Learn Filipino Book Two

Learn Filipino Book Two

Victor Eclar Romero

Illustrations by Manny Francisco

Magsimba Press Atlanta

Learn Filipino: Book Two By Victor Eclar Romero

© 2007 Victor Eclar Romero. All rights reserved.

Published by Magsimba Press 1821 Bruce Rd. Suite 200

Atlanta, GA 30329

Visit us on the web at www.tagalog1.com. Email us at info@tagalog1.com.

First printing February 2007

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2

ISBN 978-1-932956-42-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006940727

Printed in Canada on permanent paper by Transcontinental Printing.

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Sa aking mga gurò, nagpapasalamat To my teachers, with gratitude

Vicente Ange les Remo Bat i

Giuseppe Bat iste l lo Giovanni Benna

José Bosch Miss Cancio Ja ime Claret

César Dandán Leonardo Del f in

Ruben Dy Marc iano Evange l ista

Vio le ta F lores Char les Frady James Gough

Ce lest ino L ingad Jr . Agust in López Juan Mart inez

Francesco Panf i lo Victor Paniza les

Lawrence Pe l l i zzato Anthony Pezzota

Ruggero Pr ioreschi Lázaro Rev i l la

Miss Reyes Francisco de l Rosar io

Miss Rubio Dante Sacchi

George Schwarz Mr . S ioson

George Ste in Mar iano Tarrosa

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Preface

e received many encouraging words from readers of Learn Filipino: Book One and requests for Book Two. So here it is. We heard their constructive comments and suggestions. From one reader we heard: "I think you must give the translation of each Tagalog word. I think it is very

frustating for a beginner." And from another: "Some of the chapters do vault ahead quickly, introducing new material quite fast." We appreciate this feedback and agree with it. So in writing Book Two we strived to provide the translation of each Filipino word, except in the exercises. We apologize in advance if we missed any; we promise to provide them in the next edition. Secondly, we tried to slow down the introduction of new material by giving more examples and exercises.

Book Two builds on the foundation laid by Book One. From Book One's four simple sentence patterns we move to compound sentences and five patterns of complex sentences. At the end of Book Two, the serious learner can expect to: 1) combine simple sentences into compound sentences and 2) create complex sentences: a) to say what he or she knows or thinks, b) to relate two events in time (when, while, whenever, before, after), c) to say something happens "because . . .", d) to say "if" something happens, and e) to say something happens "so that . . ." We also give you the opportunity to learn five hundred new words, grouped by topic or situation. At the end of this book, you can expect to have a vocabulary of the 1000 most frequently-used words in the language.

As in Book One, we place emphasis on conversation. The goal of the example sentences and exercises throughout the book is to continually increase the learner's ability to converse in Filipino. We give all and only the grammar necessary to support this goal. In Book Two we also introduce readings that contain conversations.

Use our website. We encourage you to include us in your learning experience. Post your questions or comments on our website, www.tagalog1.com. We will answer all questions. You might see a question or comment similar to yours already posted. Register your book at the same website, so we will be able to email you any corrections or updates to the book. There you will also find the sound files for listening and speaking practice and other useful supplementary material and information.

We thank the many persons who gave permission to include their paintings, photographs, maps, or other material. We think these illustrations of Filipino culture make the book more lively and interesting. We hope the reader thinks so too. We believe learning a language should be fun. We welcome and encourage feedback. Let us know what you think. Post your comment at www.tagalog1.com.

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Acknowledgments Añonuevo, Rebecca. For her short story Ang Tatlong Kahilingan ni Julián. Cunanan, Art. For his painting Yo-yo. Cruzet, Frank. For his painting Simbánggabí. Demetillo, Prof. Lester. For the music from the Original Pilipino Classics CD, played by University of the

Philippines (U.P.) Guitar Ensemble and directed by him. The music excerpts are used in the book's accompanying CDs.

Doctor, Tony. For his painting Luksóng Tiník. Genduso, Joe. For his photograph of Mayon Volcano. Gonzalez, Michael. For the map of the national capital region and photos of Makati, Quezon City and Dumaguete

City. Groleau, Bambi and Francois. For the pictures of their wedding at San Agustin Church, Intramuros. Jesuit Communications Foundation. For the music score of Father Eddie Hontiveros' Pananagutan. MananQuil, Romi. For his paintings Orasyonand Kanyúng Kawayan Olarte, Omar. For his photograph of Magellan's Cross, Estancia, Iloilo and Loboc River. Paz, Gene and Menchu. For the paintings by Belegal of Tumbang Preso and Taguan; the photos of the calesa and

the fruit basket made of sea shells. Philippine Bible Society. For the excerpts from the Magandang Balita Biblia. Pulga, Christian. For photos of Boracay, Aklan; Siargao, Surigao del Norte; Bantayan, Cebu; and Panglao, Bohol. Romero, Bill and Doyet. For the painting of the Filipino family saying grace before their meal; photos of the

Ilocano wooden trunk and the wood carvings of Filipino warriors. Romero, Omar. For helping obtain copyright permissions. Romero, Rosalina. For the recipe of sinigáng na salmon at hipon and pinakbet. Rubi, Vicente ("Nong Inting"). For the music of Maligayang Paskó at Masaganang Bagong Taón Taylor, Allan and Kathrine Reyes-Tan. For the many stimulating questions and conversations on Tagalog

grammar and usage, prompting me to think and develop answers. Tonido, Frank. For his painting Pagmamano. Ursal, Randie. For the photo of the Sinulog festival in Carmen, Cebu. Villar, Eugene Alvin. For the maps of the Philippines and Manila. Villarante, Herbert. For the photo of hikers on Mount Kanlaon in Negros Oriental. We apologize if we missed to acknowledge anyone. It was not intentional and we will correct the error in the next edition.

