Layman's English Grammar
-
Upload
abhisheksgupta4753 -
Category
Documents
-
view
101 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Layman's English Grammar
![Page 1: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
^anaprij/tf
ENGLISH
1
I
![Page 4: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
NGLISH GRABy : Mungara Koteswara -Rao,
;
". Edition :
AUGUST 1997.
J"*
All rights reserved by :
Janapriya Publicatio
Tenali.
24-00-
Price :
'24-00-
. Cover Design :
V. S. PfiAKASH,
Vijayawada-3.
I
Printed at i
Janapriya Printers,
Tenali--522 201.
Cover Printers :
Soimdaram Printers,
Chennai-2Lr
(Phone No. : 23037)
"
For Cc
Jaiiapriya Publications,Agnikula Kshatriyula vari Street-II,
Gaaganamoiapetf TENALI-522 20L
![Page 5: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 3 *
e33|j>d&soASt
CONTENTS"til"
English Alphabet
(%sog<s
Sounds of Letters
Syllable
Parts of Speech
Articles
Kinds of Nouns
(c-ysSD^^^sSaw
Kinds of Verbs
([SG&
Kinds of Pronouns
Kinds of 'Adjectives
Kinds of Adverbs
Kinds of prepositions
Kinds :of Conjunctions
Kinds of Sentences
Subject and Predicate
1 Phrases and Clauses(sg
Kinds of Clauses
Clauses atid Sentences
Kinds of Phrases
9
10
16
18Number
From Singular -Form to20
Plural Form
47
"49
58
28 Genderv
From Masculine' Gender to
0.-, Feminine Gender (530
8tt. Case ();-Kinds of Cases
40 (atf&o tf^&aea) 34
Usage of Apostrophe:
4'3 , (2J*g3^ .iSSdapKSa)67
Usage of Capital Letters
45 (H> w<CfsSo ,iSS3ap^&>) 69
![Page 6: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
JLP. Engligh Grammar
Silent Letters Degrees of Comparison
(e&a-^atf esJCtf&aea) TO,'
Active Voice and Passive , Formation of Degrees
Voice(aftf^tftf-
'
'(s-Sa&o ao^raS
sfcadfo cpitfa) 73 Comparison Adverbs .
&# / r-
From Active Voice to([dSp>"SEaS$x>o S^
Passive Voice- 74 Punctuation Marks
From Passive Voice to - -
-
(ao*&> QS^Sa'Active Voice 75 Usage of Punctuation
Direct Speech and Indirect Marks
Speech (^S^gK^^es ,
&c&> sSGf*jC 55^) 76 Same words in Different
From Direct Speech to Parts" of Speech a
Indirect Speech 77- iFSpEV
Verb. Complement Formation of words
(f5d&-sS&^gsSa) 83
Verb-Mood(rSdao-flsf 83 Formation of Nouns
Tense(^cdr-^e)^) 85" (^^
Kinds of Tenses" Formation of Verbs
BParticiple (^a^ L ^) 88 !
rn"lt
ion of Adjectives
Kinds of Participles
^PT ' Confused wordsof Tenses 91 , ^
Tense Charts - (atfafcrito Stf&>) i g- Stress on Syllables
Ql:
![Page 7: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2 J' English Grammar .5. aSjbdfi oA$
^.*i^^.ji^^^
ENGLISH ALPHABET (orf wSC5&-crt*
.
V- CO"" *M
,
' /, *sog jp<& . wgtf&oeo
(Letters)-, 2 8 e S>a3.... "Alphabet
)" eda >odj'&.'8ia,Bo&^sS35ex): 1]Print
, 2] Script Letters
Capital Letters -
(Tbtf ^tf&oeo), (b) , Small Letters
1] (A)
R. B C D E F G HI J K L M N O P3RSTUVWXYZB) Letters
i b c d e f g h i j k 1 m .n, o p q is; u v w .x y.z
^
OtfSoSSa>4Ass^ocor (a) 'Capital Letters,
b) Small letters, baa- ^s^fiotf
] (A) Capital
e s T u .v w x Y
![Page 8: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
English
Letters'
ghljklmnap 'q r ;<> t u v
letter
'^*****
Yoels : "A, B;I, Q, .U"
Semi-Voweis
-* 'Capital letter' rp
- 26 ^.
1]Vowd. (.^), 2]
Consorts
^u : 1] "Water(^); Walk (r) ;Yard (c^f);
'
![Page 9: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
English Gramm^ t
2]uMy (a); sky (^r ),;
Paddy (^g&) ; Happy
es& sStfSioo (Sfioefc-Yfttftf ^6oS,..oS&yr? tf
&?S^<3.
8]"Few
($-3);Bow
(a*);Vow
(S*) 5Jaw (**)"
Sounds of Letters (&*1] Vowel Sounds (^^ ^jSoo?) : *3ctfp rf^ex>-
fc
Sound '
Example
A :-- a rate
(3<5"),date
(Sff).
^. *9 card(s*5), part
csip cat (sjiT) t -hand
E : & pearl (36"),learn
-
'
^s treat (\&], seat
.i . red-(Bff) fbed
(aff).
