LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP

Leadership is an important element of the Leadership is an important element of the directing function of management.directing function of management.

“ “The power of leadership is the power of The power of leadership is the power of integrating. The leader stimulates what is best in integrating. The leader stimulates what is best in us, he unites and concentrates what we feel only us, he unites and concentrates what we feel only groupingly and scatteringly. He is person who groupingly and scatteringly. He is person who gives form to the uncoarctate energy in every gives form to the uncoarctate energy in every man . The person who influences me most is not man . The person who influences me most is not he who does great Deeds , but he who makes me he who does great Deeds , but he who makes me feel that I can do great deeds .”feel that I can do great deeds .”

It is a ability to build up confidence and zeal It is a ability to build up confidence and zeal among people and urge in them to be led. To be a among people and urge in them to be led. To be a successful leader, a manager must possess the successful leader, a manager must possess the qualities of foresight ,drive ,initiative ,self-qualities of foresight ,drive ,initiative ,self-confidence and personal integrity.confidence and personal integrity.

DEFINITIONDEFINITION:: According to Koontz and O’Donnell,According to Koontz and O’Donnell,““Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce

subordinates to work with confidence and zeal.”subordinates to work with confidence and zeal.”

NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LEADERSHIPLEADERSHIP

1.1. It is a personal quality.It is a personal quality.2.2. It exists only with followers.It exists only with followers.3.3. It is the willingness of people to follow that makes It is the willingness of people to follow that makes

person a leader.person a leader.4.4. It is a process of influence.It is a process of influence.5.5. It exists only for the realization of common goals.It exists only for the realization of common goals.6.6. It involves readiness to accept complete responsibility It involves readiness to accept complete responsibility

in all situations.in all situations.7.7. It is the function of stimulating the followers to strive It is the function of stimulating the followers to strive

willingly to attain organizational objectives.willingly to attain organizational objectives.8.8. It styles do change under different circumstances.It styles do change under different circumstances.9.9. It is neither bossism nor synonymous with It is neither bossism nor synonymous with

management.management.

THEORIES OF LEADERSHIPTHEORIES OF LEADERSHIP

A.A. The Trait TheoryThe Trait TheoryB.B. Charismatic Leadership TheoryCharismatic Leadership TheoryC.C. The Behavioural TheoryThe Behavioural TheoryD.D. The Situational TheoryThe Situational TheoryE.E. The Follower TheoryThe Follower Theory

A. THE TRAIT THEORYA. THE TRAIT THEORY This approach represents the earliest notions of This approach represents the earliest notions of

leadership and until up to three decades ago this leadership and until up to three decades ago this approach was very popular. According to this theory , approach was very popular. According to this theory , there are certain personal qualities and traits which are there are certain personal qualities and traits which are essential to be a successful leader. They seek more essential to be a successful leader. They seek more information , give more information and take lead in information , give more information and take lead in interpreting or summing up a situation.interpreting or summing up a situation.

Many researchers have given their views on the type of Many researchers have given their views on the type of qualities that are considered essential for effective qualities that are considered essential for effective leadership . Henry Fayol divided these qualities into leadership . Henry Fayol divided these qualities into physical , mental , moral , educational , technical and physical , mental , moral , educational , technical and experience .experience .

CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP THEORYCHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP THEORY

Charisma is a leadership trait that can influence Charisma is a leadership trait that can influence employees to take early and sustained action . it is a form employees to take early and sustained action . it is a form of interpersonal attraction leader that inspires support of interpersonal attraction leader that inspires support and acceptance from others .this theory , also called and acceptance from others .this theory , also called GREAT MAN THEORY by some , can be traced back to GREAT MAN THEORY by some , can be traced back to ancient times. Plato’s Republic and Confucius’ Analects ancient times. Plato’s Republic and Confucius’ Analects dealt with leadership .dealt with leadership .

It has extremely high levels of self-confidence , It has extremely high levels of self-confidence , dominance and a strong conviction in the normal dominance and a strong conviction in the normal righteousness of his/her beliefs , or at least the ability to righteousness of his/her beliefs , or at least the ability to convince the followers that he/she possesses such convince the followers that he/she possesses such confidence and conviction.confidence and conviction.