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Some Themes of Filipino Life

he pictures, maps, songs and other supplementary material in this book illustrate some of the following major themes of Filipino life. These themes are also found in the lives of persons from other nations. Their common themes enable Filipinos and others understand and appreciate

each other. Family: Filipinos greatly value the family and maintain close family relationships. Food: Filipinos love to prepare, share and eat good food. Sea and typhoons: Filipinos are surrounded by the sea and use its resources for food, transportation and enjoyment. Typhoons occur several times each year and destroy the lives, homes, businesses and crops of tens of thousands of people. Volcanoes and earthquakes: Volcanoes erupt and the earth quakes only so often, but when these events occur, they destroy lives and homes. Song, dance, art: Filipinos love to tell the story of life in song, dance and visual arts. Church: Large numbers of Filipinos participate actively in church activities throughout the year and throughout their lives. Almost every Filipino is either Christian or Muslim. Almost every Filipino is baptized, gets married and buried in a church ceremony. Malay, Chinese, Spanish and American influence: Malay, Chinese, Spanish and American influence is evident in Filipino food, language and life in general. Filipino languages share thousands of words with Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Melayu. Records from the Sung (960-1278) and Yuan (1260-1368) dynasties describe Chinese trade with the Philippines.1 The Spaniards first came in 1521 and again in 1565 and stayed until 1898. The Americans came in 1898 and stayed until 1946. 1 Scott, William Henry. Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. (Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers, 1984).

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Contents 1. Aralín Isá: Basic sentence: review .............................................................................................1

Useful phrases: weekly activities, 1...................................................................................................1 Useful phrases and conversations.....................................................................................................1 Grammar. Balarilà: Focus.................................................................................................................2 Balarilà: Aspect.................................................................................................................................5 Balarilà: Basic sentence pattern 1.....................................................................................................7 Balarilà: Basic sentence pattern 2.....................................................................................................9 Balarilà: Basic sentence pattern 3...................................................................................................11 Balarilà: Basic sentence pattern 4...................................................................................................14 Balarilà: Summary of basic sentence patterns ................................................................................15 Vocabulary: greetings .....................................................................................................................16 Sagót sa pagsasanay.......................................................................................................................17 Review and checklist.......................................................................................................................18

2. Aralín Dalawá: Self-check.......................................................................................................23 Refer to persons and things ............................................................................................................23 Difference between ang-case and ng-case .......................................................................................24 The word family of itó, iyán, iyón ....................................................................................................24 Walâ, mayroón, kauntî, marami......................................................................................................25 May and mayroón ...........................................................................................................................25 Potential and proactive verbs ..........................................................................................................27 Mahalagáng pandiwà: kumain at kainin .........................................................................................28 Usapan: Sino ang kumain noóng adobo? Who ate the adobo?.........................................................30 Vocabulary: nature .........................................................................................................................31 Vocabulary: place ...........................................................................................................................32 Sagót sa pagsasanay.......................................................................................................................33 patalastás | advertisement: at, o, pero, tapos .................................................................................41

3. Aralín Tatló: Compound sentence ...........................................................................................42 The monkey and the turtle..............................................................................................................42 Useful phrases: weekly activities, 2.................................................................................................43 Useful phrases and conversations...................................................................................................44

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Compound sentence .......................................................................................................................45 The monkey and the turtle: compound sentences ...........................................................................48 Mahalagáng pandiwà: kumuha at kunin.........................................................................................50 Some notes on orthography ............................................................................................................52 Vocabulary: family ..........................................................................................................................53 Vocabulary: house ..........................................................................................................................54 Answers to exercises: sagót sa pagsasanay .....................................................................................56 Review and checklist.......................................................................................................................57 Recipe: Sinigáng na salmon at hipon ..............................................................................................58 Tradition: Orasyón, Praying the Angelus at 6 PM, by Romi MananQuil, Filipino painter..................59 patalastás | advertisement: enclitics...............................................................................................61