I :
'
first($|),
bird(eaf ).
aj pin (&S1
),stick
(j&^).
so kind (^o^), kite (^iT).
O : ^s cot^s6") t box
(BS*^)-
<^ book(self),
look(col")
a stool (^ff), root
&. stone (fc*flry close\w /'
S7 mouse (sS*5y house
U ; 55 cut ("), shut
^ .* push (c^S), put (
duty (efagi),tutor
![Page 10: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar
T~ T I
.
bottle(o-flfi"),
c '. 5 notice (Sa5.), city (8>
f chemist ("&f), copper'
5 cheap (b5),chicken
5. Machine (aiiff),chivilry
D . 5 ' down (3-^),day
p . . 5
'
'
finger (&o*5"),fate
G .
:
^ dog(tr/T), goat
,f merge (3nf), wge *
S , laugh (sr5),enough (ci^
'
H . & orse )'Ilot
j . ff jump (ssoS), jolly (a-6).
K . r'
key (I),kick (r).
L .
'
5- lock (of), long
M . S> monkey (&ol),ntice
N . S" name(^Si),
neck (3).
P ..'- S post (SJ), pen (l
5 graph (in-S), phone
Q .''' 4 1* (
S^)' qUite Cl
R . 5" roof (55), road (&S)
S'.? S school (jSy^-6"),
slate(
. S V . shot(SfS"),
state
T . .
'
g- tea(e5),
ticket
$ thick (Sf ),thing (abfi)
5 that (a 6"),there (So).
, mention S>, section
![Page 11: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
English Grammar
X
vote
- S\ fix
Example
),six
.(at,).
Examination
joy (spdc), yard (aforty (^S), eopy/Vi),
by (EV-type'tS 5)'
Zebra(4[_p), Zeal
(le ).
. "syllable(ftessff)" aS) ou-Ca.;8,1 esiS^
n-fe. 'syllables'
arffi&S
spelling
[Soft StfSo!&. syllablesr?
1] shower (sho-wer^-^), 2] power (po-wer=>-5-\ g]
'beyond(be-yondrra-d^oa), 4] brother
(bro-ther=iB-tf5-)~
5] either(ci-therssas-Sff), 6] examination
(exa.mi-na.tjon=
,,., -1 & (S sSesSb- Bo& syllables rpSb, sE'^
syllables rf&> S^SotfiaarSa. cat, rat, out, putdog,
, a.-| syllables' ^5S ^4ss>"s
![Page 12: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Po English Grammar 10
PARTS OFPEECH
B\ -tS. OB'S....
"Parts of Speech
1]Noun
4] Adjective (s^
position (atf j?
juction
2] Verb(L d&) t 3]
, 5]Adverb'
(L d^ Blsi'wsSaa), 6] pre-
7] conjuction (tSsS3atf^cBoSS)i . 8]Inter-
(Nouns)" &9^) wofij'do.
Definition:. A noun is the name of a person,
place or thing etc.
:-1]
Suman (v&&"):= &&h Istib! 2] India(ejoflcSir-)=:
-tab!-8]
Godavafi(^cs*sSG)=
SfiliCfif 4] Tenali
!
5]Ghair
1],Rama is a good boy
(o*&a<&&oO
'2]Sita sings well
(fctfx^^
8]The book is in the bag
($;S
4jM'angoes are sweet
(sS^aofis3o&-'
5]Tenalr i s a big town
^
2> sp^g&oo^o^D "Rama, boy, Sita, book, bag, mangoes,
Tenali, town" es& sSrfsSDO). "Nouns"
2] VERB."verbs
![Page 13: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
J'.P. English Grammar iie3J&|.fcc&
Def. :- A word which' expresses doing, being or.posscssin
is called a verb!' '
-
eat(8&fc):='3tf(sSiO)
f
a Sc^&^&. 2]is'
&^a. 8]have
(GAc&>oefo)==l
A
4]kill
(tfosg>fc)=
4
sto'a s&c& ^&^a. 5]
1]The ball is round
(a^a^ rt>Q\&&*rr
2]Who sits on the bench
(cag
3} Gopi killed a bird
4]He ovyns a building
*5]The maid brings water (3a&aft fccfi
2) 53^j&ooSotf)- "is, sits, killed, owns, brings"
io^o- 'verbs'
3]
. : A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun.
1]He
(wtfefc),It (a
.E^. : Surest bought an apple. He gave t to Ramcsh &>
"He" ^^Sfi- ^uresh'so Didbon-&, "it"-
apple'
2]She (a>\ Her
-E^. .'Ravali has a Maruthi Can She presented it to her
sister(tfsSJS-
.sb^efifisfS"^rS^fi,,
<^^D osa*-tfr5 Rj*cSS8 Svtfeo)
. "She" tt&Sfi- Ravali a>emx>, "It" ^ir:a- "Marutlii
![Page 14: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
J'.JP. Bngiigtx Grammar
car",-"her" &f5a- Ravi
8] They
Ex.: Raju and Ranjith are friends! They are Cricketers
S&dc&o tfo&ITeo l^o"" '
- Raju and Ranjith
l] ;l am a boy (^ s?eo&&)! 2]
YOU are a teacher(S^Co-
^ed&oeo)! 2]He 'went to Tenali '(&&. ^
Sipjefo). 4]
is a. dancer T^s"So'SjJS)!" 5J
They are. playing tennis(syefi-
-"I," you, He, She, They" c*&^2too^,...
