Lead Awareness

University of MarylandUniversity of Maryland

Department of Environmental SafetyDepartment of Environmental SafetyMartin Wizorek, Manager – Occupational Safety and Health

INTRODUCTION

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What is Lead?

Heavy metal at room Heavy metal at room temperature temperature

Bluish-gray Bluish-gray Low melting point Low melting point Pliable Pliable Corrosion resistant Corrosion resistant Can form lead Can form lead

compoundscompounds

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In what products was lead commonly used?

Gasoline (phase-out Gasoline (phase-out began 1980)began 1980)

Smelting Smelting Lead batteries (25-Lead batteries (25-

78% of all lead used in 78% of all lead used in U.S.) U.S.)

Paints and coatingsPaints and coatings SolderSolder Auto manufacturingAuto manufacturing PrintingPrinting

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History

Late 1950’s – Paint manufacturers Late 1950’s – Paint manufacturers started to voluntarily reduced lead started to voluntarily reduced lead content of most paint for residential content of most paint for residential use.use.

1978 – CPSC limits paint for 1978 – CPSC limits paint for residentialresidential use to 600 ppm use to 600 ppm (essentially, lead-free paint).(essentially, lead-free paint).

However, lead paint for non-However, lead paint for non-residential use is still sold.residential use is still sold.

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So where is lead paint found?

Homes built before 1950Homes built before 1950– Everywhere – inside and outside (all coatings)Everywhere – inside and outside (all coatings)

Homes built between 1950-1960Homes built between 1950-1960– Probably outside, may be insideProbably outside, may be inside– Trims, doors, windows, kitchens, bathrooms, Trims, doors, windows, kitchens, bathrooms,

etc.etc.

Homes built between 1960-1978Homes built between 1960-1978– May be outside, less likely insideMay be outside, less likely inside

***Before 1978 we assume lead!!!***Before 1978 we assume lead!!!

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What is “lead paint”EPA/HUD/DHS DefinitionEPA/HUD/DHS Definition

1.0 mg/cm1.0 mg/cm2 2 5000 ppm 0.5% 5000 ppm 0.5%Maryland DefinitionMaryland Definition

0.7 mg/cm0.7 mg/cm2 2

OSHA and MOSH DefinitionOSHA and MOSH Definition

Any detectable amountAny detectable amount

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Where could I find lead on campus?

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Buildings on Campus & Year BuiltBuilding Date Built Last Renovated

Rossborough Inn 1798  

Morrill Hall 1898 1994

Taliaferro Hall 1909 2003

Calvert Hall 1913 1984

Skinner Building 1917 1992

Baltimore Hall 1920 1986

West Education Annex 1922  

Turner Hall 1923 1964

LeFrak Hall 1928  

Energy Plant 1931 1957

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Buildings on Campus & Year BuiltBuilding Date Built Last Renovated

Ritchie Coliseum 1932 1996

Shoemaker Building 1932  

Francis Scott Key Hall 1932  

Preinkert Hall 1932 1952

St. Mary's Hall 1932 1987

Holzapfel Hall 1932  

Anne Arundel Hall 1937 1991

H.J. Patterson Hall 1937 1967

Agriculture Shed 1938  

Horse Barn 1938  

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Buildings on Campus & Year BuiltBuilding Date Built Last Renovated

Sheep Barn 1938  

Cattle Barn 1938  

Microbiology Building 1939 1988

Service Building 1940  

Washington Hall 1940 1986

Howard Hall 1940 1986

Marie Mount Hall 1940 1980

Symons Hall 1940 2000

Main Administration Building 1940 1964

Altogether, there are 169 numbered buildings on campus that were constructed prior to 1979.

EXAMPLES OF THE PRESENCE OF LEAD-BASED

PAINT AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND

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Francis Scott Key HallExterior white door and door trim

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Francis Scott Key HallCream colored door trim

(white door and wall are non-LBP)

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Cole Field HouseInterior window sill (men's room)

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Cole Field HouseExterior door trim (note deterioration)

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Notice the deterioration

Cole Field HousePainted “Maryland” sign

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Cambridge HallInterior drain pipe

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Cambridge HallInterior window sill (radiator cover is non-LBP)

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Cambridge HallExterior white window trim

2020

Jull HallMain entrance white door, door trim, wall

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Jull HallRear white door and white window trim

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HEALTH HAZARDS

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Ways in which lead enters the body

Inhalation - Breathing Inhalation - Breathing lead fumes or dust. lead fumes or dust. This is the most This is the most common route of common route of entry in the entry in the workplace.workplace.

Ingestion - Swallowing Ingestion - Swallowing lead dust via food, lead dust via food, cigarettes etc.cigarettes etc.