4. Aralín Apat: Sentences with a distinctly Filipino style .............................................................62 Useful phrases and conversations...................................................................................................62 Monthly activities ...........................................................................................................................63 Usapan: Nasa coche, papuntá sa lolo't lola .....................................................................................64 Exclamations..................................................................................................................................65 Enclitic adverbs ..............................................................................................................................65 na, pa .............................................................................................................................................67 namán............................................................................................................................................67 ngâ .................................................................................................................................................68 baká, yatà.......................................................................................................................................68 Enclitic adverbs in combination......................................................................................................68 Mahalagáng pandiwà: gumawâ at gawín .........................................................................................70 Vocabulary: personality ..................................................................................................................74 Vocabulary: emotion .......................................................................................................................75 Sagót sa pagsasanay.......................................................................................................................76 Review and checklist.......................................................................................................................78 Fruit: Lanzones...............................................................................................................................79 Map: Central Visayas......................................................................................................................80 History: Magellan's Cross................................................................................................................81 Tradition: Simbang-Gabi, Mass at Night, by Frank Cruzet, Filipino painter.....................................84 Recipe: Pinakbét .............................................................................................................................85 patalastás | advertisement: verbs of mind ......................................................................................87

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5. Aralín Limá: Introduction to the complex sentence .................................................................88 Useful phrases and conversations...................................................................................................88 Usapan: Sa bahay ng lolo't lola: pagmamano ..................................................................................89 Ang tatlóng kahilingan ni Julián, ni Rebecca Añonuevo ..................................................................90 Complex sentence...........................................................................................................................92 Noun clause....................................................................................................................................97 Adjective clause ............................................................................................................................100 Adverb clause ...............................................................................................................................101 Mahalagáng pandiwà: Mag-isíp at isipin .......................................................................................103 Vocabulary: interaction.................................................................................................................105 Sagót sa pagsasanay.....................................................................................................................108 Review and checklist.....................................................................................................................109 Tradition: Pagmamano, by Frank Tonido, Filipino painter.............................................................111 Map: Davao ..................................................................................................................................112 Economy: Enterprise ....................................................................................................................113

6. Aralín Anim: Say what you think, part 1...............................................................................115 Yearly activities.............................................................................................................................115 Useful phrases and conversations.................................................................................................115 Ang tatlóng kahilingan ni Julián, bahagì dalawá (2) ......................................................................118 Grammar: Verbs of the mind or speech acts .................................................................................120 The monkey and the turtle: complex sentences with noun clauses................................................123 Saán and nasaán: where?.............................................................................................................124 Vocabulary: action or movement...................................................................................................125 Sagót sa pagsasanay.....................................................................................................................129 Review and checklist.....................................................................................................................130 Song: Mabuhay.............................................................................................................................132 Children's Games: Luksóng Tiník .................................................................................................133 patalastás | advertisement: noun clauses.....................................................................................135

7. Aralín Pitó: Say what you think, part 2 .................................................................................136 Useful phrases and conversations.................................................................................................136 Ang tatlóng kahilingan ni Julián, bahagì tatló (3)..........................................................................137 Life cycle events, 1 ........................................................................................................................138 Usapan: Araw ng sueldo ...............................................................................................................141

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Mahalagáng pandiwà: magsabi at sabihin.....................................................................................142 Vocabulary: time...........................................................................................................................143 Vocabulary: weather .....................................................................................................................145 Sagót sa pagsasanay.....................................................................................................................147 Review and checklist.....................................................................................................................148 Children:s Game: Tumbáng Preso.................................................................................................149

8. Aralín Waló: Describe somebody or something......................................................................151 Useful phrases and conversations.................................................................................................151 Ang tatlóng kahilingan ni Julián, bahagì apat (4) ..........................................................................152 Life cycle events, 2 ........................................................................................................................153 Adjective clause ............................................................................................................................153 Usapan: Sa banko ........................................................................................................................157 The monkey and the turtle: complex sentences with adjective clauses ..........................................158 Mahalagáng pandiwà: Tumingín at tignán ....................................................................................159 Vocabulary: commerce..................................................................................................................161 Vocabulary: measure ....................................................................................................................162 Sagót sa pagsasanay.....................................................................................................................165 Review and checklist.....................................................................................................................167 Children's Game: Taguán, Hide-and-Seek, by Belegal, Filipino painter..........................................168 Song: Bayan Ko, by Constancio de Guzman..................................................................................169 patalastás | advertisement: nang..................................................................................................174

9. Aralín Siyám: Relate two or more events in time ...................................................................175 Useful phrases and conversations.................................................................................................175 Usapan: Mayroón pa bang gasolina ang coche? ............................................................................176 Ang tatlóng kahilingan ni Julián, bahagì limá (5) ..........................................................................177 Nang: when...................................................................................................................................179 The monkey and the turtle: complex sentences with nang adverb clauses.....................................179 Habang: while...............................................................................................................................182 Bago: before..................................................................................................................................184 Tuwíng: while, whenever...............................................................................................................186 Hanggáng: until ............................................................................................................................188 Mahalagáng pandiwà: magdalá at dalhín ......................................................................................189 Vocabulary: the body ....................................................................................................................191

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Vocabulary: food...........................................................................................................................195 Sagót sa pagsasanay.....................................................................................................................196 Review and checklist.....................................................................................................................199 Economy: Commercial Fishing......................................................................................................200 patalastás | advertisement: kasí ...................................................................................................203

