to be conducted to measure

Oxygen Levels Flammability Toxicity Testing needs to be carried out by a trained, competent and experienced person using a suitable, correctly

calibrated gas detector

Types of Irrespirable Atmospheres

Description

Asphyxiating Atmospheres

Asphyxiating atmospheres have low levels of oxygen. You will not be able to breath properly in any atmosphere that has less than 19.5% oxygen. Hypoxia is the result of inadequate oxygen. Signs of hypoxia include rapid breathing, gasping for air, blueness of skin, confusion, irritability, unconsciousness and death.

Toxic Atmospheres Toxic atmospheres can occur due to the release of toxins and poisons in materials that have been burnt in a fire.

Air Contaminated with Smoke or Suspended Particles

Air that is contaminated with smoke or particles is unbreathable. Particles can settle in the lungs and will restrict the amount of oxygen that can be taken into the body. These particles within the lungs may then develop into other respiratory problems.



Oxygen Levels

Air mostly consists of the following: Nitrogen – 78% Oxygen – 21% Assorted gases (carbon dioxide, hydrogen) – 1% For the human body to function normally inside a confined space, the oxygen we breathe must fall in the ‘safe’

range – between 19.5% and 23.5% (as per AS 2865:2009).

Oxygen deficient atmospheres are those with an oxygen content less than 19.5% by volume, which can cause death or

permanent debilitating side effects.

What can cause an oxygen deficient atmosphere?

Rapid Oxidization – Fire/ combustion (welding, heating, cutting); Slow Oxidization – Rust (consumes the oxygen); Displacement – Oxygen is moved by addition of gas/ toxic fumes; and/ or Consumption – Too many people working inside a small space

Oxygen Enrich Atmospheres

Oxygen enriched atmospheres:

Have an oxygen content greater than 23.5% by volume. Have an increased risk of fire or explosions occurring with the introduction of heat sources.

What can cause an oxygen enriched atmosphere? Leaking oxygen hose or fitting when using oxy-acetylene equipment; Oxygen injection systems; and/ or Use of chemicals which release oxygen (e.g. hydrogen peroxide or chlorine).

Flammability An atmosphere becomes flammable when a mixture of oxygen and flammable material is present in the correct proportions.

What can cause a flammable or explosive atmosphere?

Fuel vapours Acetylene gas Paint, glue & solvent vapours Decomposition of plant/ animal material resulting in methane gas

If an ignition source, such as a sparking electrical tool or static on a person, is introduced into a space containing a flammable atmosphere, an explosion is likely to result.



Flammable Atmospheres

A flammable/ explosive atmosphere is one in which the flammable gas, vapour or mist is likely to exceed 5% of its LEL.

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

The lowest concentration of vapour in air which will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition.

Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

The highest concentration of vapour in air which will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition.

The LEL must be below 5% for entry to take place However any LEL or UEL reading should be investigated to locate the source of the potentially explosive atmosphere.

Flammability Different gases, vapours & air-borne combustible dusts are potentially explosive at different concentrations. Concentrations below the LEL are too lean to explode, above the UEL are too rich to support combustion.

Material Data Safety Sheets (MSDS) usually provide LEL data for particular substances. If the LEL is not listed in the MSDS, refer to local standards & work safety authorities.

NOTE: 0% LEL is required when performing hot work such as welding, cutting and grinding.

Toxicity Many toxic substances are commonly encountered in industry, therefore testing must also ascertain if the atmosphere is toxic; and An atmosphere becomes toxic when hazardous gases or fumes are present inside the confined space

What can cause a toxic atmosphere?

The work taking place inside the space (welding, use of solvents, adhesives

or degreasing agents) The material that was stored inside the space (cyanide, acid, fuel) Spills or leaks from pipes, fittings or machinery next to the space Exhaust fumes from pumps or machinery used near the space



Common Toxic Gases The gas tester needs to consider the processes within their industry. Some of the more common gases include:

GAS CAUSED BY CHARACTERISTICS

Ammonia NH3 NH3

• Fumes from industrial cleaning products

• Extraction of precious metals

• Leaking refrigeration systems

• Pungent, irritating odour

• Corrosive

Carbon Dioxide CO2

• Decomposition of plant and animal products

• Fermentation in wine making process

• Respiration

• Colourless, odourless

• Displaces oxygen

Carbon Monoxide CO • Combustion • Colourless, odourless

• Toxic

Hydrogen Sulfide H2S • Decomposition of plant and animal

products

• Rotten egg odour in low concentrations

• Highly Flammable

• Toxic

Sulphur Dioxide SO2 • Combustion of fossil fuels that contain

sulphur, such as coal and oil

• Colourless

• Burnt Match Odour

• Toxic

Toxicity: Exposure Standards

Exposure to toxic substances can produce disease, bodily injury, or death in unprotected workers. Gases are toxic at difference concentrations. Exposure standards to toxic substances are established concentrations which, if not exceeded, will not generally

cause adverse health effects.



❖ Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) The Concentration of a flammable gas or vapour in air below, which the propagations/spreading of a flame does not occur on contact with an ignition source. A person’s senses should never be used to determine if the air in a confined space is safe. May toxic or flammable gases cannot be seen or smelt and the level of oxygen in the air cannot be determined using a persons senses.

❖ Time Weighted Average (TWA) The average airborne concentration of a substance a worker can be exposed to over an 8 hour day, 5 days per week with no adverse health effects. TWA values are calculated by taking the sum of exposure to a particular toxic gas in the current operating session in terms of parts per million hours and diving by an eight hours period

❖ Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) The maximum airborne concentration of a substance you can be exposed to for 15 minutes, 4 times per day, with an

hour in between each exposure, with no adverse health effects.

❖ Peak Exposure The maximum airborne concentration of a substance you can be exposed to for 15 minutes with no adverse effects,

in one working day. For some rapidly acting substance and irritants, the average of the airborne concentration over 8 hours is not appropriate. These sustacne ,ay induce severe effect after only a brief exposure to high concentration. The expouse stand for these substance represents a maximum concentration to which workers may be exposes

❖ Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) The concentration of a substance which if exposed to without suitable Personal Protective Equipment will cause immediate death or long term health effects.