THE BEHAVIOURAL THEORYTHE BEHAVIOURAL THEORY

This shift in emphasis began to focus an This shift in emphasis began to focus an attention on the actual behavior and actions of attention on the actual behavior and actions of the leaders as against personal qualities or traits the leaders as against personal qualities or traits of leaders . According to this of leaders . According to this approach ,leadership involves an interpersonal approach ,leadership involves an interpersonal relationship between a leader and subordinates relationship between a leader and subordinates in which the behavior of the leader raises the in which the behavior of the leader raises the morale , builds up confidence ad spirit among morale , builds up confidence ad spirit among the team members and the lack of good behavior the team members and the lack of good behavior will discard him as a leader.will discard him as a leader.

THE SITUATIONAL THEORIESTHE SITUATIONAL THEORIES

This emphasis not on personal qualities or traits This emphasis not on personal qualities or traits o a leader , but upon the situation in which he o a leader , but upon the situation in which he operates . The advocates of this approach believe operates . The advocates of this approach believe that leadership is greatly affected by a situation that leadership is greatly affected by a situation and maintain that leadership pattern is the and maintain that leadership pattern is the product of situation at a particular time . A good product of situation at a particular time . A good leader is one who moulds himself according to leader is one who moulds himself according to the needs of a given situation.the needs of a given situation.

THE FOLLOWERS THEORYTHE FOLLOWERS THEORY

According to this theory , the essence of According to this theory , the essence of leadership is follower ship and it is the leadership is follower ship and it is the willingness of people to follow that makes a willingness of people to follow that makes a person a leader . The members of a group tend to person a leader . The members of a group tend to follow only those whom they recognize as follow only those whom they recognize as providing means for achieving their personal providing means for achieving their personal desires , wants and needs.desires , wants and needs.

LEADERSHIP STYLES OR TYPESLEADERSHIP STYLES OR TYPES

Autocratic or Authoritarian Style LeaderAutocratic or Authoritarian Style Leader

Laissez – fare or Free – rain Style LeaderLaissez – fare or Free – rain Style Leader

Democratic or Participative Style LeaderDemocratic or Participative Style Leader

Bureauceatic or Rules – Centered LeadershipBureauceatic or Rules – Centered Leadership

Manipulative Leadership StyleManipulative Leadership Style

Paternalistic Style LeaderPaternalistic Style Leader

AUTOCRATIC or AUTHORITARIAN STYLE LEADERAUTOCRATIC or AUTHORITARIAN STYLE LEADER

Under this style, the leader expects complete obedience Under this style, the leader expects complete obedience from his subordinates and all decisions –making is from his subordinates and all decisions –making is centralized in the leader. All decisions, major or small, centralized in the leader. All decisions, major or small, are taken by the leader and subordinates are forced to are taken by the leader and subordinates are forced to obey them without questioning. There are 2 types of obey them without questioning. There are 2 types of autocratic leaders;autocratic leaders;

TOUGH AUTOCRAT: The subordinates are supposed to TOUGH AUTOCRAT: The subordinates are supposed to obey the leader without questioning. This style of obey the leader without questioning. This style of functioning may not be workable for long.functioning may not be workable for long.

BENEVOLENT AUTOCRAT: This type of leaders acts as BENEVOLENT AUTOCRAT: This type of leaders acts as a fatherly figure and assumes that only he is in the a fatherly figure and assumes that only he is in the knowledge of things and is the right person to take knowledge of things and is the right person to take decision.decision.

LAISSEZ - FAIRLAISSEZ - FAIR

Subordinates are given free hand in deciding their own policies and Subordinates are given free hand in deciding their own policies and methods and take their own decisions. The leader provides help methods and take their own decisions. The leader provides help only when required by this subordinates otherwise he does not only when required by this subordinates otherwise he does not interfere in their work.interfere in their work.

FEATURES;FEATURES;

There is no or minimum interference from the leaders.There is no or minimum interference from the leaders. Leader helps only when requested for.Leader helps only when requested for. Individuals are allowed to plan their work.Individuals are allowed to plan their work. There is free and informal environment.There is free and informal environment. Decision may be taken by majority.Decision may be taken by majority. Control is exercised with less interference and supervision.Control is exercised with less interference and supervision.

SUITABILITYSUITABILITY

Where subordinates are properly trained and are knowledgeable.Where subordinates are properly trained and are knowledgeable.

Where employees take initiative and assumes responsibility.Where employees take initiative and assumes responsibility.

Where leader is willing to delegate authority and responsibility.Where leader is willing to delegate authority and responsibility.