10. Aralín Sampû: Say "because"................................................................................................204 Useful phrases and conversations.................................................................................................204 Usapan: sa department store ........................................................................................................205 Ang tatlóng kahilingan ni Julián, bahagì anim (6) .........................................................................206 Kasí: because................................................................................................................................208 Dahil: because ..............................................................................................................................211 The monkey and the turtle: complex sentences with dahil adverb clauses.....................................211 Gawâ ng: because.........................................................................................................................212 Yamang: since ..............................................................................................................................214 Mahalagáng pandiwà: magbigáy, ibigáy ang bigyán.......................................................................215 Vocabulary: entertainment............................................................................................................218 Sagót sa pagsasanay.....................................................................................................................219 Review and checklist.....................................................................................................................222 Cuisine: Embutido........................................................................................................................224 Volcano: Kanla-on ........................................................................................................................225 patalastás | advertisement: kung .................................................................................................227

11. Aralín Labíng-Isá: Say "if" and "even if" .................................................................................228 Useful phrases and conversations.................................................................................................228 Ang tatlóng kahilingan ni Julián, bahagì pitó (7) ...........................................................................229 Kung and kapág: if .......................................................................................................................231 The monkey and the turtle: complex sentences with kung adverb clauses.....................................233 Kung hindî and kapág hindî: even if..............................................................................................234 Kahit: even ...................................................................................................................................235 ipag- .............................................................................................................................................237 ipang- ...........................................................................................................................................237 Vocabulary: condition or quality of things.....................................................................................238 Pagbasa: Mulâ sa Ebanghelyo ayon kay Juan ...............................................................................240 Sagót sa pagsasanay.....................................................................................................................241

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Review and checklist.....................................................................................................................244 Children's Toy: Yo-yo ....................................................................................................................245 Family Tradition: Grace before Meals ............................................................................................248 patalastás | advertisement: para ..................................................................................................250

12. Aralín Labíndalawá: Say "so that" .........................................................................................251 Useful phrases and conversations.................................................................................................251 Ang tatlóng kahilingan ni Julián, bahagì waló (8)..........................................................................252 Para: so that .................................................................................................................................253 Usapan: sa dentista ......................................................................................................................256 magpa- .........................................................................................................................................257 Vocabulary: the mind....................................................................................................................258 Build an abstract noun using a root word and an affix..................................................................261 Sagót sa pagsasanay.....................................................................................................................263 Review and checklist.....................................................................................................................264 Folk Dance: Sayáw sa Bangkô, Dance on a Bench ........................................................................265 Volcano: Mount Mayón .................................................................................................................266

13. Aralín Labíntatló: Wrap-up ...................................................................................................268 Useful phrases: life cycle events, 1................................................................................................268 Ang tatlóng kahilingan ni Julián, bahagì siyám (9)........................................................................269 Useful phrases and conversations.................................................................................................271 Review and checklist.....................................................................................................................272 Song: Maligayang Kaarawán, Happy Birthday...............................................................................273 Children's Game: Tumbang-Preso.................................................................................................274 Folk Dance: Itík-itík ......................................................................................................................275 Historic Architecture: San Agustin Church ...................................................................................276

14. Appendix: Readings ..............................................................................................................279 The monkey and the turtle: Ang ulól na unggóy at ang marunong na pagóng................................279 Ang Tatlóng Kahilingan ni Julián..................................................................................................284

15. Limited Filipino-English Vocabulary .....................................................................................300 16. Limited English – Filipino Vocabulary...................................................................................320 17. Some Frequently Used Phrases.............................................................................................340 18. Verbs....................................................................................................................................342

Filipino-English ............................................................................................................................342

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English-Filipino ............................................................................................................................347 Top 101 Filipino Words.................................................................................................................354 Pronouns: ang-case ......................................................................................................................354 Pronouns: ng-case ........................................................................................................................354 Pronouns: sa-case ........................................................................................................................354 Noun markers: ang-case ...............................................................................................................354 Noun markers: ng-case.................................................................................................................354 Noun markers: sa-case .................................................................................................................354 Plural marker ...............................................................................................................................354 Predicate marker ..........................................................................................................................354 Questions .....................................................................................................................................354 Demonstratives.............................................................................................................................354 Enclitics .......................................................................................................................................354 Conjunctions: coordinate ..............................................................................................................354 Conjunctions: subordinate............................................................................................................354 Comparators.................................................................................................................................355 Affirmation ...................................................................................................................................355 Existence ......................................................................................................................................355 Volition.........................................................................................................................................355 Time .............................................................................................................................................355 Place.............................................................................................................................................355 Adverbs ........................................................................................................................................355 Exclamation..................................................................................................................................355

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................356 Grammar......................................................................................................................................356 Dictionaries ..................................................................................................................................356 Filipino Literature, Culture and History ........................................................................................356

19. Index ....................................................................................................................................358