Gases are toxic at difference concentrations. Exposure standards to toxic substances are established concentrations which, if not exceeded, will not generally cause adverse health effects.

Gas TWA STEL Peak/Ceiling IDLH

Ammonia NH 3 25ppm 35ppm Not available 300ppm

Carbon Dioxide CO 2 5,000ppm 30,000ppm Not available 40,000ppm

Carbon Monoxide CO 35ppm 60 -100ppm (guideline only)

200ppm 1,200ppm

Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 10ppm 15ppm 20ppm 100ppm

Sulphur Dioxide SO 2 2ppm 5ppm 24ppm 100ppm

Toxicity: Exposure Effects

Airborne toxic substances are typically classified on the basis of their ability to produce physiological effects on exposed workers.

Toxic substances tend to produce symptoms in two time frames: Higher levels of exposure tend to produce immediate effects (ACUTE); and While lower levels of long-term exposure (CHRONIC) may not produce physiological symptoms for years.

Exposure Effects: Acute

Acute exposure effects may result from a single exposure to a toxic substance. Symptoms of exposure can consist of headaches, nausea, eye and skin irritation and may be experienced

immediately or shortly after the exposure. In some cases the symptoms may not appear until 24 to 72 hours after the exposure.



Sodium Hydrosulfide Solution (H2S) . is a good example of an acutely toxic substance which is immediately lethal at relatively low concentrations. Exposure to a 1,000ppm (parts per million) concentration of H2S in air produces rapid paralysis of the respiratory system, cardiac arrest, and death within minutes.

Exposure Effects: Chronic

Long lasting or delayed effects, usually permanent and harmful e.g. cancer, organ damage, lung and respiratory damage.

Usually occurs from either prolonged or repeated exposure. With short exposures the effect may not be immediately evident.

Carbon monoxide (CO) ❖ Is a good example of a chronically toxic gas. It bonds to the haemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. Red blood

cells contaminated with CO are unable to transport oxygen. ❖ Although very high concentrations of carbon monoxide may be acutely toxic, and lead to immediate respiratory arrest

or death, it is the long term physiological effects due to chronic exposure at lower levels that take the greatest toll of affected workers; and

❖ This partial impairment of the blood supply may, over time to serious physiological consequences

Unsafe Oxygen Levels

Levels of oxygen within a confined space that are too low (below 19.5%) or too high (above 23.5%) are a major hazard.

The oxygen levels inside a confined space may fall below a safe level for the following reasons:

The combustion of flammable materials (for example welding or cutting). Slow bacterial reactions of organic substances (for example sewerage). Reaction of inorganic substances (for example rust). Oxygen absorbed by materials (for example grain in silos). Oxygen displaced by another gas (for example nitrogen used to remove toxic

fumes). High oxygen consumption rate (for example many people working in a small

confined space). Leakage from oxygen lines, pipes, and fittings can raise the level of the atmosphere

causing a fire, explosion or breathing hazard.

Fires and Explosions

Hot work’ like welding and thermal or oxygen cutting can create excessive heat, sparks and increase the risk of fires or explosions.

Fires and explosions can be caused by:

Combustible or flammable dusts can also be found in confined spaces like storage bins or grain silos.



Prepare For Testing Equipment

Prior to conducting an atmospheric test, it is essential to: Check the battery is charged; Allow the detector to run through start-up and self-checks; Ensure the detector is calibrated in accordance with procedures (sensor calibration, bump testing); Conduct a fresh air/ zero calibration; and Determine a sampling regime

Common Gas Testing Problems Excessive Heat Dust Combination of gasses Failure to challenge test the detector Incorrect Calibration

The gas detector may provide incorrect readings if expose to any of the above.

Atmospheric Testing and Monitoring Equipment

Each gas-testing instrument needs to be calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Instruments that are not properly calibrated or that fail field checks cannot be used for atmospheric testing until they are properly calibrated.

All atmospheric testing equipment needs to be calibrated by the manufacturer annually. It also needs to be field checked just before use.

The field check needs to include checking with a test gas as per the manufacturer’s instructions.

Atmospheric testing and monitoring equipment includes: Instruments used for pre-entry testing appropriate to the hazards. Continuous monitors appropriate for the hazards. Other devices used to test the confined space atmosphere as required by the permit conditions.

BATTERY CHARGE

The detector will display a battery condition on the screen. The type of display will depend on the brand but most often is shown as a segmented battery icon.

Unit Functioning & Display

When the detector is first turned on, it will give an audible and visual alarm display. The unit will then conduct a self-check of its operational status and run through a series screen displays (which may vary depending on the brand).

Most common are: Date & time; Self-test (checks installed sensors, system memory check); Danger alarm set points with sample audible alarm; STEL alarm set points with sample audible alarm; and TWA alarm set points with sample audible alarm ERROR messages

If you are having problems with alarms and messages please refer to the manufacturer’s instructions.



Units of Measurement

Gas testing equipment may use a number of units of measurement to report gas levels. These can include: Mg/ cubic m. Milligrams per cubic metre PPM Parts Per Million % Percent (rating of how many parts per one hundred) LEL % Lower Explosive Limit rating v/v Volume in volume (usually referring to level of oxygen)

Danger Alarms A danger alarm indicates a significantly hazardous condition. The standard set points for the danger alarms on the Multipro™ detector are: 19.5% for oxygen (O2) 20% for LELs 100ppm for carbon monoxide (CO) 20ppm for hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

STEL Alarms The STEL (short term exposure limit) alarm indicates a toxic gas reading in excess of the recognised exposed standard.

The standard set points for the STEL alarms on the Multipro™ detectors are: 100ppm for carbon monoxide (CO) 15ppm for hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

TWA Alarms The TWA (time weighted average) alarm indicates a toxic gas reading in excess of the recognised exposed standard. The standard set points for the TWA alarms on the Multipro™ detectors are:

35ppm for carbon monoxide (CO) 10ppm for hydrogen sulphide (H2S)

Sensor Calibration

Instruments that aren’t calibrated properly can become inaccurate, causing serious accidents. Sensor calibration involves applying a test gas of a known concentration & adjusting the detector sensor readout

so that is shows a correct response to this reference. This is normally done by an equipment expert at least every 6 months

Bump Testing

Bump testing requires the application of a gas of known concentration to check that the instrument sensors will respond to a gas exposure The detector should respond with the following:

Toxic and explosive gas (LEL) sensor reading increases; O2 reading decreases; and The audible and visual alarms (as applicable) turn on

Bump test cylinders commonly contain the following levels of gas: Oxygen @ 18% Explosive gas [Pentane or Methane] @ 50% LEL Toxic gases @ about twice their TWA This should activate all the alarms on the detector, and allow the operator to check accuracy. Bump testing should be conducted regularly to ensure the detector is functioning correctly.