:
'
corv &
4] ABJECTIVE
^Adjectives" e5?S
De/. :-An Adjective is a word which tells the quality, qu'anthj-
or -number 'of a noun.
dkcp-ii :-1]
Red'(^esjsS)), 2]
Little(rdBsSa), 8] Five (oc), I
Beautiful (wotfSbS), 5] Big (!)), 8]Soft
(3a'tf)...
1]Swetha''is
;
'a beautifui --girl
2] The Earth is 'round ^8] There are thirty boys in .the class room(tftfX8
n<ScT"-^
41 Anand is a short boy (estfoS- JJrg
1 Yammuna is -a good dancer 'fdi^ti-.
'"la sptf<?sSo d^o(5D- "beautiful, round, thirty, short, good" ss-
_ s.
..
''s3isS.ib&- Adjectives (T nk;^ -6:65^Ao{^rJ(& i^Sj'OiyCo i'w'r!
![Page 15: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
8] J.P. English Orammer la
5] DVERB(
>- "Adverbs"
f. :.An Adverb is a word which describes a verb, an adje-ctive or another adverb.
*".-1]
Chitra sings sweetly fig m . ^^ ^&&o&\ #s
"sings" & verb &. "sweetly" & adverb. - -,TS
*''-2] Sasi is a very good girl ^5- oo
adjective &. "very" ^& adverb
3J Jayaram teaches very loudly. (esdS^o ft{Jn-'
J
"loudly" ^& Adverb c^b- "very"
1] Sujatha came, yesterday ^i,^^. a^ ac^Sa). 2] The child
is crying loudly fig Mean*fiefc&^a-). 8j My mother walks
yery slowly,(&. e^-^e>. as^arv; ^&&oa). 4] Vandana
writes 'well^otfS- ^^^n" L530?? '3)-
5] Ramya loves Raghu
deeply(tfsfcg...;tfb&- rv^sSan*" ^^^^a).
"yesterday, loudly, very, slowly, well, deeply"
Adverbs rv e
6] Preposition- prepositions n
Sktf^tfo fSoeaotfS$x>& g^^tf^fP&SSao, i1^es^?S^b sfctf|S
![Page 16: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
.J,P. English Grammer
3e$ : -Sfc'^e>^ ('
(A. preposition V- -a. word which
the relationship- between a noun or., pronoun 'and:;-some
other wore!]. .
..
.
.
' " ";
E.Y.:- ll The pen is in tie "pocket . '(&: &&g*'3>ti^&j*$*
_x",v..,^- "pen", "pocket" es& oo^ noun'
CO'O ;
^^M'w tV*'. 1 XT.
i^x^- "in" s*& preposition gSc&^&^fc.
21 Sadlia is kind to me(&Sf ^g>&^^-4^
A' hi mel! ^& proiio-un, sb,
ukind
nrfa adjective
so{sS^sSx^-* 4
to" =^^ preposition c^Co^ ,&%&.
*d1 Kaveri came from Mumbai (s'^d&iOE?o ^
-j SPSV^^- '"came" a&'verb_^ ?"Mumbai" .w& noun
^ v . v%! < ,.. ,, v<,,^.. '"from" rfo preposition^ ^-Aw '.VVJ w<f * '.
ll The s'ua'rises in the
He spoke to his brother (*& ^ ^tf&a^6
&p^^&). -8}
I met Samhi-at the college gate (3
g^&X 4"i She fell into the river
i'l The tree is near the compound wall(Sdo3-(S5
<^^. c\ ^"3 ^^sofc'S- "is, .to, l.at, into, aeat"^^c*.
**
/'* 8i'
'
.
^
.
;
'
, .'._.
ix* prepositions 'n6 sS^
7]
ctioas" so^^.f A conjunction is a -word which is used to join;.
words or sentences- '-together).-'--
;
'
-.
'
_.,
Ev.:. !! Preethi .and:
-Sru.thi. 'are: .-.sisters (^ &><$&>^;,3.
.
Sr^dli;'
![Page 17: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
J.P. English Grammer 15fi3f6[&c& goAS [rr
ft&5"
2]Give me a pen or pencil (V^&o 3cp fcrSsg) ^>o
s^oa,)! 3 a^fta ^>55i;oro&- "Give me a pen", "Give me a
pe-ncil" es& "Bodfcsyg'gSSao
axis'! tfs c3o&>s^i'gS&ooJfe-
"or"
eu"^ sp^g&inP eoS&&r5jfi.
8]Padma is clever but lazy (sS^- "Padma is clever", "Padma is lazy" && "3o&
S1
! "but" *& sSeSsSa-
1]Suseela and Janaki are good singers (&& &8dtS ss*J58
xr)! 2]Use pen or pencil /Vo&o 9f fcri^ s3>e>c& &S3
)! 8] Shyam is poor buthohest(<pg&
ISitfa^ r?fc-...
as*dti>&sScfiefo)!4J The train started before r reached the
railway -station (&6 2%'"!^^" ^^*D^ ^odSbrrJ3 *.. L^oco^
8Dd3oeo3af6a- 5]When the teacher entered the class, the
students got up (&i^gc&><&>- tftfrfB ^(wc)"fi ^
[aSS^o'tfrr'S....