When leader has confidence in the ability of subordinates.When leader has confidence in the ability of subordinates.

Where goals of companies and subordinates are compatible.Where goals of companies and subordinates are compatible.

BUREAUCEATIC LEADERSHIPBUREAUCEATIC LEADERSHIP

It is a type of leadership where everything is influenced by rules, regulations, and It is a type of leadership where everything is influenced by rules, regulations, and procedure. The leaders sets up a procedure for adhering to the rule book. Over procedure. The leaders sets up a procedure for adhering to the rule book. Over dependence on rules and procedures brings red tapism in the working.dependence on rules and procedures brings red tapism in the working.

FEATURES;FEATURES;

Dependence on rules and regulations.Dependence on rules and regulations.

Decisions are taken in a framework of rules and procedures.Decisions are taken in a framework of rules and procedures.

There is too much of paper work and always a desire to play safe.There is too much of paper work and always a desire to play safe.

Subordinates perform jobs in a mechanical way.Subordinates perform jobs in a mechanical way.

New ideas and initiative are not encouraged.New ideas and initiative are not encouraged.

There are delays in taking decisions.There are delays in taking decisions.

MANIPULATIONS LEADERSHIPMANIPULATIONS LEADERSHIP

Under this style the leader tries to achieve organisational goals by exploiting the week Under this style the leader tries to achieve organisational goals by exploiting the week points of employees. There is a feeling of disrust when the manipulative nature of the points of employees. There is a feeling of disrust when the manipulative nature of the leader is evident and the employees feel cheated.leader is evident and the employees feel cheated.

SUITABILITY ;SUITABILITY ;

When co – operative of employees is needed urgently for specific task.When co – operative of employees is needed urgently for specific task.

When the projects are of short durations.When the projects are of short durations.

When long – term relationship may not be required.When long – term relationship may not be required.

PATERNALISTIC STYLE LEADERPATERNALISTIC STYLE LEADER

This style of leadership is based upon the sentiments and emotions of This style of leadership is based upon the sentiments and emotions of people. Leaders look after the needs and aspirations of subordinates and people. Leaders look after the needs and aspirations of subordinates and also help their families. It is further divided into 2 parts:also help their families. It is further divided into 2 parts:

FORMAL LEADERS; A formal leader is 1 who is formally appointed or FORMAL LEADERS; A formal leader is 1 who is formally appointed or elected to direct and control the activities of the subordinates. The formal elected to direct and control the activities of the subordinates. The formal leader has a two-fold responsibility. On the one hand,he has to fulfil the leader has a two-fold responsibility. On the one hand,he has to fulfil the demands of the organisations,while on the other he is also supposed to demands of the organisations,while on the other he is also supposed to help,guid and direct his subordinates in satisfying their needs and help,guid and direct his subordinates in satisfying their needs and aspirations.aspirations.

INFORMAL LEADERS; In any organisation we can always find some INFORMAL LEADERS; In any organisation we can always find some persons who command respect and who are approached to help,guid and persons who command respect and who are approached to help,guid and protect the informal leaders have only one task to perform,i.e., to help their protect the informal leaders have only one task to perform,i.e., to help their followers in achieving their individual and group goals. Informal leaders are followers in achieving their individual and group goals. Informal leaders are created to satisfy those needs which are not satisfied by the formal leaders.created to satisfy those needs which are not satisfied by the formal leaders.

Leadership FunctionsLeadership Functions

Setting goalsSetting goals

OrganisingOrganising

Initiating actionInitiating action

Co – ordinationCo – ordination

Direction and MotivationDirection and Motivation

Link between Management and WorkersLink between Management and Workers

QUALITIES OF A GOOD LEADERQUALITIES OF A GOOD LEADER

Good personalityGood personality

Emotional stabilityEmotional stability

Sound education and professional Sound education and professional competence.competence.

Initiative and creative thinking.Initiative and creative thinking.

Sense of purpose and Sense of purpose and responsibility.responsibility.

Ability ti guide teach.Ability ti guide teach.

Good understanding and sound Good understanding and sound judgment.judgment.

Communicating skills.Communicating skills.

Sociable.Sociable.

Objectives and flexible approach.Objectives and flexible approach.

Honesty and integrity of efforts.Honesty and integrity of efforts.

Self confidence,deligence Self confidence,deligence industry.industry.

Courage to accept responsibility.Courage to accept responsibility.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU