4 Themes of Leadership

1) Trait = What type of person make a good leader

2) Behavioral = Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-Faire

3) Contingency = Situational (People vs Task)

4) Power and Influence

1) Trait Theory

Certain traits produce certain patterns of behaviorThese patterns are consistent across different situations

Achievement drive: High level of effort, high levels of ambition, energy and initiative

Leadership motivation: an intense desire to lead others to reach shared goals

Honesty and integrity: trustworthy, reliable, and open

Self-confidence: Belief in one’s self, ideas, and ability

Cognitive ability: Capable of exercising good judgment, strong analytical abilities, and conceptually skilled

Knowledge of business: Knowledge of industry and other technical matters

Emotional Maturity: well adjusted, does not suffer from severe psychological disorders.

Central Traits: These are the general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality. Are the major characteristics you might use to describe another person. Terms such as intelligent, honest, and anxious are considered central traits.

Secondary Traits: These are the traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples would be getting anxious when speaking to a group or impatient while waiting in line.

General vs Specific Traits

2) Behavioral TheoryBehavior = Style of leadershipDifferent situations call for different leadership styles.

Autocratic or authoritarian = decision-making powers are centralized in the leader

Leaders do not entertain any suggestions or initiatives from members.

The autocratic management has been successful as it provides strong motivation to the manager. It permits quick decision-making, as only one person decides for the whole group and keeps each decision to him/herself until he/she feels it needs to be shared with the rest of the group

Participative or democratic

The democratic leadership style consists of the leader sharing the decision-making abilities with group members by promoting the interests of the group members and by practicing social equality. This has also been called shared leadership.

Laissez-faire or Free-reignIn Laissez-faire or free-reign leadership, decision-making is passed on to the members. The members are given complete right and power to make decisions to establish goals and work out the problems or situation

3) Contingency Theory

Contingency = dependent on an event/situation

- claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. A contingent leader effectively applies his own style of leadership to the right situation.

relationship between leadership style and the favorableness of the situation. Situational favorableness is described in terms of three dimensions:

1) Leader-member relationship – high if the leader is generally accepted and respected by followers2) Degree of task structure – high if the task is very structured (system by which tasks are clearly defined and described)3) Leader's position power – high if a great deal of authority and power are formally attributed to the leader's position

4) Power and Influence

Types of Power

I) Reward Power = Ability to give rewards (incentive)

Types of Rewards: a) Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Rewardsb) Financial vs Non-financial Rewardsc) Performance based vs Membership based rewards

II) Coercive Power = Power founded in the ability to take away something important to a person. (fear through threats and punishments)

Types of Power (continued)

III) Referent Power = Power founded in your accomplishment, integrity, and experience. (Respect and Admiration)

IV) Expert Power = Power founded in your knowledge of a subject or subjects that makes you a resource. (Value Add, Expert)

Followership1) Conformist = Sheep

2) Passive = Yes People

3) Alienated

4) Exemplary = Effective

5) Pragmatic = Survivor

2 Theories of Motivation

Theory X and Theory Y

Efficient vs Effective

Motivation = Reinforcement vs Punishment (Positive vs Negative)

1) Positive Reinforcement

2) Negative Reinforcement

3) Positive Punishment

4) Negative Punishment

TO EXERCISE GOOD LEADERSHIP MEANS:

• to accept and clarify feelings of another without threat;

• to aid the group's insight into its feelings and attitudes;

• to recognize and interpret forces operating in a group;

• to sense the development of tension;

• to state all sides of a controversy fairly and objectively;

• to recognize and articulate themes noticed in discussion;

• to summarize group discussion;

• to collect thinking and restate it for groupacceptance and action;

• to coordinate the questions and steps a groupneeds to consider in order to reach a decision;

• to encourage others to gain experience in andlearn skills of leadership.

Eastern vs Western approach to Leadership

Eastern = Collectivistic

Western = Individualistic

Holistic = Mix of Collectivistic and Individualistic approach to Leadership

Transactional vs Transformational Leadership

Transactional Leadership - leaders reward members for their effort and commitment- motivates followers by appealing to their leader's self-interest- focus on increasing efficiency of established routines and procedures and more concerned with following existing rules than with making changes to the structure of the organization

Transformational Leadership- focus on being effective by implementing new ideas- motivates followers by encouraging them to put group interests first - Individualized consideration: Each behavior is directed to each individual to express consideration and support - Intellectual stimulation: Promote creative and innovative ideas to solve problems

Problem-Solving Steps

1) Define the Problem, Initial Perception (PLAN)- Problem (Root Cause) vs Symptom

2) Breakdown of the Problem, Problem Clarification (PLAN)- Mapping out for this step can be driven by a set of questions. For example, the "5 W's (what, where, when, why, who) and 2H's" (how, how many).

3) Containment (PLAN)

4) Generate possible and alternative solution (PLAN)- Cause and Effect (PLAN)

5) Follow Up Action, Corrective Actions (DO)

6) Effect Confirmation (CHECK)

7) Agree on monitoring and evaluation

8) Share the successfully implemented actions (ACT)

Introvert vs Extrovert Leaders

Logical vs Emotional Leaders

Benefits of being an Introvert Leader1) Think before speaking a) Think of the right words to use (7%)b) Tone of message “It's not what you said, but how you said it” (38%)c) Body language (55%)

2) Substance over personality (objective demand criteria)

3) Introverts anticipate & react to change (introspection, consequences)

4) Focus and Listen well (without judging straight away)

5) Introverts are not easily swayed by emotions

5 Levels of Leadership

1) Position (Rights) = Follow because they have to 2) Permission (Relationship) = Follow because they want to3) Production (Results) = Follow because of what you have done4) People Development (Reproduction) = Follow because what you have done for them5) Pinnacle (Respect) = Follow because who you are and what you represent

Assignment

Write an essay about what you have learned today, and how can it be applicable to your life and work?