Sjc^geico aoerj7c&).-e'e
Ej-^gSawodfO.... /'and, -or,-, but, before,
when" o?6i sSfsSae- 'conjunctions* n* J)doo ^-*
8] Interjection
L'J
"Interjections'1 wO
(An Interjection is a word which expresses sudden
feelings like surprise, sorrow, fear, joy, etc.,),
Ex.:.1]
Alas! She is dead,(e*3jg!
a3)
4l
Alaslf
e5^o SStfsS- ?3o^iS:b^ SOifi
2jHurrah! Padma wonthe championship (-uV^! sSfiJj
"Hurrah"
![Page 18: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
J.P, English Grammer '18(&'
8] Ah] How.-beautiful Is this building'
.. ....''Ah" C3& ^oSD> ,
;
Alasi Is it your mother who met in the accident
new typist
got- the state
.efr8....
uA!as, Oh, Hurrah"
ArticlesUA or An"
,
"Articles =(
Parts of speech) r
Kinds of Articles :-
j^wx>ex>n *i^Soa*db.l]
"A or An"
Article, 2]uThe"e^^a- Definite
^3 Articles &- &
]Oh! Are You the,,
^]Hurrah! you have
*c^5)!! ^csys"^'.
'Interjections' r? ^T ;
"
'ofJrVicxv, Adjectives
Indefinite
Article.
"a, e, i, o, u" <',;& oodi
"cry, fry, fly, sky"
*sS*e:o
rj u.6J ... articles
![Page 19: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
JLP. English Grammer 1,7
Usage of 'A' or 'An'
l] es&^rpaber Common
rvS 'Singular
v.:. An eye, An. ass, An orange, an umbrella, an idol etc.
2] STO)^ n"fc\ jg> tf^sr* rvfe [^tfoOosSB3& 'S^sSrfrS
/Ex. :- A bench,- 'A*
chair, A donkey, A fox, A soldier, A union
3]apsfcoprfg
1
SS^^D^^WH"
etc.
. :- An honest .(35) man, Anetc.
,An A
4]"U 11
esS
"A"
university A European
etc.
5,]"One"
2Sv. :- A one(*$<") rupee note, A one
^sSS") rupee coin etc.
Usage of 'The' (a/tf ao3j>Ksta):i.
1] iS^e*..... S)tftf^SrS) Sex)SS) nouns So S^oe5
c?0. ^.:- The Sun, The Moon, The Earth, The Sky" etc.
2] &S;b(j&Dex>, StfrfS&e,.S&e-, ^^^00^
SDDDO^- *Thef
a AS5c^pAocy>). v. :. The Atlantic
The Himalayas (Stf^sSajeo),The Ganges (Sfl),
The Bay ofBengal (w^tfsia)
etc.
8} [SSag |^ofsSe figSi^o&- 4
The1
a ksScSr'Aoa'O. ^,. ;
The Bible, The Koran, The Ramayan, The Mahabharath etc,
![Page 20: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar .
'
'IB
4] V& ..(Steffi'>- '>5
"SM^sior?cSr
So &>o&.... 'Thie'S &63s*Ao^8'AY;- The cow is a domestic
animal, % .
5]U&?c3* Q
"eScp "j(3 3S&&" e*& otf&o S5&N S$tfS$b.&
J S_j, .
^__ -'
cp vJ
So&- 4
The' & &3$SpftoE>. &,:-. The book you presented me
was too good*
8] Superlative degree (^^>3^^|^)^ 4^ adjective S , S:oo(Sb-
{
Tlie* ^j &3^Aoa>.. *.:- Murnbai is the most populated city'
in India.T]
"The" $&&-estfcyfc. ^ooeir?fc, ^ci^ c^^ iiooeibrrfo
sSO^.^o.... "6" 55 1C) s5osS). Ex. :- The (a) egg,The honest(a
*
S5S5) 8] "The" ^^^5- ^co& sS^oCin^^ sS^cotf^S &;o^jr!t)63 / J O ,
' O i
.sSfi^cSieSo...'."dS" e5^.sSes^), v. : The
(eS) poor. The(ci) usage,
'^ Kinds of'MonnsNouns &- -s^
O
.SDabsr^ .OsJaoiPdi. eS isSSn .,.; l] Proper Noun, '2]Common
Noun, 8]'Collective Noun, .
4]Material Noun, 6]
Abstract
Noun, .tfs.ai^pfiSS*.... stotffl f3'ex)^) ^xjo&- "Concrete, Nouns
O fO
1] Proper Noun (Sgj l^
nXisir|Cj'& "Proper Nouns"
3*&.-'Ex.i.- Ramani ('tf&sS^ = e,^- sS<? "t)6! Delhi frl)V=' * \" o/.
'
'
>6! Akbar U&'vTW"" "
'2] CpmrnonNoun^s cP^s^^sf-siM) : a,"! <s-as Soa^-
,.[4S^a8, ^ScrSS, ; |SSd sS&^sSp sS^o^ "fj^o^- "CommonNouns" e$fr
:
-<odF.e&. A-. :i cat, rat, city, town,' table, chair,
girl, boy, man, woman etc.
![Page 21: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
J.P. English Urammer
3] Collective Noun (fi
ao&ekeo SCP sS&s&o j3sSDjSj'^c& Seosjj.
"&&<&-. "Collective
Nouns" esS ^0^6, .*.:- Army (^&^ r5s$^s5*&>)! Crowd,
'Mob (&&sfcge .f5sS3Tsfo&eo)i Herd, Flock fao&^o . fS&r^&o)!
Pack, Bunch'(sS^s&e>.:.SSsS^s^sS)!
. . ,.
.
.
4] Material Noun'(^i5g ^.ic^^.^^^^^w):-^^
a-" Material .Nouns"^a ^o&r^.- ^'.: Oil, Milk, Gas,
Gold, Silver, Mud, Water, Iron, Coal, Sand, -Chalk- 'Rice, Paddy,
Wheat etc.". .
': v ,-.
'
:
;
'
'; \ .
-
'
'<.
'
;
.
'5]Abstract Nona ("^8 ^^o^CJ^^g):,w 2>ei
^ ."Abstracts nouns"
6D tS>c^ow!'
c5sxo),hardness .
(rfgtf &>):,whiteness
(eg,'
^ea^c6&3') ^S^^S. ^essiop-'.^&l- .
].movement. (tfdS&6,;.^^); .waik;--.(^^), sight (iSp^)y
theft'
'
'
'
8],Childhood-
(o$^'S-sS) v '/oIdness (s&>&&$;5),. poverty. ("tcS-
."'.-^sS), richness(c5oSicSjL^sS) $^cSa |&0; "&.g>!
'"'
4 music SoAtf&>, . dance- (tf&o'), .literature '(Srgj^tfg^)
....
. ,.
.
.
.Bj.,Grammer (s^gg'o^cOD),. Geogrpphy (^p^tffio), Palinistry
Abstract, Nouns- 'Adjectives1
,
'Verbs1
,
*Common Nouns* &o.& -Sitf
![Page 22: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
J.P. English Grammer 20 3OA &
Adjective Abstract Noun
good
old(
hard(rfg)
poor "itf
goodness
oldness
hardness
poverty
see
think
obey
grow
Abstract Noun
sight '(^^.}
thought ^S16
-,
obediejice
growth'
Common Noun Abstract
child
friend
slave
man
childhood(
friendship (gp
slavery
manhood
Kinds of Verbs
6's'^.2x>rr> &tfdoEp& a JMSSr?'......1]
Transitive verb
.2] Intransitive verb-(wtt^tf ifldS*),, 8] ! Finite verb
iSs&), 4] Infinitive .verb(oSsSpSStf LSc38:.), 5] Weal
verb(&tfy L cJSi), 6] .Strong verb
(Ls3K6 L8crf>), ?J Principalverb
(:Sai| cfia), a].Auxiliary verb(KSsJsoaSJT iSc&)!
l.JTraasitiye Verb:- '^ .(subject/a*a>- Vtfi (object)' 6
aoabSgjn-"Transitive Verbs
sStftf^ LfldSw)>
to her guests
![Page 23: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
4] JJ>. English Grammar aj
(gives)'!tfB
;LSc&- "her guests (-i)63tf^'
2] Rwxthi reads the Ramayana everyday
&&&oa). ^esrtfgSfrS*,,.,, 'tf^ (Revathi)'
(reads) ! ^eL o6- "The Ramayana
2] Intransitive Verb:-
- "Intransitive Verbs(wtf^tf L d6ex))"
1]Doha
Stf^db. SO&&,,..
2]Usha runs fast
. *.3] Finite Verb :- a
L o^ StfsS 3s3...B-s-gtfss ^6
"Finite Verbs
1] They go to office
- ^go7
! sia a&^5*. "They to office
2] The girls play chess
Si6^- "play" <a?6
4] Infinitive Verb :J Simple present
"to" e*& preposition' ?6 ^cos^do^ J)6x
^db ^ctfp s5eJ^ (verb").... "Infinitive Verbs" e$JO
1]I like to go to cinemas
![Page 24: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar
8]To ty<s/A: short distances is a good exercise
&&&& &>o>53*gc&n>&&o)l
5J Weak Verb ;. S &>$g .SdSpsSeJ^^. present tense
SN^ol
Verbs
past tense d-rsSs&& 2ro&S$*>4
-d\4
-ed' '-t' SSSN^ suffixol
Present Tense Past Tense adding Suffix
1]walk - walked
(.ed)
2]talk - talked
(.ed)
2]believe _ believed
(_d)
4]receive _ received
(-d)
5]send _ sent
(.t)
6] lend _ lent(.t)
6] Strong Verb :.s$s>g ^c&oi (Principal Verbs)- present
tense &>od~ past tense cipi^b STo&S&^b....^ &os>Qidi>o 'fi^sSii8)L w
^eo (inside vowels)5
s5j*el^ <3tfo,... oS ^c^o&- "strong
& :-Ij
Come(present tense), Came
(past tense). #i
|8csS^....**o" ^?Sa ^^0 ^^ 'a
1
n* 'si*
tense), knew(past tense) #e jlc&a"
3 "o"
.... "o" ^^ a^0 'a1
r? ^s^.2] know
(present
7] Principal Verb t- &&<ste c&o ^s
"principal Verbs
Ex.: . Cow ^/^ grass ($ ^a doso&). 2] Kumble
cricket(^oo| /1S"?^ w&?r&). .8]
Our grandfather
stories
![Page 25: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
J.P. Engligh Grammar 28
8] Auxiliary Verb:. &>g[Sc&a> (principal verbs)-SSDO tense Co^&oeo STo&fcSfo c6s$*c&& L c&e&,...
