Leadership/Motivation

H Edu 4790/6790

Leadership

• The process of facilitating others to work hard to accomplish important tasks.

Power

• Legitimate power• Reward power• Coercive power

• Expert power• Referent power

• Position

• Personal

Activity: Sources and Uses

• Peer• Subordinate• Boss

• What specific sources of power were used?

• What is required to be successful?

Power

• Not necessarily independent, can be complementary

• Leaders who use reward power wisely strengthen referent power

• Leaders who abuse coercive power quickly lose referent power

Influence strategies

• Retribution strategies– Assertiveness– Appeal to higher authority– Sanctions

Influence strategies (cont)

• Reason strategies– Facts– Friendliness– Coalition

Influence strategies (cont)

• Reciprocity strategies– Bargaining– Involvement

Leadership Behavior

• Task vs people– Ohio State University– University of Michigan– Blake and McCanse’s Leadership Grid

Leadership Grid

Country Club Management

Thoughtful attention to the needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organization atmosphere and work tempo.

Team Management

Work accomplishment is fromcommitted people interdepen- dence through a “common stake”in organization purpose leads to relationships of trust and

respect.

Impoverished Management

Exertion of minimum effort to getrequired work done is approp-riate to sustain organizationmembership.

Authority-ObedienceManagement

Efficiency in operations result from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree.

Middle-of-Road Management

Adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the necessity to get out work with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level.

Conc

ern

for p

eopl

eHigh

Low

Concern for productionHighLow

Leadership Behavior (cont)

• Contingency Models– Fiedler– Hersey-Blanchard– House’s Path-Goal Leadership Theory– Vroom-Jago

Fiedler

• Least-Preferred Coworker Scale• Leadership style is part of one’s

personality• Put one’s style where it is a good

fit

Hersey and Blanchard

Rela

tions

hip

Beha

vior

Task Behavior

High

HighLow

Delegating

Participating Selling

Telling

Able and Able but Unable but Unable andwilling or unwilling willing or unwilling orconfident insecure confident insecure

House’s Path-Goal

• Directive• Supportive• Achievement-oriented• Participative

Vroom-Jago Leader-Participation

• Authority decision• Consultative decision• Group decision

Vroom-Jago Leader-Participation

• Group– Lack information– Problem is unclear– Acceptance is necessary– Adequate time

Vroom-Jago Leader-Participation

• Individual– Greater expertise– Confident and capable– Others likely to accept– Little or no time

Motivation

McGregor

• Theory X• Theory Y

Motivation Theories - Content

• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs– Physiological needs– Safety and security– Affection and social activity– Esteem and status– Self-realization and fulfillment

Motivation Theories - Content

• Alderfer’s ERG Theory– Existence needs– Relatedness needs– Growth needs

Motivation Theories - Content

• Herzberg’s Two-factor Theory– What Motivates You?– Satisfiers or motivators

• Job content

– Dissatisfiers or hygiene• Job context

– Motivators and part of the job, while hygiene factors can be controlled

Motivation Theories - Content

• McClelland’s Acquire Needs Theory– People learn their needs– Need for achievement– Need for power– Need for affiliation

Motivation Theories - Process

• Vroom’s Expectancy Theory– M = E x I x V– E = expectancy or efforts make the

desired performance or behavior more likely

– I = instrumentality or desired outcomes

– V = value of outcome

Motivation Theories - Process

• Adam’s Equity Theory– Op = Oo

Ip = Io

– Responses

Motivation Theories - Process

• Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory– Goal specificity, measurability– Goal difficulty– MBO – management by objectives

Motivation Theories - Reinforcement

• Thorndike’s Law of Effect• Skinner’s Reinforcement

Theory– Positive reinforcement– Negative reinforcement– Punishment– Extinction

Motivation

• Activity– Form groups– Analyze ads– Find examples of each theory– Report to class

Motivation Theories

• Maslow’s• Alderfer• Herzberg• McClelland

• Vroom• Adams• Locke• Skinner