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Health Effects

Lead which is inhaled or ingested Lead which is inhaled or ingested gets into the bloodstream. gets into the bloodstream.

Can be circulated throughout your Can be circulated throughout your body. body.

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Health Effects

Some is excreted while some remains Some is excreted while some remains in organs and body tissues.in organs and body tissues.

If exposure continues, the amount If exposure continues, the amount stored in your body will increase if you stored in your body will increase if you are absorbing more lead than your are absorbing more lead than your body is excreting.body is excreting.

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Chronic Health Effects

During prolonged chronic exposure, many During prolonged chronic exposure, many body systems can be affected by lead, body systems can be affected by lead, including:including:

BrainBrainKidneys Kidneys MusclesMusclesBones Bones Blood forming organsBlood forming organsReproductive systems  Reproductive systems 

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Chronic Health Effects(Resulting from High Lead Exposure and Absorption

Into Body)

Severe damage to blood forming, nervous, urinary Severe damage to blood forming, nervous, urinary and reproductive systemsand reproductive systems

Loss of appetite, metallic taste in the mouth, anxiety, Loss of appetite, metallic taste in the mouth, anxiety, constipation, nausea, pallor, excessive tiredness, constipation, nausea, pallor, excessive tiredness, weakness, insomnia, headache, nervous irritability, weakness, insomnia, headache, nervous irritability, muscle and joint pain or soreness, fine tremors, muscle and joint pain or soreness, fine tremors, numbness, dizziness, hyperactivity and colic (with numbness, dizziness, hyperactivity and colic (with severe abdominal pain, lead linesevere abdominal pain, lead line

Person is easily irritated and may become aggressivePerson is easily irritated and may become aggressive

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Chronic Health Effects

Reproductive systems of both men and women may Reproductive systems of both men and women may be affectedbe affected– Decreased sex drive, impotence and sterility in menDecreased sex drive, impotence and sterility in men

– Miscarriage and stillbirth in women whose husbands were Miscarriage and stillbirth in women whose husbands were exposed to lead or where they were exposedexposed to lead or where they were exposed

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Chronic Health Effects

Children born of parents who were exposed to Children born of parents who were exposed to excessive lead are more likely to have birth defects, excessive lead are more likely to have birth defects, mental retardation, behavioral disorders or die during mental retardation, behavioral disorders or die during the first year of childhoodthe first year of childhood

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Other Chronic Health Effects

Hypertension Hypertension Lead exposure has been consistently associated with Lead exposure has been consistently associated with

increases in blood pressure in studies conducted in increases in blood pressure in studies conducted in both workers and the general population.both workers and the general population.

Blood lead levels of less than 20 μg/dL sometimes are Blood lead levels of less than 20 μg/dL sometimes are associated with increases in blood pressure.associated with increases in blood pressure.

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Other Chronic Health Effects

Decreased kidney function Decreased kidney function Low to moderate levels of lead exposure also have Low to moderate levels of lead exposure also have

been associated with adverse changes in kidney been associated with adverse changes in kidney function. function.

This association may be even worse in people who This association may be even worse in people who have other risk factors for kidney disease, such as have other risk factors for kidney disease, such as hypertension or diabetes.hypertension or diabetes.

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Acute Health Effects

Acute health effects only appear when worker is Acute health effects only appear when worker is exposed to exposed to extremely high amounts of leadextremely high amounts of lead

Acute encephalopathy (disorder or disease of the Acute encephalopathy (disorder or disease of the brain) may develop quickly followed by seizures, brain) may develop quickly followed by seizures, coma and death from cardio-respiratory arrestcoma and death from cardio-respiratory arrest

Again, highly unusual, but not impossibleAgain, highly unusual, but not impossible

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"The Dangles" was an occupational hazard for printers

THIS IS FROM VERY HIGH LEAD EXPOSURE!!!

CONFIRM PRESENCE/

NON-PRESENCE OF LEAD CONTAINING

MATERIALS

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Lead Identification

Department personnel should contact the Department Department personnel should contact the Department of Environmental Safety (DES) prior to the of Environmental Safety (DES) prior to the disturbance of painted surfaces unless it is known disturbance of painted surfaces unless it is known with certainty, either through documentation or with certainty, either through documentation or testing, that the surface does not contain leadtesting, that the surface does not contain lead

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Lead Identification

DES will use DES will use direct reading direct reading instrument (XRF) instrument (XRF) to determine if to determine if lead is present in lead is present in any of the surfaces any of the surfaces to be modified or to be modified or demolished.demolished.

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How is lead exposure measured?