"Auxiliary
Verbs (*& |c&e)" ^ <s>o&?&.
wS is$f6r? ..."]] Be, 2] Have, 8] Do
? 4]Can
s S]-May f
6] Will, 7] Shall, 8]Must" ^& ^
^dfio .^^^ tfp&fcreS8....
41
Need, Dare, Ought, Used" -5& r̂ ^^ 'Anomalous Verbs'
4 Anomalous Finites (&&i,c&^ ^
Kinds of Pronouns
B pronouns
^S SsSSrr 1
....!]Personal Pronouns,
1
2V Possessive Pronouns,
8]Relative Pronouns, 4]'
Demonstrative Pronouns, 1 Interro-
![Page 26: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
J,P. English Grammar 24
gative pronouns, 6] Distributive pronouns, 7] Indefinite Pro -
nouns, 8]Reflexive pronouns, 9J Reciprocal pronouns.
1] Personal pronouns (%
&- "Personal
pronouns" <*> <&o&&. & [Sofl 4o*sStfe9
1]"I. we, my, me, mine, our, ours, us....
2] "You, Your, Yours...." w&tfS)- ^
8] "he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, they, them, their, theirs,
its...." e$&3i- uS' raS'-
r\o{& personel pronouns!
Possessive pronouns
o- adjectives sSS^.... Sia ^&SP^- nouns
possessive pronouns.... mine, ours, hers, yours, theirs etc.
1] This pen is mine [& ^osS^.>y>a)!
^B syg's^^- *mine'
sptf .... noun o&. ^ 53*^gS^^- ^3 3g^ cSa^tSsS^al,... "This
pen is my pen!1* ^^ <rfo, "This is mine pen!" &
21 This house is theirs (& $&> sp5aVf ^:J V CO /
SO^S^al....this house is their house" es!0rp&, "This i3 Llteirs
house" eS n.
"ours, hers,
theirs, yours ..." e$;o^spjSp^fpfc,...
lt
our*s, her's f your's...."
apostrophe ('
![Page 27: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 25
3] Relative Pronouns
^PDO&> g'oD^b (relate)^ &sS<^>Ao& ?6^f^&sSx)e&- "Relative
pronouns" esS) eso&pdb. 3) 5)sS^rv .. who, whom, whose, which,
that, what, as, but etc. SJO&'&T> t^ ?5o>o<3o);S.... whatever,
whoever^ whichever, whosoeversS-aJS^fo
SP&& &p^ "Relative
pronouns" es& ef>o6r&. -^s(
1"]That is the woman who stole my bangles
oC^ ^ *3&)! ^s s^^g&D^a- "who" o$t c5^c3&&D.- "That is
the woman" ^5dio "She stole my bangles7
21 This is the bride vr/zow I wish to takeJ
tou)?6 S5db^) ^eS))!esp^g&D^T
8^- "whom
"This is the bride" 6>eidto "I wish to take" e3
4] Demonstrative Pronouns
o?6D- "Demonstrative Pronouns" <^ e5odp6. ^S ^s6?6?T.... This,
That. These, Those, Such etc, AcysJBdP
sSb- ^s fSo<2> SPL.
ljr/if^ is my box and that is yours
.... "This", "That"
&- "This
"These
"That(wfl)",
"Those
is the house where I was born
.6*., t . "This" e*&i"ofl- "^s^ SJOD"CO
![Page 28: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
JJP* English Grammar 28 sjoAS
5] Interrogative Pronouns(|
"Who (s$&), whom(j>s$ea),
whose
what(JiSfca)
1*
a?& [fS^co
"Interrogative pronouns" e$> e$o
*:1]
tfVz0 is your father
"whowe^b cStfj?&sSD- ^o[fl
117/^f Is your name )
AV,v : . "Who" ^&f5
w&?:a- s:&ft&& ;"which 51
1]"W'Ao is she?" *&'
name(osi -53^o)?" j&
2]-WA/f/j is she?"
her point (?Sj
-HVwr is she?" &profession (a ^ S
6] Distributive pronouns
. "who"
sSva
"which"
"what"
which
"what"
""; "what"
"What is her
.
"What is
iafi^a.
"What is her
.- "Distributive pronouns"-:.T.... Each, Either, Neither, Any, None atfe /
t. :-1]
EacA of the girls is given a mango (0.: &aa 3^ s:. Baa). 2
]/,AW Of the boys must do it
|>eas Is good
![Page 29: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
J.P. knglisk Crammar
1] Indefinite pronouns
wCteaea
- "Indefinite pronouns" eft
&*&
x. :-
i^Allis well
then nothing (&$&>
knows that secret^ded prizes (ootfsap
to the swimming pool
8] Reflexive pronouns
.