Fresh Air Calibration

A fresh air or zero calibration should be done be the operator immediately prior to use of the detector. It must be performed in an atmosphere that is known to contain 20.9% oxygen, 0% LEL and 0ppm toxic gases.

To conduct a fresh air calibration on the Multipro™ detector: Ensure the detector is turned on Press the mode button 3 times within 2 seconds Auto Cal’ will be shown on the screen followed by “0-Cal” and a 5 second countdown Press the mode button once to start the calibration The screen will return to the normal display once

the calibration is complete. If the calibration fails the screen will display ‘Error’.

Sampling Regime

The sampling regime for testing should be identified during the risk assessment and preparation stage. What can determine the frequency of testing required?

Scope of work Location of work Any known/identified atmospheric contaminates Think of examples of work processes or conditions that may vary the frequency of testing.

How Sensors Work Toxic gases and oxygen are measured by an electrochemical sensor. This is a type of fuel cell that instead of being designed to produce power, is designed to produce a current that is precisely related to the amount of the toxic gas or oxygen in the atmosphere. Measurement of the current gives a measure of the concentration of toxic gas or oxygen in the atmosphere. The value of this current is converted to a PPM for toxic gases or a % for oxygen and is displayed on the screen. Flammable gases are measured by a catalytic sensor.

Testing is done by burning the sample from the atmosphere on a hot wire sensor. As the flammable gas comes into contact with the hot wire, the wire sensor reacts to the extra heat generated by

the flammable gases. This is converted into a reading displayed on the screen. An ignition of the gas is prevented by flashback arresters inside the sensor.

Intrinsically Safe Intrinsically safe equipment is designed specifically for use in situations where flammable gas might be present. Equipment for testing & monitoring flammable gases, dusts and vapours should be ‘intrinsically safe’ All gas detectors are intrinsically safe, where the following applies:

They are used & maintained in accordance with Manufacturer’s instructions and workplace procedures to measure for an accurate gas reading



Perform Testing Initial testing should be done outside the confined space by inserting a sample probe and/or portable gas detection device at appropriately selected access holes, nozzles and openings; and Opening the vessel for initial gas testing is a critical event:

You must carefully select the appropriate personal protection equipment and clothing (PPE) to match the risk so as to conduct the gas evaluation.

QUESTION: Why is it important to test the confined space at different levels? Gases have different specific gravities (or density), so it is important to test the confined space

Lighter gases may be vented into the breathing zone of the person conducting the tests.

Some gases may be dissolved in liquids and released when the liquid is disturbed or a crust over the liquid is broken and it may therefore be necessary to agitate liquids before monitoring.

If it is necessary to enter the space to test remote regions away from entrances access holes: Air-supplied respiratory equipment must be worn Entry must be undertaken in accordance with confined space procedures As a result of gas testing there are generally three options available:

Option 1

If the atmosphere is safe for entry, the confined space entry permit can be signed as ready to use. If applicable, extra ventilation can be put in place to maintain the environment during occupancy.

Option 2

If the atmosphere is not safe (oxygen enriched, explosive or containing toxic gases) then the confined space must be ventilated or purged to dilute the unsafe atmosphere and re-tested until it is within safe limits.

Option 3

If the atmosphere cannot be deemed completely safe and there is no other way of performing the work, the emergency response team must be notified and work must be carried out by competent personnel using breathing apparatus.

This option should only be used in extreme cases (e.g. when the risk to personnel is greater by not performing the work

Check Atmospheric Test Results before Entering the Space

Always check that the results from the atmospheric testing show that the confined space is safe for entry before you begin work. If the test results are inconsistent or do not provide enough solid information you must make sure further testing is completed with different or re-calibrated equipment.

0.07 H2 Hydrogen 0.55 CH4 Methane 0.60 NH3 Ammonia 0.93 HCN Hydrogen Cyanide Gas 0.96 N2 Nitrogen 0.96 CO Carbon Monoxide 1.00 Air Air 1.11 O2 Oxygen 1.19 H2S Hydrogen Sulphide 1.52 CO2 Carbon Dioxide 1.59 NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide 2.26 SO2 Sulphur Dioxide



RECORD RESULTS All results must be recorded as per procedure and signed by the gas tester.

The following information must be documented: The time the test was conducted What target gases were tested and the results of the test The need for frequency testing and/or continuous monitoring The name and signature of the authorised gas tester

Responding to Unacceptable Readings

When a gas detector samples a gaseous condition, the information must be understood before action is decided upon. The basic rules as per AS/NZS 2865:2009 are:

5% LEL: All free entry to a confined space is to stop, and all hot work is to cease. At and below 19.5% O2 level: All personnel must wear supplied air breathing apparatus or

respiratory protection with an escape set. Above 23.5% O2: No entry is allowed into the space at any time Above any toxic gases STEL: Appropriate respiratory protection is required

If initial testing shows that the work area is contaminated in any way you will need to take action.

Purging

When flammable contaminates are to be purged, purging and ventilation equipment designed for use in hazardous area need to be used. Hazardous area are defined as area in which an explosive atmosphere is present, or may be expected to be present, in quantities that require special precautions for the construction, installation and use of potential ignition sources (AS2430.31) .

Pure oxygen or gas mixtures with oxygen in concentrations greater that 21% by volume are prohibited for being used to purge or ventilate a Confined Space due to the increased risk of flammability

Purging is done using an inert gas, such as nitrogen, to clear flammable gases or vapours before work in the confined space begins.

After purging, the confined space should be adequately ventilated with sufficient fresh air to ensure that the inert gas is removed.

Purging needs to be done in a way that ensures any contaminants removed from the Confined Space are Expelled to a location where they present further risk to the workers or the environment

Care must be taken when purging a confined space to prevent the area outside the Confined Space being exposed to gas while the atmospheres inside the Confined Space is being purged. Care must also be taken when purging flammable gases. Any purging of a confined space needs to be followed by correct ventilation procedures. If this is not possible alternatively workers can enter the Confined Space if they wear a approved Self Contained breathing apparatus, as long as there are no flammable gases present within the Confined Space

Ventilation

Ventilation is the process of continually moving clean fresh air, by natural, forced or mechanical means through a Confined Space to ensure a safe atmosphere is maintained and to control any atmospheric hazards that may exist If the confined space has sufficient openings then natural ventilation may be adequate, but in most cases mechanical ventilation is likely to be needed. Effective Ventilation can be:

Replace contaminated air with clean air. Lower the risk of explosion by lowering the LEL of known contaminants Reduce / eliminate the toxicity of the area to below the TWA or STEL of known contaminants Minimise environmental hazards such as heat stress by reducing the temperature in and around the space



Respiratory Equipment

Where it is not practicable to provide a safe oxygen level or atmospheric contaminants cannot be reduced to safe levels, no person can enter a confined space unless they are equipped with suitable respiratory protective equipment. Respiratory protective equipment refers to a range of breathing equipment, including air-supplied and self-contained breathing apparatus. The appropriate respiratory protective equipment should be based on the level & type of contaminants and the work to be done

Respirators are designed to filter the air you breathe in. They can be disposable, half or full face and have several different types of filters. If filtering the air is not appropriate or desired atmosphere cannot be achieved, supplied air breathing apparatus must be used. Supplied air can be either self contained (SCBA) or in-line.

Limitations of Breathing Apparatus

There are limitations associated with all types of respiratory equipment and breathing apparatus. Some general limitations for different types of breathing apparatus include:

Equipment Type Possible Limitations

Air Purifying

Respirators

Only protect against specific contaminants. For example, gas-/vapour-removing respirators don’t protect against particulate contaminants and vice versa. Can be addressed by using a combination particulate- and vapour- and gas-removing respirator.

Do not protect against oxygen deficient atmospheres. Do not prevent contaminants being absorbed through the skin (a full protective suit and

mask/face piece can provide this protection). Limited time period for use based on:

The type of respirator (canister, cartridge, or filter type). Concentration of contaminant. Humidity levels in the surrounding atmosphere. User’s respiratory rate.

Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus

(SCBA)

Weight of the equipment: Can cause wearer to become fatigued more quickly. Can affect balance of wearer.

Bulk/size of the equipment can cause issues in confined spaces and limit movement and mobility in and through spaces.

Harness straps can limit movement and mobility of the wearer. Do not prevent contaminants being absorbed through the skin (a full protective suit and

mask/facepiece can provide this protection). Reduced visibility caused by the facepiece. Limited time period for use based on:

User’s respiratory rate. Amount of air/oxygen in the apparatus.

Supplied Airline Breathing Apparatus

No protection for the user if the air supply fails. Hose can be pinched or severed, affecting air supply. User is limited to working within the length of the hose. User must exit the space by retracing steps/route of hose. Must be donned in respirable air.

Escape Breathing Apparatus

Limited air supply with a short duration of use.

Always check and follow the manufacturer’s specifications to make sure you are aware of and work within the limitations of the equipment you are using.



Common Testing Problems

Some common problems that can adversely affect a reading on a gas detector include:

Infrequent of incorrect sensor calibration Failure to fresh air calibrate the detector Insufficient testing time for gas detector to gauge the atmosphere Cross sensitivity from interfering gases

Gas detectors can also be affected by:

Atmospheric pressure Humidity Temperature Radio frequency interference Poor maintenance Accidental damage

Other factors can also include:

Incorrect use or application Lack of training or competence Gas detectors need to detect very low concentrations of a gas and often in the presence of other gases that may

interfere with the instrument. Gas can be fatal when it is present even in minute parts per million so proper calibration of the detector is essential

Dealing with New Hazards

If new hazards are identified during the confined space work, you will need to take appropriate action depending on the situation. This may include:

Organising for the re-validation or re-issue of the work permit to reflect the change to the situation.

Evacuating the confined space. Doing further testing of the confined space atmosphere and environment. Raising the alarm with other workers and isolating the confined space (depending on the

circumstances). Initiating the emergency response plan and carrying out your own role and responsibilities. Any other action determined by your supervisor.

MAINTAIN EQUIPMENT Incorrect procedures may lead to equipment failure, incorrect readings and are UNSAFE to use. Gas detectors can require different maintenance procedures depending on the type, including:

Cleaning Re-calibration Replacement of sensors Recharging/ replacement of batteries

Gas testing equipment should be:

Serviced regularly, scheduled as per manufacturer’s specifications Stored in a dry clean area within the temperature limits outlined by the

manufacturer. (away from corrosive/damp/ dusty environments)



Module 4 – Observe Permit Work Role of the Safety Observer

A Safety Observe is also referred to as a sentry, Stand-By Person, fire watch or hole water on some work site. The role is required by on some permits depending of the nature of the work being conducted. Including but not limited to are Confined Space, Hot Work, Excavation or Working at heights The Primary job of a Safety Observe is to observe the Permit Work, including maintaining communication with all workers and ensure that all tasks are being conducted in accordance with the permit condition and that all workers are safe at all time. The control the entry and exit of the controlled area. They have the ability to stop permit work, but do not have the authority to restart work. The Safety Observe role can be performed by a competent person who may be a member of the work team or an operator. They must not be involved in any form of work other than to observe the work under the permit while they are performing the role of a Safety Observer.

A competent person is a person who has through a combination of training, education or experience has acquired the knowledge and skill to enable them to correctly carry out the specified job

Limitation of a safety officer could included but not limited to Fatigue Only being able to carry out 1 job Not allowed to just leave the work area To being able to enter the controlled area to assist with a rescue

It is important to have sufficient knowledge of all types of permits to make sure work is not carried out with an incorrect permit. There may be a need for additional permits within the scope of work required. They must communicate effectively with other members of work group and other personnel and they must speak clearly, and use appropriate worksite language.

There are a number of jobs that can require a work permit including:

Working in a confined space. Working at heights. Cold work/general permit to work – Hot work Excavation. Operation of plant. Minor repairs. Other special permits such as :plumbing/gas/electrical work

All confined spaces work must be done in line with a confined space work permit. This permit will outline every part of the job (who, what, where, when, why and how the job will be done) and all of the safety measures that must be taken.

THE SAFETY OBSERVER IS NEVER ALLOWED TO ENTRE THE PERMIT AREA

Guidelines that a Safety Observe must follow The following information are guidelines that all workers must obey if they are carrying out the role of Safety Observe

This includes No Person may enter a controlled area if there is not a Safety Observe positioned at the entrance of the confined

space No person may exit a controlled area via any opening other than the entrance point where the Safety Observer is

Positioned All paperwork must be correct and signed on to before any permit work can commence The Safety Observer shall be a competent person who has completed the required training to carry out the job The Safety Observer is never allowed to enter the space even in the case of a emergency

If there is a change to the risk level or a unacceptable change in work conditions. The following steps need to be taken

STOP WORK inform other to STOP WORK All person to exit the permit controlled area IMMEDIATELY Contact your SUPERVISOR Only return to work when new risks have been suitably controlled



Safety precautions you must comply with permit requirements and Procedures

Plant and equipment used safely Hazards and plant condition monitored Required hazard reduction/control measures used correctly Barriers and safety signs placed to stop unauthorised entry Isolation, tagging and lockout procedures for liquid, gas, electric current or other stored energy implemented Atmospheric testing complete and atmosphere safe. If it is not safe and cannot be

made safe, then appropriate measures are implemented as per Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). Including but not limited to Dangerous gasses purged

Use of appropriate rescue and safety equipment including Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Relevant personnel informed of work and agree that it is safe and appropriate to proceed Compliance with the scope, location and timeframe specified in the permit or re-authorisation sought as required Appropriate action taken to resolve faults or report faults to appropriate personnel Incident and emergency procedures effectively implemented when necessary Making sure the work site is safe before leaving the job (even when work is only suspended) End of day status report given to the issuer of the permit

Ensure Compliance is maintained

In accepting the role of Safety Observer you must remain close to the work area at all times and maintain regular communication with the work team inside the work area cover by the permit If you need to leave the permitted area at any time you need to ensure you no don't leave the area until all personnel in the area controlled by the permit have left the area and signed out on the permit or have been relived by another approved authorised Safety Observer and all required paperwork has been completed

Complying with codes and standards

All operations should be performed in accordance with all relevant workplace procedures, work instructions, temporary instructions and relevant industry and government codes and standards.

These may include: Legislation/codes Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) legislation, codes of practice and guidance material National and Australian standards Licence and certification requirements Internal permit control systems Environment Protection Authority (EPA) Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) State/Federal legislation

Prepare an Emergency Response Plan

Before any activity can start you will need to prepare an appropriate emergency response plan, the emergency response plan that includes the roles and responsibilities of all worker involved in the permitted work.

It is also important to make sure that the entry / exit openings are wide enough to allow emergency access and are never to have restricted access or obstructed in any way.

It is important to confirm your own role in an emergency. Talk to your supervisor regarding what you will need to do in emergency situation and make sure that you have been trained to carry out the task. Once completed you need to check and make sure the plan is workable within the approved job procedure and issued permit.

If at any stage during the process of preparing the Emergency Response Plan you notice a variance between the permit/job procedure and the Emergency Response Plan you must request a revision to ensure all paperwork matches and is safe and correct before work can commence

Emergency / Incident response plan information that should be included on the work permit but not limited to The location and use of rescue and emergency equipment The role of personnel / workers working during the incident Procedures for responding to the emergency / Incident , including the contact of authorised personnel, emergency

service and supervisor See appendix B for an example of an emergency response plan



Emergency Response

IMPLEMENTING THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN The emergency response plan may need to be implemented as a result of

Fire Gas leak Explosion Blackout or loss of electricity Chemical spill Mine or structural collapse Loss of contact with personnel within a controlled work environment Other work site / operation specific emergency condition

RAISING THE ALARM Stay calm and focused in an emergency.

1. Evacuate the controlled area if necessary and where possible provide any necessary assistance 2. Raise the alarm in accordance with the emergency response plan and ensure you include the following information

You name Location of the incident Description of the incident Number of casualties (not heir names) Equipment required if know

3. Control the entry point until the Emergency Responses Tern Arrive at the incident

EVACUATION In case of an Emergency Evacuation you must

Know the location of your emergency assembly or mister point Follow toy company's procedure Evacuate immediately and advise other if safe to do so Offer assistance if asked Stay at the assembly point until direct by management

FIRE There are 6 common causes of fires in the work place. They are chemical , electrical, started by an explosion , started by friction caused by flammable materials or caused by mechanical/welding As in all emergency situations, protect yourself and other. Never attempt to put out a fire if it puts you at risk of injury It is your responsibility to know the location, identification and use of all fire fighting equipment in the worksite

INJURY If people have been injured a simple basic procedure to follow is:

Send for assistance if necessary Do not move the person unless there is a danger of more serious injury Control bleeding by using direct pressure with a pad or by placing your hands over the wound Make the person comfortable and warm Reassure the patient – do not given them anything to drink Assist breathing if required Do no attempt to provide mouth to mouth resuscitation or heart massage unless your are trained.

ONLY FOLLOW THIS PROCEDURE FROM OUTSIDE THE CONTROLLED AREA THE SAFETY OBSERVER MUST NEVER ENTER THE CONTROLLED AREA EVEN IN AN EMERGENCY SITUATION THEY ARE TO INITIATE THE RESCUE PLAN THEY ARE ABLE TO ASSISTANCE ONCE THE PERSON IS OUTSIDE OF THE CONTROLLED AREA



Types of Work that will require a permit

Confined Space Work Confined Space Work - All confined spaces work must be done in line with a confined space work permit. Outline every part of the job and all of the safety measures that must be taken. There are many reasons why a worker may need to enter a confined space such as but not limited too

Cleaning and removing waste. Installing pumps and motors. Painting, sand blasting or applying surface coatings. Installing, repairing or inspecting cables, e.g. telephone, electrical or fibre optic. Tapping, coating or testing of

piping systems, e.g. steam, water or sewage. Inspection of plant or equipment. Constructing a confined space, e.g. industrial boiler. Rescuing people who are injured or overcome by fumes. Some specific hazards associated with confined space work include: Atmospheric hazards. Fires and explosions.