PEL:  You are allowed to be PEL:  You are allowed to be exposed up to the exposed up to the PPermissible ermissible EExposure xposure LLimitimit established by established by OSHA of 50 ug/mOSHA of 50 ug/m33 (micrograms (micrograms per cubic meter of air) based on an per cubic meter of air) based on an 8-hour time weighted average.8-hour time weighted average.

Action Level: OSHA established an Action Level: OSHA established an Action LevelAction Level of 30 of 30 μμg/mg/m33 based on based on an 8 hour time weighted average. an 8 hour time weighted average. 

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The All-ImportantAction Level

If lead is present in any quantity in your workplace, If lead is present in any quantity in your workplace, OSHA has directed that an “initial determination” OSHA has directed that an “initial determination” must be made by taking air samples while workers must be made by taking air samples while workers are performing their job that may result in airborne are performing their job that may result in airborne lead exposurelead exposure

The AL for lead is 30 The AL for lead is 30 µg/mµg/m33.. If the results are below the AL, no further monitoring If the results are below the AL, no further monitoring

is necessary for that job, and the workers are not is necessary for that job, and the workers are not considered to be significantly lead exposed.considered to be significantly lead exposed.

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Air Sample Results(As performed by DES for Various Occupations)

Activity Average(ug/m3

Range(ug/m3) Comments

Housekeeping 0.11 ND-.34 Full shift samples

Carpentry 3.9 ND-36 Doors, windows

Painting 0.2 ND-0.5 Windows, exterior columns, radiators

Plastering 0.18 ND-0.6 Removal & Replacement of of drywall & plaster

Maintenance 0.8 ND-3.7 Air filter replacement

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Conclusions

Based on the results, typical maintenance tasks would Based on the results, typical maintenance tasks would not result in exposures above the AL.not result in exposures above the AL.

Some activities, such as power sanding on painted Some activities, such as power sanding on painted surfaces, resulted in short-term exposures. However, surfaces, resulted in short-term exposures. However, these short-term exposures were still below the PEL.these short-term exposures were still below the PEL.

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Awareness of Lead Standard

OSHA Regulations state:OSHA Regulations state:

Where there is a Where there is a potentialpotential exposure to airborne lead at exposure to airborne lead at any levelany level, the employee must be informed of the , the employee must be informed of the contents of OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1025, Appendix A contents of OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1025, Appendix A & B. & B.

Because you may be exposed to lead, even in small Because you may be exposed to lead, even in small quantities, the next three slides describe the contents quantities, the next three slides describe the contents of Appendix A & Bof Appendix A & B

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Appendix A

Substance IdentificationSubstance IdentificationHealth Hazard DataHealth Hazard Data

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Appendix B

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)Exposure MonitoringExposure MonitoringMethods of ComplianceMethods of ComplianceRespiratory ProtectionRespiratory ProtectionPersonal protective EquipmentPersonal protective EquipmentHousekeepingHousekeepingHygiene FacilitiesHygiene Facilities

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Appendix B

Medical SurveillanceMedical SurveillanceMedical RemovalMedical RemovalTraining and InformationTraining and InformationSignsSignsRecord keepingRecord keeping

HEALTH EXAM REQUIREMENTS

(APPLICABLE TO LEAD WORKERS ONLY)

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Lead Medical Surveillance

OSHA standards require biological monitoring and OSHA standards require biological monitoring and medical surveillance for all employees exposed to medical surveillance for all employees exposed to levels of lead above the action level of 30 levels of lead above the action level of 30 µg/mµg/m3 3 for for more than 30 days per yearmore than 30 days per year

The blood lead level of all employees who are The blood lead level of all employees who are exposed to lead above the action level is to be exposed to lead above the action level is to be determined at least determined at least every six monthsevery six months..

The frequency is increased to The frequency is increased to every two months every two months for for employees whose last blood lead level was above 40 employees whose last blood lead level was above 40 µµg/100 gg/100 g

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Health Protection/Medical Surveillance

Obtain a Blood Lead Level (BLL)Obtain a Blood Lead Level (BLL)Maintain blood lead levels to below 40 micrograms Maintain blood lead levels to below 40 micrograms

per 100 grams of whole blood (40 per 100 grams of whole blood (40 µg/100g).µg/100g).Recommend a level below Recommend a level below 30 30 µg/100g for workers µg/100g for workers

who intend to have childrenwho intend to have childrenBlood lead measurements show the amount of lead Blood lead measurements show the amount of lead

circulating, but not the amount stored in tissue.circulating, but not the amount stored in tissue.

