Learn-Hindi language

7/28/2019 Learn-Hindi language

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A Short Introduction to Hindi

by Poul Williams

Namaskar

These pages contain information on Hindi. I have written them while learning Hindi

myself. Please note that I am not fluent in Hindi and that the pages are probably

filled with mistakes. Use them at your own risk.

The following abbreviations are used:

f feminine gender

m masculine gender

pl plural

r respectful

s singular

You are welcome to put a link to my Hindi site on your pages. Please link to the top

page http://www.it-c.dk/people/pfw/hindi/ and not to the sub-pages. I might move

the pages around and links to sub-pages would then become invalid. If you add a

link, drop me an e-mail.

These pages ( the pages with URLs starting with http://www.it-

c.dk/people/pfw/hindi/ and http://www.it.dtu.dk/~pfw/hindi/ ) are copyright (c)

1996-2000 by Poul Williams. You may view them on the Internet. You may makeprinted copies for your own personal use. Selling or making a profit of these pages is

not allowed. You may not modify the pages. You may not put them on another

server on the Internet. Basically, treat the pages like you want me to treat your

pages!

These pages come with absolutely no guarantees of correctness. If you are serious

about learning Hindi, buy a book, or even better, take a class.

If you have any comments, please feel free to write me at [email protected].
http://www.it-c.dk/people/pfw/hindi/mailto:[email protected]://www.it-c.dk/people/pfw/hindi/mailto:[email protected]


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Pronunciation

Hindi is written using the Devanagari script. The Hindi you see on these pages have

been transcribed using the English alphabet. Because the Devanagari script contains

more letters than the English alphabet, sometimes it is necessary to use two or eventhree English letters to represent one Devanagari letter. Below is a list of vowels and

consonants in Hindi together with guidelines for pronouncing them. Hindi makes

widely use of nasal sounds; vowels exist in both a regular and a nasalized version.

When transcribing Hindi, one often writes the letter 'n' after a nasalized vowel.

Example:

Mera naam Poul hai. Kyaa aap John hain? (My name is Poul. Are you John?)

The 'ai' in "hai" is a non-nasalized vowel, while the 'ai' in "hain" is nasalized.

There are no upper and lower case letters in Hindi; all letters have only one case.Any capitalization of Hindi words on these pages is only to aide the reader.

Vowels

a normal, formal, woman, popular.

aa father, par, car, far.

i hit, pin, gin, tin, win, sin.

u bull, full, pull, put.

uu crucial.

e set, pet, let.ee they, hey.

ai said

o over, lower.

oo mole, pole, post.

au audit, August, Paul.

Consonants

g get, gun, mug, give.

gh g + h.

n sing, wing, bring.

ch much, such.

chh ch + h.

jh j + h.

t tree, tea.

th t + h (hard).


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d day, do, deed.

d then, this, the.

dh d + h (hard).

th thin, both.

sh she, show, shop.

s seen, sun.

Syntax

Hindi uses a different word order than English. The main differences are that verbs

are placed at the end of the sentence (like in German) and that Hindi (like other

Indian languages) uses postpositions instead of prepositions. Postpositions are like

prepositions except that they are written afterthe noun.

Normal sentences

English: Subject Verb Object => I learn Hindi

Hindi: Subject Object Verb => I Hindi learn

English: Subject Verb Preposition Object => I go to the shop

Hindi: Subject Object Postposition Verb => I shop to go

Imperative sentences

English: Verb Place Adverb => Come here now

Hindi: Place Adverb Verb => Here now come

English: Verb Negative Verb Adverb => Do not eat quickly

Hindi: Adverb Negative Verb => Quickly not eat

Interrogate sentences

English: Adverb Aux.Verb Subject Verb => What are you drawing?

Hindi: Subject Adverb Verb => You what draw?