Heat or smoke. Obstructions. Limited head spaces. Slippery surfaces.

Hot Work A hot work permit is issued for work that WILL generate any source of ignition, such as flame, spark or temperature sufficient to ignite flammable material. ‘ Hot work’ can include tasks such as:

Oxy cutting and welding. Brazing and soldering. Arc welding. Repairs and alterations done using heat producing equipment such as blow lamps. Grinding and high speed friction cutting.

If a worker has to undertake welding or any other allied process, they must abide by the requirements outlined in Australian Standard AS1674.1 Safety in welding and allied processes. This standard covers all hot work activities and must be applied to all hot work in confined spaces. Some specific hazards associated with hot work include: Manual handling. Heat. Fumes and gases. Shocks, sparks or incorrect wiring

Cold Work Cold Work/General Permit to Work A cold work or general permit is issued for non-routine hazardous work that WILL NOT generate any source of ignition, such as flame, spark or temperature sufficient to ignite flammable material (i.e. NOT hot work). Some examples of these types of work include:

High Pressure Water Jetting Removal of Safety Guards, Handrails , Gratining and Fixed Ladders Pressure Testing (All Situations)

Working at Heights Working at heights includes any situation where a worker, or other nearby person, is exposed to a risk of falling (from one level to another) that is likely to cause injury to the worker or person. Generally this includes work conducted:

In or on plant or a structure that is at an elevated level. or being used to gain access to an elevated level Near an opening through which a person could fall. Near an edge over which a person could fall. On or near a surface through which a person could fall. .

Wherever possible, the need to work at heights should be eliminated, however if this option is not reasonably practicable, the Code of Practice ‘Managing the Risk of Falls at Workplaces’ outlines the steps that should be taken to minimise the risk involved. Any work that has to be conducted at heights requires adequate training, instruction and the employment of a system of fall protection. Some specific hazards associated with working at heights include:

Slippery / Sloping surfaces. Inadequate lighting.

Excavation Work Excavation involves the penetration of any ground surface either by hand (e.g. with a shovel or jack hammer) or with excavating machinery (e.g. an excavator or backhoe).This permit is required to ensure no underground services pose a risk to those working and to preserve the structural integrity of nearby structures. Generally this kind of permit requires contact with an underground services authority to identify the position of underground utilities. If excavation will be conducted by mechanical equipment (trenchers, backhoes etc.) a designated spotter may be required under permit conditions to ensure adequate observation to prevent contact with overhead power lines and to observe for any unusual objects or sounds from the excavation. In most cases this person will be dedicated to this role and identified by name in the permit.

Other types of work that require a permit including:

Operation of plant Minor repairs Other special permits such as plumbing / gas / electrical work

The permit must be kept until the work has been completed or for at least 2 years if a serious incident occurs.



Work Permit Details A permit should include:

Location, description and duration of work to be done. Hazards that may be encountered. Atmospheric test and monitoring requirements and results (if applicable) Hot work. Rescue/incident plan Authorisation for work to be done. Isolation, lock-out and tagging processes. Hazard control measures. Personal protective equipment and clothing needed. Size of work crew. Stand-by personnel and emergency response and rescue arrangements Other requirements determined by a risk assessment and in accordance with the code of practice and AS2865.

Working with a Permit You will need to have adequate language, literacy and numeracy skills to complete the permit documentation:

The ability to speak clearly and unambiguously in English The ability to explain, describe and verify complex needs and issues. The ability to complete workplace forms Numeracy skills are needed to differentiate between high and low pressures and temperatures, voltages or

masses.

You will need to sign that you understand the conditions and agree to work by the terms and conditions of the permit. You will need to write down the time and date the permit was issued. Check that the permit you have received is the right permit for the job, contains accurate information about the scope and location of the work and that all preparations specified on the permit have been completed. Check that the hazard controls specified on the permit are consistent with the hazard analysis. The permit holder takes the permit to the work site and keeps it until the permit is given back or withdrawn

Permit Control Systems Each site will have a permit control system that is based on the tasks and work being carried out you need to have a clear understanding of all aspects of the system that applies to the work site you are on

This could include but not limited to Types of permits Frameworks relating to legislation, regulations and standards Roles and responsibilities of concerned parties under the permit system Equipment which can and cannot be used for different types if permit Alternative ways of conducting the job

As a Safety Observer you need to be able to read and understand a range of different site work permits, your companies standard procedures and work instruction and be able to implement them correctly, safely and within appropriate timeframes. A working knowledge of the procedures used during all hazardous tasks and activities will ensure that you can appropriately observe the conditions and requirements on the permit. When going over the work permit if you identify anything that is not correct or does not match up with the work that is to be done or the rescue plan you must request a revision to issue the permit/ work procedure is correct before work commences

The permit must be kept until the work has been completed or for at least 2 years if a serious (notifiable) incident occurs

Complying with Permit Requirements Once work has commenced, all requirements of the permit will need to be complied with and all operations and work performed in accordance with the standard operation procedures that apply. If you are the Safety Observer, you are responsible for controlling the entry and exit from the work area. Workers needing to enter the controlled area must be approved And they must sign on to the required permits



MONITOR THE EFFECTIVENESS

CONTROL THE RISK ASSESS THE RISK

IDENTIFY THE HAZARD

Maintain Monitoring of Permit Conditions and Responsibilities While the work operation is in progress as the Safety Observer you are responsible for continuous monitoring, check and Identify changes of the work environment in and around the permit site and that the conditions of the permit are maintained. Any changes that occur may lead to the permit being revoked before the work has been completed. There are many problems that can arise while carrying out.

This can include: Failure to correctly correspond to the requirements of the permit Failure to seek clarification when anomalies occur Variation in job scope from that specified in the permit Respiratory air supply Changes in weather conditions Monitor mobile plant movements Identify the impact of the other work in or around the permit controlled area Reviewing the work permit documentation against the work operations that are in progresses. Check and confirm that all hazards controls are in place are still effective for the work being completed. The permit requirements and all required documents are maintained accurately and updated if required to reflect

any changes that may occur during work operations

Identify changes to conditions

Identify changes to conditions that may lead to the permit being revoked/withdrawn before the work has been completed.