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Table of Figures Figure 1-1: Focus: who, what is in the ang-case? ................................................................................................. 3 Figure 1-2: Focus: actor, object, beneficiary ......................................................................................................... 4 Figure 1-3. Basic Sentence Pattern 1 ................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 1-4. Basic Sentence Pattern 2 ................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 1-5. Basic Sentence Pattern 3 ................................................................................................................. 13 Figure 1-6. Basic Sentence Pattern 4 ................................................................................................................. 15 Figure 1-7: Lupang Hinirang, part 1 of 2, national anthem of the Philippines ..................................................... 19 Figure 1-8: Map of the Philippines. © 2006 Eugene Alvin Villar. Used by permission. ......................................... 21 Figure 2-1: Mayroón .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 2-2: May ................................................................................................................................................. 26 Figure 2-3: Usapan: Sino ang kumain noóng adobo?.......................................................................................... 30 Figure 2-4: Gazebos and coconut trees, Bantayan Island, Cebu, Pilipinas.Photo © 2006 Christian Pulga............ 35 Figure 2-5: Kanyúng Kawayan, Bamboo Cannon, oil on canvas, by Romi MananQuil, Filipino painter. .............. 36 Figure 2-6: Map: National Capital Region. © 2006 Michael Philip Gonzalez. Used by permission......................... 37 Figure 2-7: Map of Manila, part 1 of 2. © 2006 Eugene Alvin Villar. Used by permission..................................... 38 Figure 2-8: Map of Manila, part 2 of 2. © 2006 Eugene Alvin Villar. Used by permission..................................... 39 Figure 3-1: Compound sentence ........................................................................................................................ 46 Figure 3-2: Compound sentence, again .............................................................................................................. 47 Figure 3-3: Focus: kumuha, kunin, kunan ........................................................................................................ 51 Figure 3-4: Orasyón, oil on canvas, by Romi MananQuil, Filipino painter. © 2005 Romi MananQuil. Used by permission. At 6 o'clock in the evening, the church bells ring, inviting the faithful to recite the Angelus, the angel's announcement to Mary that she would give birth to Jesus (Luke 1:26-37).......................................................... 59 Figure 4-1: Usapan: Pasalubong sa Lolo't Lola ................................................................................................... 64 Figure 4-2: Lazones, a fruit tree, Lansium domesticum, L, grown in Laguna, Camiguin and Negros Oriental provinces., Photo © 2005 Michael Philip Gonzalez. Used by permission............................................................. 79 Figure 4-3: Central Visayas: Eastern Negros Island (Negros Oriental) , Cebu and Bohol. Map courtesy of and © Microsoft Corporation. ....................................................................................................................................... 80 Figure 4-4: Magellan's Cross in Old Town Cebu. Photo © 2005 Omar Olarte. Used by permission. A sign at the foot of the cross reads: "Magellan's Cross: This cross of tindalo wood encases the original cross planted by Ferdinand Magellan on this very site: April 21, 1521.......................................................................................... 81 Figure 4-5: "Maligayang Pasko" by Vicente Rubi (Nong Inting) ............................................................................ 82 Figure 4-6: Simbáng Gabí, by Frank Cruzet, Filipino painter. © 2005 Frank Cruzet. Used by permission. From December 16 to 25, churches fill up with people at four in the morning to go to Mass. After Mass, churchgoers enjoy delicious goodies like bibingka, puto, cuchinta, tamales, puto bumbong, turrones, and others................. 84

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Figure 5-1: Usapan: Sa bahay ng lolo't lola: pagmamano.................................................................................... 89 Figure 5-2: Complex sentence 1 ......................................................................................................................... 94 Figure 5-3: Compound sentence: reviewed ......................................................................................................... 95 Figure 5-4: Complex sentence: two clauses ........................................................................................................ 95 Figure 5-5: Noun, adjective, adverb clause ......................................................................................................... 96 Figure 5-6: Noun clause..................................................................................................................................... 97 Figure 5-7: Noun clause, another....................................................................................................................... 98 Figure 5-8: Noun clause: conjunctions............................................................................................................... 98 Figure 5-9: Adjective clause ..............................................................................................................................100 Figure 5-10: Adverb clause 1 ............................................................................................................................101 Figure 5-11: Adverb clause: WHEN ...................................................................................................................102 Figure 5-12: Welcome to Hinoba-an, Negros Occidental. Almost every town in the Philippines has a sign along the highway that says you are entering their town and that you are welcome. Photo © 2006 Michael Philip Gonzalez. Used by permission. .........................................................................................................................................110 Figure 5-13: Pagmamano, by Frank Tonido, Filipino painter. © 2005 Frank Tonido. Used by permission. Say "Mano pô," as you take the elder's right hand with your right hand and touch it to your forehead. The elder says "Kaawaán ka ng Diyós, anák. God bless you, child."..........................................................................................111 Figure 1-1: Davao. Photo courtesy of and © Microsoft Corporation. ...................................................................112 Figure 1-2: Jollibee is a Philippine-owned international burger chain. Photo © 2006 Michael Philip Gonzalez. Used by permission. ..................................................................................................................................................113 Figure 6-1: Saán and nasaán: how to ask "where?" ...........................................................................................125 Figure 6-2: Filipino children sing "Mabuhay" before they release balloons at opening of Pista ng Pilipinas, Atlanta, Georgia, June 11, 2006. Philippine Independence Day is celebrated anually on June 12th, the date in 1898 when Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine independence. Photo © 2006 Victor Eclar Romero................................131 Figure 6-3: We say "Mabuhay!". The standard Filipino celebration song. Also sung right after a Philippine president takes the oath of office.......................................................................................................................132 Figure 6-4: Luksóng Tiník, by Tony Doctor, Filipino painter. © 2006 Tony Doctor. Used by permission. ............133 Figure 6-5: Promenade along Rizal Boulevard, Dumaguete City. Photo © 2006 Michael Philip Gonzalez. Used by permission........................................................................................................................................................134 Figure 7-1: Complex sentence with noun clause 1.............................................................................................139 Figure 7-2: Complex sentence with noun clause 2.............................................................................................140 Figure 7-3: Araw ng sueldo ...............................................................................................................................141 Figure 7-4: Pansít Palabok, a favorite Filipino noodle dish with all the trimmings. Serve it at the next gathering of your family or friends........................................................................................................................................148 Figure 7-5: Tumbang Preso, oil on canvas, by Belegal, Filipino painter. Courtesy of the owners, Gene and Menchu Paz. Used by permission. ..................................................................................................................................149 Figure 8-1: Adjective clause ..............................................................................................................................154