Pronouns

First Person

I - main

To me - mujhko


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My - mera (m) , meri (f) , mere (pl)

We - ham

To us - hamko

Our -hamara (m) , hamari (f) , hamare

(pl)

Second Person

You - tum , ap (r)

To you - tumko , apko (r)

Your -tumhara (m) , tumhari (f) , tumhare

(pl)

Your (r) - apka (m) , apki (f) , apke (pl)

Third Person

He, she, it (there) - vah , ve (r)He, she, it (here) - yah, ye (r)

To him, her, it (there) - usko, unko (r)

To him, her, it (here) - isko, inko (r)

His, her, its - uska (m) , uski (f) , uske (pl)

They - ve

To them - unko

Their - unka (m) , unki (f) , unke (pl)

Demonstrative & relative

This - yahThis very, this same - yahin

That - vah

That very, that same - vahin

These - ye

Those - ve

Who - kaun

Whom (s) - kis ko

Whom (pl or r) - kin ko

Whose - kis ka (m) , kis ki (f)

Which (s) - kaun si

Which (pl) - kis koOf which (s) - kis ki

Of which (pl) - kin ki

Pronouns in the direct and indirect cases

Singular Plural

Direct - Indirect | Direct - Indirect


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yah - is | ye - in

yahin - isin | ye hin - inhin

vah - us | ve - un

vahin - usin | ve hin - unhin

kaun - kis | kaun - kin

koin - kisin | koin-koin - kinhinjo - jis | jo - jin

Hindi Verbs

Hindi verbs are inflected with respect to

gender of the subject (masculine, feminine)

number of the subject (singular, plural)

tense (present, past, future)

action (perfect, imperfect, continuous) degree of respect (intimate, familiar, respect)

Verbs are referred to in their infinitive noun form which ends in na.

Examples:

bolna to speak

likhna to write

lena to take

ana to come

The stem of a verb is the infinitive form minus the na ending.

Examples:

bol

likh

le

a

Present Tense

Present tense of hona (to be):

main hun I am


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tu hai you are (intimate)

yah hai this, he, she, it is

vah hai that, he, she, it is

ham hain we are

tum ho you are (familiar)

ap hain you are (respect)ye hain these, they are

ve hain those, they are

Present Imperfect

The present imperfect is used for habitual actions. It is formed by adding ta, te, or ti

to the stem of the verb followed by the present tense of hona.

Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed

by replacing bolta and bolte with bolti.

main bolta hun I speak

tu bolta hai you speak (intimate)

yah bolta hai this, he, it speaks

vah bolta hai that, he, it speaks

ham bolte hain we speak

tum bolte ho you speak (familiar)

ap bolte hain you speak (respect)

ye bolte hain these, they speak

ve bolte hain those, they speak

Present Continuous

The present continuous is used for ongoing actions -- like the "-ing" form in

English. It is formed like this:

stem + raha/rahe/rahi + present tense of hona


by replacing raha and rahe with rahi.

main bol raha hun I am speakingtu bol raha hai you are speaking (intimate)

yah bol raha hai this, he, it is speaking

vah bol raha hai that, he, it is speaking

ham bol rahe hain we are speaking

tum bol rahe ho you are speaking (familiar)

ap bol rahe hain you are speaking (respect)

ye bol rahe hain these, they are speaking


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ve bol rahe hain those, they are speaking

Past Tense

Past tense of hona (to be):

main tha / thi I was

tu tha / thi you were (intimate)

yah tha / thi this, he, she, it was

vah tha / thi that, he, she, it was

ham the / thin we were

tum the / thin you were (familiar)

ap the / thin you were (respect)

ye the / thin these, they were

ve the / thin those, they were

(The slash seperates masculine and feminine forms)

Past Imperfect

The past imprefect is used for habitual actions in the past. It is formed like the

present imperfect but with the past tense of hona instead of the present tense.


by replacing bolta and bolte with bolti, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.

main bolta tha I used to speak

tu bolta tha you used to speak (intimate)

yah bolta tha this, he, it used to speak

vah bolta tha that, he, it used to speak

ham bolte the we used to speak

tum bolte the you used to speak (familiar)

ap bolte the you used to speak (respect)

ye bolte the these, they used to speak

ve bolte the those, they used to speak

Past Continuous

The past continuous is used for ongoing actions in the past -- like the "-ing" form in

English. It is formed like this:

stem + raha/rahe/rahi + past tense of hona


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by replacing raha and rahe with rahi, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.