There are many problems that can arise while carrying out work requiring a permit including: Failure to correctly correspond to the requirements of the permit Failure to seek clarification when anomalies occur Variation in job scope from that specified in the permit

You may use the same methods as in the initial hazard identification step to check controls.

Consult your workers and their health and safety representatives and consider the following questions: Are the control measures working effectively in both their design and operation? Have the control measures introduced new problems? Have all hazards been identified? Have the new work methods, new equipment or chemicals made the job safer? Are the stipulated safety procedures being followed? Has instruction and training provided to workers on how to work safely been successful? Are all persons entering the site equipped with the work permit? Are workers actively involved in identifying hazards and possible control measures? Are they openly raising health and safety concerns and reporting problems promptly?

Where the answer to the questions above are negative, or changes to conditions are identified, it may lead to the permit being revoked before the work has been completed.

There are many problems that can arise while carrying out work requiring a permit including: failure to correctly correspond to the requirements of the permit failure to seek clarification when anomalies occur variation in job scope from that specified in the permit

If problems are found, it is important to go back through the risk management steps, review all information and make further decisions about the risk controls on the work site permit. Priority for review should be based on the seriousness of the risk.

Effective risk management is really an ongoing 4 step process with the 4 step being monitoring



Withdrawing of a permit A permit may be withdrawn, and the work stopped if the condition of the permit vary for some reason. This could include:

Completion of the work Scope or urgency of the work changes Identifications of new hazards Incidents or accidents Equipment and tool requirements changes Environmental changes such as weather Atmospheric testing or monitoring changes or concerns Personnel/workers changes

If a breach of the permit conditions occurs, the matter must be brought to the attention of the permit acceptor or identified person in charge of the work being completed by the person witnessing the breach. On receive a report of a breach the permit acceptor mist immediately have the work stopped until the situation is discussed with the permit issuer. The permit issuer will withdraw a permit if there is a failure to adhere to condition se down on the permit

Changing a Safety Observer

The Safety Observer’s role can be interchanged between members of the work force to assist with worker fatigue and changes to work details When the circumstance of changing of the Safety Observers role does occur there needs to be a formal change over procedure carried out to make sure that all members of the work force are aware of who is the Safety Observe at all times. The current and incoming Safety Observe need to make sure that all required paperwork is completed to record any changes that have occurred.

The following needs to be completed by the incoming Safety Observe

Confirm they have been Trained and are competent to take over the role of Safety Observer

Receive clear instructions as to their responsibilities in performing the role of Safety Observer at that that particular worksite.

Ensure any changes to the scoop of work that may have occurred after work has commenced has been recorded correctly including the changeover of the Safety Observer’s

Confirm they are ready to accept the role as the incoming Safety Observe before work recommences



Module 5 – End of day

Reporting to the permit authority

When the work is complete or the permit has expired you should report to the permit authority. If the job is not complete, details of work to be carried over to next day should be provided. Check the work conducted against the issued permit(s). Make sure all the nominated work requirements have been satisfied. If at any point you have stepped outside the parameters laid down in a permit you should obtain a new permit or have the existing permit re-validated before work is recommenced. Each permit will have detailed instruction concerning who you must communicate with during and on completion of the job.

End of Day Status Report

Once all work is completed and been checked against the issued permit to ensure that all nominated work required has been satisfied and permit compliance has been meet you will need to communicate the status of the work conducted and the results of the permit to the relevant personnel.

Maintain Records All records and reports need to be kept and maintained in accordance with workplace procedures for future reference.

If you are unsure about how or where to store reports talk to your supervisor or an authorised person

Complete Documentation

Once job is complete you need to make sure all documentation is complete and signed off when job is completed including the controlled area entry log, withdrawal of permits, and any records related to use and servicing of equipment.

Generally, the withdrawal from permit operation requires the following information to be signed off:

Names of all workers who have signed on and off the permit. Date and time of all completion of work . All workers and equipment are accounted for. All equipment has been checked and stored in accordance with procedures.

The person in direct control of the work space will need to make the final sign-off of the withdrawal of the work permit once all of the above information has been confirmed.

Report Any Issues

Report any issues that may have occurred such as:

Feedback on the work and ways to improve the work process.

Signs and symptoms of operational stress. Equipment malfunctions. Wear and tear of equipment and tools. Condition of safety and rescue equipment. Observations of the condition of the confined space

Clean Up Make sure once the job is complete you leave the work site in a clean and safe condition. You will need to sign and date the completion of work and to say that the site has been left in a safe condition. Ensure personal lockouts/tag outs/isolations all hazard control measures are removed are removed in accordance with procedures, if no longer necessary.



Appendix A – Confined Space Entry Permit

Location of Confined Space (CS):

Type of Work: Hot Work

Installation

Maintenance

Reading/Testing of Systems

Inspection

Cleaning/Waste Removal

Construction

Rescue

Other: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Date of Issue:

Supervisor:

1. DETAILS OF CONFINED SPACE WORK

Will hot work be carried out during entry?

YES If yes, Hot Work Permit must be completed and isolation measures recorded in Section 2.

NO Hot Work Permit No:

Authorised by:

Will the CS or tank be cleaned? YES If YES, cleaning certificate must be completed and attached to this permit.

NO If NO, what hazards are present in the CS or tank?

What control measures will be used?

Comments or other information:



2. ISOLATION

What does the Confined Space need to be isolated from?

Water/Vapour

Gas

Steam

Chemicals

Mechanical equipment

Electrical drives and equipment

Fire or fire services

Hydraulic equipment and services

Electricity

Gas

Sludge

Deposits

Wastes

Traffic and unauthorised personnel

Other: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Isolation of hazards: Hazard Location Isolation Method

Note: If more isolation methods are required, please record the details on the back of this form.

Signage and barricades: Have signage and barricades been erected?

YES

NO

Are access/egress points signposted and secure? YES

NO

If NO, signs and barricades must be erected immediately.

Have locks and/or tags been affixed to isolation points?

YES NO




3. ATMOSPHERE TESTING AND MONITORING

Has the CS atmosphere been tested?