Lead Medical ExaminationA medical examination is given to lead workers:A medical examination is given to lead workers:

– AnnuallyAnnually– Immediately, if an employee has developed signs Immediately, if an employee has developed signs

or symptoms commonly associated with lead or symptoms commonly associated with lead poisoningpoisoning

– Whenever an employee desires medical advice Whenever an employee desires medical advice regarding lead exposure and the ability to regarding lead exposure and the ability to procreate a healthy childprocreate a healthy child

– Immediately if the employee has demonstrated Immediately if the employee has demonstrated difficulty in breathing during a respirator fitting difficulty in breathing during a respirator fitting test or during respirator usetest or during respirator use

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Lead Poisoning Prevention(For the Non-Lead Worker)

Minimizing exposure to lead is the key to minimizing Minimizing exposure to lead is the key to minimizing health effectshealth effects

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Housekeeping/Work Practices

Use exhaust ventilation to capture dust/fumes Use exhaust ventilation to capture dust/fumes whenever possible; whenever possible;

HEPA vacuum dust-covered work surfaces; HEPA vacuum dust-covered work surfaces; dry dry sweeping or compressed air is prohibitedsweeping or compressed air is prohibited; wet ; wet methods may be used; methods may be used;

Do not Do not eat, drink, smoke or apply cosmetics in areas eat, drink, smoke or apply cosmetics in areas where lead/lead dust is present; where lead/lead dust is present;

Wash hands and face after lead work; Wash hands and face after lead work; Wear protective clothing to avoid getting dust on Wear protective clothing to avoid getting dust on

your clothes and then bringing it home to spouse and your clothes and then bringing it home to spouse and children.children.

When working with products that contain lead, such as lead-based paints and lead blocks:

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Lead Dust Control

Recommend that HEPA vacuum be used to Recommend that HEPA vacuum be used to pick up lead paint of other lead dust.pick up lead paint of other lead dust.

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You must use caution if you perform any of the following activities You must use caution if you perform any of the following activities where lead containing coatings or paint are presentwhere lead containing coatings or paint are present

It would be a good idea to coordinate these activities with DES to assure It would be a good idea to coordinate these activities with DES to assure lead exposure is controlledlead exposure is controlled– manual demolition of structuresmanual demolition of structures– manual scrapingmanual scraping– manual sandingmanual sanding– heat gun applicationsheat gun applications– power tool cleaningpower tool cleaning– rivet bustingrivet busting– weldingwelding– cuttingcutting– torch burning torch burning – abrasive blastingabrasive blasting– cleanup activities where dry expendable abrasives are usedcleanup activities where dry expendable abrasives are used– abrasive blasting enclosure movement and removalabrasive blasting enclosure movement and removal

Lead Dust Control

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Prohibited Lead Removal MethodsThe contractor performing abatement of The contractor performing abatement of

lead-based paint may lead-based paint may notnot use the use the following methods to remove the paint:following methods to remove the paint:– Open flame burningOpen flame burning– Dry sanding (unless used with a HEPA Dry sanding (unless used with a HEPA

vacuum)vacuum)– Open abrasive blastingOpen abrasive blasting– Uncontained hydro-blastingUncontained hydro-blasting– Methylene chloride for interior use Methylene chloride for interior use

(exception, methylene chloride may be (exception, methylene chloride may be used in interior work areas for localized used in interior work areas for localized touch-up)touch-up)

– Dry scrapingDry scraping– Heat gun operating at or above 1,100°F Heat gun operating at or above 1,100°F

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Approved Lead Control Methods

Wet scrapingWet scrapingChemical strippingChemical strippingHeat GunHeat Gun

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Approved Lead Control Methods

ReplacementReplacement– Any component part of a building Any component part of a building

may be abated by replacement with a may be abated by replacement with a part free of lead-containing part free of lead-containing substancessubstances

For instance, the lead-painted For instance, the lead-painted component (such as a doorframe or a component (such as a doorframe or a window frame) is removed entirely and window frame) is removed entirely and

in one piece.in one piece.

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Could I find lead outside of campus?

If your home was built before 1978, If your home was built before 1978, it may contain lead based paint.  it may contain lead based paint. 

Hobbies: stained glass, home Hobbies: stained glass, home remodeling or painting, recreational remodeling or painting, recreational target shooting, melting lead for target shooting, melting lead for fishing weights, lead glaze in fishing weights, lead glaze in ceramics. ceramics.

Non-occupational exposures: Non-occupational exposures: backyard scrap metal recycling, backyard scrap metal recycling, leaded crystal tableware, cookware, leaded crystal tableware, cookware, folk remedies, pica, mine tailings, folk remedies, pica, mine tailings, beauty products (eye make up, beauty products (eye make up, certain hair dyes).certain hair dyes).

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Questions?