main bol raha tha I was speaking

tu bol raha tha you were speaking (intimate)yah bol raha tha this, he, it was speaking

vah bol raha tha that, he, it was speaking

ham bol rahe the we were speaking

tum bol rahe the you were speaking (familiar)

ap bol rahe the you were speaking (respect)

ye bol rahe the these, they were speaking

ve bol rahe the those, they were speaking

Future Tense

Future Imperfect

The future imprefect is used to refer to the future as well as to make assumptions

about the presents (just like in English). It is formed by adding unga/i, ega/i, enge/i,

or oge/i to the stem.


by replacing the ending a or e with i.

main bolunga I will speak

tu bolega you will speak(intimate)

yah bolega this, he, it will speak

vah bolega that, he, it will speak

ham bolenge we will speak

tum bologe you will speak (familiar)

ap bolenge you will speak (respect)

ye bolenge these, they will speak

ve bolenge those, they will speak

Future Continuous

The future continuous is used to refer to ongoing actions in the future. It is formed

as the present imperfect but with the future of raha instead of hona.


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by replacing the ending a or e with i in both verbs.

main bolta rahunga I will be speaking

tu bolta rahega you will be speaking(intimate)

yah bolta rahega this, he, it will be speaking

vah bolta rahega that, he, it will be speaking

ham bolte rahenge we will be speaking

tum bolte rahoge you will be speaking (familiar)

ap bolte rahenge you will be speaking (respect)

ye bolte rahenge these, they will be speaking

ve bolte rahenge those, they will be speaking

Imperative

There are three different imperatives in Hindi: tu, tum, and ap imperative.

The tu imperative is the stem itself

The tum imperative is the stem + o

The ap imperative is the stem + ie or iye

Examples:

pani la bring water (intimate)

pani lao bring water (familiar)

pani laie bring water (respect)

The imperatives are made negative by adding mat, na, or nahin.

Use mat with the tu imperative.

Use mat or na with the tum imperative.

Use na or nahin with the ap imperative.

Examples:

vahan mat ja don't go there (intimate)

vahan na jao don't go there (familiar)

vahan nahin jaie don't go there (respect)

To Have

There is no Hindi verb for "to have". Possession is expressed in other ways.


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Movable Objects

Possession of movable objects is expressed using ke pas after the (English) subject.

Examples:

Ram ke pas gari hai Ram has a car ("near Ram a car it is")

mera pas kitab hai I have a book ("near me a book it is")

Immovable Objects

Possession of immovable objects and of relatives is expressed using the possessive

particles ka, ki, ke.

Examples:

uska makan hai he has a house ("of him a house it is")Ram ke do bete hain Ram has two sons ("of Ram two sons there are")

Verb list

A

to

advance- age barhna

to answer - jawab dena

to arrive -ana,

pahunchana

to attack - hamla karna

to attempt - koshish karna

B

to bathe - nahana

to be - hona

to bear - sahna

to beat - marna

to beg - mangna

to behave - bartav karna

to believe - vishwas karna

to be sleepy - nind ana

to be tired - thakna

to bind - bandhna

to bite - katna


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to break - torna

to breakfast - nasta karna

to bring - lana

to bring up - palna

to burn - jalna, jalana

to burst - phutanato bury - dafnana

C

to call - bulana

to care - parwah karna

to cast - dhalna

to catch - pakarna

to change - badalna

to clean - saf karna

to climb - charhnato comb - kanghi karna

to come - ana

to converse - bat karna

to cook - pakana

to copy - nakal karna

to cover - dhakna

to creep - rengna

to cry - chillana, rona

to cruch - kuchalna

to cut - katna

D

to depart -juda hona, alag hona,

jana

to

decend- utarna

to dig - khodna

to die - marna

to dine - khana khana

to do - karna

to dream - sapna dekhna

to drink - pina

to dry - sukhna, sukhana

to dye - rangna

E


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to eat - khana

to excuse - maf karna

to expect - asha karna

to explain - samjhana

to express - vichar prakat karna

F

to fall - girna

to fear - darna

to fight - larna

to fill - bharna

to fly (in air) - urna

to fly (run away) - bhag jana

to forget - bhulna

to forgive - maf karna

G

to get - pana

to get up - uthana

to give - dena

to go - jana

H

to

have

- hona, rakhna

to hate - nafarat karna

to hear - sunna

to help - sahayata dena, madad dena

to hide - chhipana

I

to improve - thik karna

to irrigate - pani dena

to irritate - chirhana, naraz karna

J

to jump - kudna

to join - jorna

to judge - vichar karna

K


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to keep - rakhna

to kick - thokar marna

to kill - marna

to kiss -chumna, chumma

lena

to know - janna

L

to laugh - hansna

to lead - karne dena

to learn - sikhna

to let - makan kiraye dena

to lie (on bed) - letna

to lie (speak) - jhuth bolna

to lift - uthana

to like - chahnato live (reside) - rahna

to live (not to

die)- jina

to look - dekhna

to lose - khona

to love - pyar karna

M

to make - banana

to measure - napnato mould - dhalna

to move - sarkana

N

to nibble -kutarn

a

O

to open - kholnato

order- hukum dena

P

to pat - thapthapana

to pay - dena


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to play - khelna

to play

(music)- baja bajana

to pour - dalna

to promise - vada karna

to pronounce - bolnato pull - khinchna

to push - dhakka dena

to put - rakhna

Q

to quarral - jhagra karna

R

to read - parhnato receive - pana

to recollect - yad karna

to

recommend- sifarish karna

to reject - napasnd karna

to reply - jawab dena

to ride - charhna

to rise - uthana

S

to say - kahna

to scold - dantna

to see - dekhna, talash karna

to seek - dhundhana

to sell - bechna

to send - bhejna

to sew - sina

to shake - hilna

to shout - chillana

to show - dikhana

to shut - band karnato sing - gana

to sit - baithna

to sleep - sona

to smell - sunghana

to solve - hal karna

to sow - bona

to speak - bolna


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to spin - katna

to spit - thukna

to stay - thaharna

to steal - churana

to stop - thaharna, tharana

to swim - tairna

T

to take - lena

to talk - batchit karna

to taste - chakhna

to tear - pharna

to tease - tang karna

to tell - kahna, batana

to

think

- sochna

U

to understand - samajhna

V

to vomit - ulti karna

W

to walk - chalna, ghumna

to wander - idhar-udhar phirna

to wash - dhona

to waste - barbad karna

to weep - rona

to weave - bunna

Nouns

Gender

There are two genders in Hindi: masculine and feminine.

Rule of thumb: nouns ending on a are masculine and nouns ending on i are

feminine. There are exceptions.

Number


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There are two numbers in Hindi: singular and plural.

Case

There are two cases in Hindi: direct and indirect case.

Indirect case: Used when the noun is followed by a postposition.

Direct case: Otherwise

Masculine nouns on -a

Direct Indirect(larka =

boy)

Singular larka larke

Plural larke larkon

Other masculine nouns

Direct Indirect (guru = teacher)

Singular guru guru

Plural guru guruon

Feminine nouns on -i

Direct Indirect(larki =

girl)

Singular larki larkiPlural

larkiya

nlarkiyo

n

Other feminine nouns

Direct Indirect (kitab = book)

Singular kitab kitab

Pluralkitabe

nkitabon


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Postpositions

Postpositions in Hindi are like prepositions in English but they are placed after the

noun.

The noun in front of the postposition is always in the indirect case.

The use of postpositions makes it possible to express the "missing" cases in Hindi.

nominative larki the girl (direct case)

genitive

s, m larki ka kam the work of the girl

s, f larki ki bat the word of the girl

pl, m larki ke kam the works of the girl

pl, f larki ki baten the words of the girl

dative larki ko to the girl

accusative

larki a girl (direct case)

larki ko the girl

vocative larki girl! (direct case)ablative larki se from / with / of the girl

agentive larki ne the girl

locative

larki men in the girl

larki par on / upon / after the girl

larki tak as far as / as long as / up to the girl

Adjective list


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easy - asan

difficult - mushkil

sweet - mitha

bitte - karwasour - khatta

good - achchha

bad - kharab

blunt - bhaunta

sharp - paina

dark - light

open - khula

closed - band

full - bhara

empty - khali

tired - thakafresh - taza

stale - basi

fat - mota

lean - dubla

dirty - ganda

clean - saf

thick - mota

thin - patla

true - sachcha

false - jhutha

distant - dur

near - pas

hot - garam

cold - thanda

honest - imandar

dishonest - beiman

hollow - pola

solid - thos

liquid - taral

glad - khusk

sad - ranjida

wealthy - maldar

rich - dhani

poor - garib

healthy - tandurust

sick - bimar

long - lamba

short - chhota

new - naya


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old - purana

young - jawan

old - buddha

light (color) - halka

dark (color) - gahra

light - halkaheavy - bhari

polite - namra

rude - badtamiz

mannerless - badtamiz

narrow - sankra, tang

wide - chaura

broad - chaura

active - phurtila

lazy - sust

smart - hoshiyar

dull - mattha, mandaangry - naraz

kind - meharban

pleased - khush

displeased - naraz

proud - ghamandi

humble - namra

cheap - sasta

dear - mahnga

dry - sukha

wet - gila

clever - hoshiyar

stupid - bewakuf

deep - gahra

shallow - uthla

urban - shahri

rural - dehati

brave - vir

coward - kayar

handsome - sundar

pretty - sundar

beautiful - sundar

ugly - kurup

raw - kachcha

cooked - paka

smelling good - khushbudar

smelling bad - badbudar

noisy - shorgul ka

quiet - shant

all - sab


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little - kuchh

interesting - dilchaspa

dull - ubane wala

durable - mazbut

not durable - kamzor

strong - takatwarweak - kamzor

elder - (usase) bara

younger - (usase) chhota

big - bara

small - chhota

high (person) - bare

low (person) - chhote

high (things) - uncha

low (things) - nicha

some - thora

much - zyadafew - kuchh

many - bahut

right - sahi

wrong - galat

excellent - barhiya

worthless - raddi

wise - buddhiman

foolish - bewakuf

sweet - mitha

harsh - kara

national - deshi ya rashtriya

foreign - videshi

this much - itna, itni

as many - jitne, jitna

several - kai

that much - utna, utni

such - aisa, aisi

whatever - jo kuchh

hard - sakhta

soft - mulayam

other - dusra

same - vahi

Different words


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Questions

who - kaun

what - kya

why - kyon

when - kabwhere - kahan

how - kaise

which - kaunsa

how many - kitne

how much - kitna

Cardinal numbers

0 - sunya, sifar

1 - ek

2 - do3 - tin

4 - char

5 - panch

6 - chhah

7 - sat

8 - ath

9 - nau

10 - das

20 - bis

30 - tis

40 - chalis50 - pachas

60 - sath

70 - sattar

80 - assi

90 - nabbe

100 - ek sau

101 - ek sau ek

200 - do sau

1.000 - ek hazar

lac - ek lakh (100.000)

crore - ek karor (10.000.000)

Other words having to do with numbers

1st - pahla

2nd - dusra


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3rd - tisra

4th - cautha

5th -pancva

n

6th - chatha

7th - satvan8th - athvan

9th - nauvan

10th - dasvan

1/2 - adha

1/3 - tihai

1/4 - cauthai

3/4 - pauna

Colors

black - kalablue - nila

bright - chamkila

brown - bhura

color - rang

golden - sunahra

gray - bhura

green - hara

indigo - baingni

orange - naranji

red - lal

rosy - gulabiwhite - safed

yellow - pila

Adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions...

about (place) - as-pas

about (pertaining to) - bare men

above - uparacross - uspar

after - bad men

again - phir

again & again - bar-bar

against (opposite) - khilaf

against (touching) - bhira kar

alas - afsos


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aloof - dur

almost - karib-karib

also - ohi

although - halanki

altogether - ekdam

always - hameshaamong - unke bich men

and - aur

around - as

as if - mano

as far as - jahantak

as soon as - jyonhi

at - taraf

backward - pichhe

backwards & forwards - age-pichhe

because - kyonki

because (him) - vajah se (uski)before - pahle

behind - pichhe

below - niche

beneath - niche

between - bich men

beyond - us par

bravo - shabash

but - lekin

by - se

certainly - zarur

certainly not - hargiz nahin

down - niche

downward - niche ki taraf

during - us bich men

early - jaldi

either - ya to

enough - kafi

especially - khas kar

even - bhi

even then - tab to

ever - hamesha

every moment - hardam

far - dur

for - (uske) liye

for ever - hamesha ke liye

forward - age

from - se

generally - am taur par

gradually - dhire-dhire


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hence (place) - yahan se

hence (time) - ab se

here - yahan

here and there - yahan vahan

hither - yahan

how - kaisehow much - kitna

if - agar

if not - agar nahin to

if possible - ho sake to

if so - agar aisa hai to

immediate - zaruri, turamt andar

in - andar

in brief - thore men

indeed - vastav men

in front of - samne

inparticular - khas taur sein general - am taur se

in short - thore men

inside - andar

just now - abhi-abhi

late - der se

little by little - thora-thora karke

near - pas

never - kabhi nahin

neither - na vah

no - nahin

nor - na vah

not - nahin

nothing - kuchh nahin

not yet - abhi tak nanin

now - ab

now or never - abhi ya phir kabhi nahin

of - ka

of course - albatta

off - dur

oft / often - aksar

on - upar

once - ek bar

only - kewal

or - ya

out - bahar

out and out - bilkul

over (higher) - upar

over (finished) - khatam

perhaps - shayad


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please - krpaya

quite - bilkul

quietly - chupchap

really - sachmuch

scarcely - mushkil se

seldom - kabhi-kabhisince (time) - tab se

since (conditional) - chunki

so - isliya

some - kuchh

somehow - jyon tyon karke

so much - itna

so and so - falana

so late - itni der se

so soon - itni jaldi

soon - jaldi

still - phir bhisorry - afsos

suddenly - achanak

surely - zarur

that (conjunction) - ki

than - se

then - to, tab

there - vahan

therefore - isliye

thither - yahan se

though - yadyapi

through - us mense

thrice - tin bar

thus - aise

till - tab tak

today - aj

together - ek sath

tomorrow - kal

tonight - rat ko

towards - taraf

truly - sach taur par

truly - sahi

twice - do bar

under - niche

until - tab tak

up - upar

unless - jab tak

very - bahut

well - achchha

when - kab


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whenever - jab kabhi

whenever it de - jab kabhi ho sake

where - cahan

wherever - kahin bhi

whereas - chunki

while - jab tak why - kyon

yes - han

yesterday - kal

Examples of sentences in Hindi

Greetings

Good morning - subh prabhatGood day - subh din

Good afternoon - subh sandhya

Good night - subh ratri

Hello -namaskar / namaste / subh

din

Good bye (hindus) - namaste

Good bye (muslims) - khuda hafiz

How are you (r,m) - ap kaise hain?

How are you (r,f) - ap kaisi hain?

I am fine, thanks - bahut accha, sukriya

I am fine, thanks - main thik hun, dhanyavad

Hindus greet each other with namaste. The answer is also namaste.

Muslims greet each other with salam alekum. The answer is valekum as salam.

Questions

Who is that? - yah kaun hai?

What is this? - yah kya hai?

What is that? - vah kya hai?

Where is it? - vah kahan hai?Where is ...? - ... kahan hai?

How much is it? - yah kitne ki hai?

Who are you? - ap kaun hai?

What is your name? - apka subh nam kya hai?

Where are you from? - ap kahan ke rahne vale hain?

Which country are you

from?- ap kis des ke hain?


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How old are you? - ap ki umar kya hai?

What is your job? - ap kya kam karte hain?

What are you studying? - ap kya padethe hain?

What is wrong? - Kya bat hai?

Do you speak Hindi? - kya ap hindi bol sakte hain?

What time is it? - kya samay hua?What time is it? - kya baja hai?

Misc. sentences

(Masculine forms used)

My name is Poul - mera nam poul hai

I live in Denmark - main denmark men rahta hun

I am a student - main vidyarthi hun

I go to school in Lyngby - lyngby men main skul jata hunI speak a little Hindi - main hindi kuch-kuch bol sakta hun

I would like some tea - mujhe cay cahiye

I am tired - main thak gaya hai

I am thirsty - mujhe pyas lagi hai

I am hungry - mujhe bhukh lagi hai

I am not hungry - mujhe bhukh nahin hai

I have to go - mujhe jana hai

I don't understand it -mujhe samajh men yah nahin a

raha

I understand (now) - (ab) main samajha

It is important - yah zaruri haiI would like to buy a ... - main ... karidhna chahtha hun

I would like a ... - mujhe ... chahiya

I would like some ... - mujhe kuch ... chahein

Poul speaking (on the

phone)- yah poul bol raha hai

Who is it? (on the phone) - kaun bol raha hai?

Learn-Hindi language

Documents

Transcript of Learn-Hindi language