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Figure 8-2: Adjective clause example.................................................................................................................155 Figure 8-3: Sa banko ........................................................................................................................................157 Figure 8-4: Adjective clause: another example...................................................................................................159 Figure 8-5: Tagúan, oil on canvas, by Belegal, Filipino painter. Courtesy of Gene and Menchu Paz, owners.......168 Figure 8-6: Bayan Ko, part 1 of 3, by Constancio de Guzman (1903 – 1983)......................................................169 Figure 8-7: Bayan Ko, part 2 of 3 ......................................................................................................................170 Figure 8-8: Bayan Ko, part 3 of 3 ......................................................................................................................171 Figure 8-9: Intersection of Ayala Avenue and Buendia Avenue in Makati City. Photo © 2006 Michael Philip Gonzalez. Used by permission...........................................................................................................................172 Figure 9-1: Usapan: Mayroón pa bang gasolina ang coche?...............................................................................176 Figure 9-2: Adverb clause: nang........................................................................................................................179 Figure 9-3: Adverb clause: habang....................................................................................................................182 Figure 9-4: Adverb clause: bago ........................................................................................................................184 Figure 9-5: Compound sentence with tapos (then).............................................................................................186 Figure 9-6: Adverb clause: tuwíng.....................................................................................................................187 Figure 9-7: Focus: magdalá, dalhín, dalhán ......................................................................................................190 Figure 9-8: The day's catch in Estancia, Iloilo. Photo © 2006 Omar Olarte. Used by permission. The sea is a major force in Filipino life. It is a resource for food, transportation and recreation. It is also a factor in the several typhoons that pass through the archipelago each year and harm lives, crops and property. ..............................200 Figure 9-9: Siargao Island, on the Pacific Ocean, just north of Surigao, is a favorite surfer's destination. Photo © 2006 Christian Pulga. Used by permission. .......................................................................................................201 Figure 10-1: Usapan: sa department store ........................................................................................................205 Figure 10-2: Adverb clause: kasí .......................................................................................................................209 Figure 10-3: Adverb clause: gawâ ng.................................................................................................................212 Figure 10-4: Focus: magbigáy, ibigáy, bigyán ....................................................................................................217 Figure 10-5: Katipunan Avenue, in Quezon City, just in front of the Ateneo de Manila University campus. Photo © 2006 Michael Philip Gonzalez. Used by permission. ..........................................................................................223 Figure 10-6: Embutido, pork meat roll, prepared and served on special occasions. Photo © 2005 Victor Eclar Romero.............................................................................................................................................................224 Figure 10-7: Mount Kanla-on, an active volcano, on Negros Island. Photo courtesy of Herbert Villarante. Used by permission........................................................................................................................................................225 Figure 11-1: Adverb clause: kung......................................................................................................................231 Figure 11-2: Adverb clause: kapág ....................................................................................................................231 Figure 11-3: Adverb clause: kahit .....................................................................................................................235 Figure 11-4: Lumpia Shanghai, a must-have at every Filipino party. Photo © 2005 Victor Eclar Romero............244 Figure 11-5: Yo-yo, watercolor, by Art Cunanan, Filipino painter. © 2005 Art Cunanan. ...................................245