YES NO

Results of tests: Confined Space tested by:

Oxygen: %

Flammable gases: % LEL

% LEL

Other gases: ppm (less than ppm)

ppm (less than ppm)

Other airborne contaminants:

Continuous monitoring of the CS atmosphere is required?

YES NO

3.1 Atmosphere Controls

Have control measures of the atmosphere been implemented?

YES NO

Measures implemented:

Purging of space Ventilation of space

Continuous ventilation required. Other:

The atmosphere is safe for entry under the following conditions:

With supplied air breathing apparatus. YES NO

Without respiratory protection. YES NO

With escape unit. YES NO




4. EQUIPMENT

Personal protective equipment to be

worn:

Eye protection – safety glasses/goggles.

Hearing protection – ear plugs/ear muffs.

Hand protection - gloves.

Footwear - boots.

Head protection – helmet.

Protective clothing – hi-visibility, full jumpsuit.

Other ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Safety equipment to be used: Electronic gas detection equipment.

Self rescue breathing sets.

Full breathing apparatus – open circuit or airline.

Safety harness (full body) and safety lines.

Communication equipment.

Personal lighting.

Other ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Rescue equipment to be prepared: Gas detection equipment.

Breathing apparatus.

Respirator.

Extraction system.

Harnesses and safety lines.

Helmets.

Gloves – inner, outer, chemical protection.

Stretcher.

Lighting.

Spreader bar.

PPE.

Fire fighting equipment.

Other ……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Calibration and inspection certificates of all equipment are attached and current?

YES NO




5. PERSONNEL

Rescue procedure and contacts:

Rescue team members have been notified of the work

being carried out and the location of the CS? YES NO

Rescue personnel contact name:

Agency/company name:

Contact number(s):

General emergency response procedure:

Stand-by personnel: Name:

Communication arrangements: Visual

Signal

Phone

Radio

Other:

Stand-by personnel are trained in first

aid and confined space procedures? YES NO

CS stand-by personnel are engaged

and available? YES NO



5.1 Personnel Authorised to Enter Confined Space

I have been advised of and understand the control measures and precautions to be observed with the entry and work in confined space.

Employee/Contractor

Signed Date:

Print Name: Time:

Valid until:

Employee/Contractor

Signed Date:

Print Name: Time:

Valid until:

Note: If more personnel are required, please record their details on the back of this form.

5.2 Personnel Entry and Exit Log

Use this section each time a person enters or leaves the confined space.

Log of Entry and Exit

ENTRY EXIT

Name Date Time Name Date Time



6. AUTHORITY TO ENTER

The control measures and precautions appropriate for the safe entry and execution of the work in the confined space have been implemented and persons required to work in the confined space have been advised of and understand the requirements of this written authority.

Signed (Person in direct control): Date:

Print Name: Time:

This written authority is valid until:

Date: Time:

7. WITHDRAWAL OF WRITTEN AUTHORITY

All persons have left the confined space and further entry cannot be permit unless a new entry permit is completed.

Equipment has been checked and stored correctly.

Signed (Stand-by person): Date:

Print Name: Time:

7.1 Signed (Supervisor):

All personnel and equipment have been withdrawn from the confined space and work has been suspended due to:

Unsuitable/unsafe atmosphere.

Incident.

Plant/machinery/equipment unsuitable or damaged.

Other:

Under these circumstances, all work cannot restart until a new permit has been issued.

Signed (Supervisor): Date:

Print Name: Time:

7.2 Acceptance of Completed Work

I accept that all of the work permitted in this entry permit has been completed satisfactorily and no further entry to the confined space is permitted.

Signed (Supervisor): Date:

Print Name: Time:

Documents attached:

CS Permit Training Certificates/Licences Calibration Certificates

Other:



StaySafe Training 1 Working at Heights Rescue Plan V 1.3 18062018

RESCUE PLAN

DATE: 08/02/2018 JOB DISCRIPTION: Climb Ladder System in shed

LOCATION: 13 Horwood Street Whyalla South Australia 5600

CONTACTS RESCUE EQUIPMENT CRITICAL RESCUE FACTORS

Rescuer’s : Rescue team

Emergency Services: 000

□ Ladder □ RSQ Anchor Point

Competent person: ________________________ □ Rescue Pole □ First Aid Kit Landing Area

Emergency Contact : 1 □ Rescue Rope □ Life Ring

Method of Contact:

□ Mobile Phone

□ Telephone

□ Verbal/Face to Face

□ Radio Channel:_______________

□ Other : Site Rescue Team

□ Crane □ EWP

□ Scaffold □ Scissor Lift

□ Arial Lift

□ Alternative Lifting & Lowering Device

Location of Equipment:

Rescue Obstructions/Hazards:

Fall from heights slips/trips/falls manual handling communication

□ Job Site

□ Tool House

□ Job Site

□ Tool House

□ Other: ________________________

Check for Yes Comments

□ Have alternative using fail arrest equipment been considered? _________________________

□ Have rescue equipment been inspected and found in good shape? ______________________

□ Is equipment adequate for rescue plan? ___________________________________________

□ Have communication devices been identified, located and tested? _______________________

□ Are all rescuers familiar with the use of the rescue equipment? __________________________

□ If working over water, is there a boat available? ______________________________________

Describe the task that will be done prior to work to prevent a fall and the step by step process that will be followed in the event of a fall.

Pre Work Tasks: Response Procedure:

1) Plan task 1. Notify Emergency Contact

2) Identify Hazards 2. Make medical assessment of person

3) Put control measures in place 3. If possible have employee perform self-rescue

4) Communications 4. Make Rescue Team on standby

5) Permits authority to work 5. Communication Utilised

6) Correct PPE 6. 6) Have availability to contact Emergency Services if required

7) Ladder Safe System Has this Rescue Plan been test and proven to be effective and compliant no longer than 5 minutes to conduct rescue

YES / NO

8) Fall arrest

9) Fall Restraint

10) Trained Staff

Written By: John Smit Authorised By: Dene Dempsey Greg Hancock Marcus Lock

Signature: Jonn Smith Date: 18062018 Signature: Date: 18/06/2018

Appendix B - Rescue Plan



Appendix C– Code of Practice Pages

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