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Figure 11-6: A Filipino family at prayer before dinner, oil on canvas, by unspecified Filipino painter. Courtesy of the painting's owners, Bill and Doyet Romero. ..................................................................................................248 Figure 12-1: Adverb clause: para ......................................................................................................................254 Figure 12-2: Adverb clause: para, another example...........................................................................................255 Figure 12-3: Usapan: Sa dentista......................................................................................................................256 Figure 12-4: Sayáw sa Bangkô, Dance on a Bench, performed at the Pistá ng Pilipinas held on June 11, 2006, in Atlanta, Georgia. Photo © 2006 Victor Eclar Romero. Used by permission. ........................................................265 Figure 12-5: Majestic Mount Mayón, an active volcano, in Albay province in the Bicol Region. Photo © 2005 Joe Genduso. Used by permission. Mount Mayón is admired for its almost perfect cone-shape................................266 Figure 12-6: Puhagan Geothermal Power Plant in Valencia, Negros Oriental. Photo © 2006 Michael Philip Gonzalez. Used by permission...........................................................................................................................267 Figure 13-1: "Tumbang-Preso," oil on canvas, by Filipino artist Belegal. Used by permission of the owners, Gene and Menchu Paz. ..............................................................................................................................................274 Figure 13-2: Itík-itík. The dancers' movements mimic those of the ducklings that roam the rice fields. Photo taken at Pistá ng Pilipinas, Philippine Festival held June 11, 2006 in Atlanta, GA. © 2006 Victor Eclar Romero..........275 Figure 13-3: Historic San Agustin Church in Intramuros, Manila, built between 1587 and 1606, is a World Heritage Site and a favorite venue for weddings.................................................................................................276 Figure 13-4: A traditional wedding at San Agustin Church, in Intramuros, Manila. ...........................................277 Figure 14-1: Wooden trunk with ornate design from Ilocos. Courtesy of Bill and Doyet Romero. ........................283 Figure 14-2: Calesa, horse-drawn carriage. Courtesy of Gene & Menchu Paz.....................................................299 Figure 15-1: Manila Metro Rail Transit (MRT) Araneta-Cubao Station. Photo © 2006 Michael Philip Gonzalez. Used by permission. ..................................................................................................................................................319 Figure 16-1: Sinulog Festival in Carmen, Cebu. Photo © 2006 Randie Ursal. Used by permission. The Sinulog is the festival, on the third Sunday in January, in honor of Jesus, the Holy Child, Santo Niño in Spanish, celebrated all over the Philippines, but most especially in Cebu. ........................................................................................339 Figure 18-1: A carabao, the dominant work animal in agricultural areas of the Philippines, used for plowing the fields and providing fresh milk. Photo © 2005 Michael Philip Gonzalez. Used by permission..............................353 Figure 0-1: Masks on display during the Masskara Festival in Bacolod City in October 2005. Photo © 2005 Christian Pulga. Used by permission.................................................................................................................357

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Tulóy pô kayó sa Welcome to

Learn Filipino: Book Two

1. Aralín Isá: Basic sentence: review Lesson goals

§ 1. Lesson goals. By the end of this aralín (lesson) you can expect to be able to:

• Refresh your previous learning of the four basic sentence patterns • Review the all-important language-learning tools of verb focus and aspect • Review the phrases to say when greeting or leaving family and friends • Use verbs describing typical weekend activities • Use everyday expressions such as "Nakita mo ba" and "Nasaán kayâ"

Useful phrases: weekly activities, 1

§ 2. Here is the first set of verbs for some typical activities we perform during the weekend. We will see other verbs in Aralin Tatló (Lesson Three).

a. mag la ba, to wash clothes b. ma ma lan cha, to iron (clothes) c. mag tu pî (ng damít), to fold clothes d. mag lig pít (ng damit), to put away clothes e. mag li nis (ng bahay), to clean house f. mag ta pon (ng basura), to take out the trash

Useful phrases and conversations

§ 3. Everyday sentences: Nakita mo ba? Here are some sentences we might say on an ordinary day:

Filipino English 1. Nakita mo ba ang aking (mga) susì? Have you seen my keys? 2. Hindî ko nakita. I didn't see (it). I didn't see (them).

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Filipino English 3. Nasaán kayâ iyón? I wonder where it is. 4. Nasaán kayâ ang mga iyón? I wonder where they are. 5. Hindî ko alam. I don't know. 6. Nakita mo ba ang aking pitaka? Have you seen my wallet? 7. Nakita mo ba si Kikò? Have you seen Kikò? 8. Hindî ko siyá nakita. I didn't see him / her. 9. Nasaán kayâ siyá? I wonder where he / she is? 10. Saán kayâ siyá nagpuntá? I wonder where he / she went. 11. Nakita mo ba siná Kikò at Charina? Have you seen Kikò and Charina? 12. Hindî ko silá nakita. I didn't see them. 13. Saán kayâ silá nagpuntá? I wonder where they went. 14. Hindî namin alam. We (excl.) don't know.

Grammar. Balarilà: Focus

§ 4. Focus. Each Filipino verb expresses an action or a condition about somebody or something--its subject. Focus can be on one of several things:

a. the actor or agent performing the action, b. the object, patient or undergoer receiving the result or effect of the action and, sometimes, c. the beneficiary (or victim) of the action.

§ 5. An easy way to grasp focus is to ask the question: "Which is the subject?" Is it the one performing the action, or the one on the receiving end of the action, or the beneficiarry of the action?

§ 6. In any case, the subject is always in the ang-case. Conversely, whichever is in the ang-case is the subject.

§ 7. Actor focus. When the subject is the doer or agent of the action, we say the verb is an actor focus verb. We learned this concept in Book One and had a lot of practice using it.

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§ 8. Object focus. When the subject is the receiver or object of the action, we say the verb is an object-focus verb. This is similar to the passive voice in Western languages. We learned this concept in Book One and had a lot of practice using it.

Figure 1-1: Focus: who, what is in the ang-case?

§ 9. Beneficiary focus. There are sentences when the subject is neither the agent nor the object of the action but the beneficiary (or victim), the person or thing for whom the action is performed; we say the verb is in beneficiary focus. I gave him a book. Binigyan ko siyá ng aklát. Focus is on the beneficiary, siyá. Ko is the agent, ng aklat is the object. What turns out to be the indirect object in English is the subject in Filipino. More examples below.

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Figure 1-2: Focus: actor, object, beneficiary

§ 10. Mga halimbawà. Let's look at examples of actor, object and beneficiary focus.

Halimbawà Comment

1. Igagawâ ko si Kikò ng laruán. I will make a toy for Kikò. The subject is Kikò; Kikò is in the ang-case. The doer of the action is ko, "me"; ko is in the ng-case. The object of the action is laruán, which is also in the ng-case. Remember that the subject is always in the ang-case; whatever is in the ang-case is the subject.

2. Ipaglabá2 mo ngâ akó?

Would you please wash clothes for me? Would you please do the laundry for me?

3. Ipinaghugás3 ko siyá ng pinggán. I washed the dishes for her. 4. Ipamamalengke4 mo ba akó? Will you go to the market for me? 5. Ipagdarasal kitá. I will pray for you. 6. Ipinaglutò akó ni Charina. Charina cooked for me.

2 i pag la bá, v., b.f., to wash clothes for s.b. 3 i pag hu gás, v., b.f., to wash s.t. for s.b. 4 i pa ma leng ke, v., b.f., to go to the market for s.b. From pa leng ke, n., market, from Spanish.

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Halimbawà Comment 7. Ipagdadalá ka namin ng manggá. We will bring mangoes for you. 8. Ipananahî5 niya akó ng polo. She will sew a polo shirt for me.

Balarilà: Aspect

§ 11. Aspect. Each Filipino verb expresses an action or a condition in the a) past, b) present, c) future or d) recent past. This verb property is called tense in Western languages. However, linguists who study Filipino or Tagalog hesitate to use tense with Filipino verbs, because they do not behave like Western-language verbs.6 Hence the term aspect. The present aspect is also called imperfective aspect. The past aspect is also called perfective aspect.

§ 12. Present aspect. Use the present aspect to express action that: a) is happening now, b) happens continually, c) was happening in the past or d) will be happening in the future. The present aspect is also called imperfective aspect.

Usage of present aspect Halimbawà Comment

a. is happening now Si Amado ay naliligò. Amado is taking a bath. b. happens continually

Hindî ko gustó ng pansít. Gustó ko ng lumpiâ.

I don't like pansit. I like egg rolls.

c. was happening in the past

Natutulog si Kikò nang dumatíng akó.

Kikò was sleeping when I came in. (This is a complex sentence, which we will study later in this book.)

d. will be happening in the future

Natutulog na akó pag uwi mo mamayang gabi.

I will be sleeping when you come home tonight.

§ 13. Recent past aspect. Some Filipino verbs have the recent past aspect. Katatapos ko lang. I just

5 i pa na hî, v., b.f., to sew s.t. for s.b., like a dress or other article of clothing 6 In Filipino the action of a present-aspect verb: 1) could have happened in the past, 2) can be happening in the present and 3) could happen in the future. Natutulog akó can be translated: 1) I was sleeping, 2) I sleep or I am sleeping, and 3) I will be sleeping.

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finished. The recent past aspect is almost always used with the adverb lamang or its short form lang. The verb comes first. There is no subject; there is no ang-case noun or prounoun. The doer or agent of the action is in the ng-case.

Halimbawà Comment

1. Kararatíng lang ng mga batà. The children just came in. The children just now arrived.

2. Kaaalís lang ng kartero.

The postman just left. The postman left just now.

3. Kabibilí lang namin ng bagong coche.

We just bought a new car. We bought a new car just recently.

4. Kagagawâ lang ng coche.

The car just got repaired. The car got repaired just recently.

5. Kababakasyón mo lang. You just got back from vacation. You went on vacation just recently.

6. Maysakít akó noóng isáng linggó. Kagagalíng ko lang.

I was sick last week. I just got well. I just recently got well.

7. Kasasabi lang niyá. She said it just now. 8. Kauumpisá pa lang namin. We just got started. We got started just now. 9. Kagigising lang ni Charina. Charina just now woke up. 10. Kalalabás lang ng araw. The sun just now came out.

§ 14. Pagsasanay 1-1: Recent past aspect. Use the recent past aspect in the following sentences.

Pagsasanay Sagót (Answer)

1. I just made a cake. Kagagawâ ko lang ng kalamay. 2. They are not hungry. They just

ate. Hindî silá gutóm. Kakakain lang nilá.

3. I just finished a poem.7 Katatapos ko lang ng tulâ. 4. We (excl.) sang8 just now. Kakakantá lang namin.

7 tu lâ, n., poem 8 ku man tá, v., a.f., to sing