2]
SOc&ei). 4]
2Poc3*&).51
is better
8] Nobodywere awar-
of us wentCPO
t&*
- "Reflexive pronouns"
"Emphatic or Emphasizing pronouns" e^S)
^. : -1]
She hurt herself (ea^Sb<a^
n-dSis54Sa). 2]I hid
myself in the room(53*
esotfdo ^^ ^66"*ca-^rc^jS)). 3] She
herself read the letter(es^go sg& Atf 6'SS ^^a^). 4] They
themselves crossed the bridge (sFtfo&do
5jWe oureelves planned the project (s$r>
Note :-
JtesStfrSsfcoSodb^ personal pronouns &- "self"
.;. my-myself; she- herself; he-himself)
SSo&rS^ s^fig- "selves"
^x.;they-themselves;our-
ourselves) n'fo.... 'Reflexive
pronouns' itf^rfpooo.
J] Reciprocal pronouns
SS-Sbo
![Page 30: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
.1*. English Grammar 2tifi3$[id&
/*belo) S)c:x>^c&> cStf^&s&B^cfc- "Reciprocal pronouns'
:.
i]These two sisters loved each
:other(&
tf&j ^^^^^<i,*)* 2] Students shoulc
help one another(^cpg^eov
8a^5 ^^6orS^g'aoi^^spO).
. 35&e ^^.ci&S^^8
S... "each other" o& ^^
K><^,.., "one another'"
Kinds of Adjectives
ves1 &- easso ^^ocorp aaftBoE?tf>. S -SsSfSr^....
1] Qualitative;
Adjectives, 2] Quantitative Adjectives, JNumeral Adjectives
4] Distributive Adjectives, 5J Demonstrative Adjectives, 6 ;
Interrogative Adjectives.
1] Qualitative Adjectives (fibDP^S* a^sic^Siwto);,.^
4)e,'SS|&-SSS^ rteS5e& 30d&^c&> S)1^ra^eD?&- "Quail]
tative Adjectives" gcp "Adjectives of Quality" o^ e>
'fie. :- Sudhakar is an honest man (&^ST ^
It is a tall tree (a atf-2Trf3.-Sdg)!- 8] Sakunthala is a hoU
woman (V&o&o Ztf^rtv d)! 4] We had an
2] Quantitative
tltative Adjectives1 ' ^ "Adjectives of Quantity" oft
..., "How much(iotf)?"
:
1]I have little money (^ .rg
), 2] Sujatha got w///cj>i,< nwks in
![Page 31: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
JS"!J.P, English Grammar >j
efiS[S>c&soSS* \rv
Sa).;
8]Mohan eats
rice-; f^u ^^"^fco^sS -esrS^&j So5j*&\ 4] Aruna ha's
., money in her purse
3] NumeraltAdjectives (o?pg a"S^
69^^ r?& e5cp sSc&fS&.^beSo^ rffo
"Numeral Adjectives9 '
^cy "Adjectives of .Number" ^^)
. ba^) &QA..,.. "Ooc^rT6OtftfoEs-iSo. e5Si SsS^n ,...
a) Definite
Numeral Adjectives ^Q oSo^g'
Sul^es^xico,), b) Indefinite
Numeral Adjectives (y>6Si oSosjPo
""
a^sieoSiaX i SStfSe;b tfeK,
\ Q .'O"
U'
. /
1]There are three members in that family
(
"^ro6 jSsigec A^di). ^sspS'jSjDar
8^ "three" ^& adjective.MsS^tf
!l
-' 'aasisxo'rp SO^^olodosSsD,^.... ajw "Defmite Numeralo OPO -
Adjective"! ,,
*
2]1
Kalpana is studying second year B.Com.Co\irse(Ers3^.f'j.u
ftS.
*'5^S>- poefS^rfoSS^b'^ "tfdSb^AcSjLfl). tfa D"&'gsS^a "second
year" .'wA'1
adjective- . "So^sS KSosS^tffii"^ .'
4
a|sS'?v 30 c&
^dtoti"SoS ... ^3 "Definite Numeral Adjective"!
8"]Several students failed in mathematics (.^otf c3*
J -, ,
' \
..rteJtf&aS* tf^ei). ^BsritfgsSaaer'a-
-"several"'- s& adjective.'
eJtsSn' n&5 ... fl 'Indefinite Numeral Adjective'! .,
4,1 Many dead bodies were, found in battle field (6^'
"many"
adjective- ''aSl^sSw' rr^)6.... eifl- Indefinite Numeral Adje-
ctive!' .
,
'
'
4] Distributive Adjectives* (Si$a$r>gefa
'rv rr-fo
... /'Distributive Adjectives" ^
![Page 32: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
J.V. English Grammai' Sill
i1
*,:*l]
Neither team scored a goal fia,
ft'&g&o Sc'eSfii)^. 2JEither book will help you for the c
nation';(> a^ ^j^S^S^.... 2>6<<s*
w/j .girl .eats a mango (p& Er>W R.B' r
5|Demonstrative Adjectives (-S)J
sS^o?i>- "Demonstrative Adjectivfes" ^
.v. :.
1]77/^.vt' buildings are on the hill ^ &^'co ff*c
2&w^a^.^
|
VY/C.VL:' books are old^ee [yVo^Uco >cJnj). ?J"|
girl is beautiful ^ s^Oi, woCjS)^). 4jI need f/;/^ bag
6] Interrogative Adjectives (1^^^" -aUsicoSwyft
"What, which, whose" uto S5sSe- *Noan (s'& ^.ooA ^oefc.... SiflK) '-'Interrogative Adject
ow box,is'this^fi
j6 ^^)? a]M:V//<
;
// girl go
rank(i
as06' ^^sa STo3&)? 8]Wmrboo'ks do you likt
reading (tf&x;&*&fcSbS> ^^S'^>o^ fc^ si^B^^)? ^o a^^.
'.'whose, -which, '.what11 s& adjectives- -
wbox, girl, bo
noiins. SJ
j. a )Sro(-?^..l]
Adverb
Time, a]Adverbs of Manner,
3,]Adverbs of Quantity,
Adverbs" of Number, 6] Adverbs of Place,ft]
Adverb
Reason, 7]Adverbs of Affirmation, o
p
j
Adverbs of Negat
9]
'
Comparison of Adverbs,-10]
Two forms of Adverbs,
Interrogative Adverbs, 12]Relative Adverbs,
![Page 33: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
J.P; English Gr-amffiar'
81ac5[ic& ajoASi
:"1]Adverbs of Time., (s*.e>
&e. teCfcfo 3*5?SS& - ^OcCa'^dfio
1
^ctxpS"cO,eoSSx)''o?i)-> "Adverbs
of Time" &ti e*odp&*. rfe^&o
aspfltooOT AsSi
o3r^otf.8j^es*a.i
"Now f Then, Already, Early/
Soon, Immediately, Since, Ago, Before, Afterwards, Yesterday,
To-day, To-morrow" e*&. Adverbs- id
1] Ramya will; ceme-wDw ^s^o %& cr/Koei) "2] Already
the child is one year- old ($sS^Jt 9 &df& Sar-fi $o^f^0! 8}
Pihakini Express is comming by -one hour late^"s>sSS, ^^j
[liS a.^ ^Co<b. w^jSgsirt;
sS,^TSic5j|'a). 4] My sister came'
yesterday. (& ^^afbS^ S^Sa),'6] I will meet yo\L
: to-morrow
2] Adverbs of Manner
rbs of Manner" <&& woAptib. .
.v.:,, \J
Chitra sings sweetly : (&\<& &&tf^r'
S^&dbd'aY 21 -
*
Our grand mother walks slowly (&* ftfc&S&s i3s%rr?; $<& ,
'ri>ou>j, 81 Lalitha speaks loutUv (&$& ti&r? sSpV^&CJboa^,-' 4 "I
,
' J- -^ '
\ .*>-,. 9 / . I
Jhansi Lakslimi Bai fought '"''^0;
(.^^olj?^o^ ,S^siah* S^a*
jSgSofl*SS-asweeitlyf slowly,' loudly, bravely" &&>
''
"
., ,
'Adverbs of ManrierVaoS^,,,. I/I'SPOOT&- &*l -
.
'tfE&s&nv*...*
Adjectwe*& fisStfw-ly" ^?& vQtil^ i6tfo
.... <s'e Adverbs 'es)^\dio i)iT>S^c^s5); Ev.; Bnd-
Badly; Sad -Sadly etc. '.
:
:
![Page 34: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
J'P. English Grammar f2 caricA sjoAS (r&J
31 A f5 verbs of Quantity (
Sj'oj ?\&>co tin 5 f oStSipesoSxi ) >e,o {-sSArSc^.... <3c&T?d&c> io^
^*V<c:r-r&- "\dverbs or Quantity1
* a ^o>.:L "Half, Partly,
wholly, Almost, Little, Quite. Much 1 '
t?&> Adverbs- <^&x &?5*
1] Swarna has finished half of the work (^6 r6?<^sSS) s$j* 6_j \ CJ 5 ^^
',*::&*,}. 2]He is ,/wn/r wrong(o^^) ^% S-J.^"^)! 3]
Sht took
.'' j':' time for cooking (s$ofc&^Zo ^w ?S&^3D &a^c6^6). 4")
Shj ii fj;//V{? happy with, her husband
vx ^ \
cCtxODr? 03 r.^ u ], .
.-'I His preachings are""W
4 Adverbs of Number
.... "Adverbs of Number"
**Once, Twice, Again, Never, Often, Firstly, Secondly, Three-
W,. Four- fold" <&%& Adverbs <^j- ^^^r-Ao
Anand -visited 'Madurai* once.
V 2l Sangeetba often goes to temple (;-6oAu5 tfw/ J V/
4
B6&oiS). 0]We are expecting tnree-fold rise of o\.r
bir-iness ; ^^u r^> s v^^^G"5 ::o^do^o "c-.!cuv
ou)r^> UCA^v^XV,
~o uU ^
41 Gomatld came to our bouse again in the night (ifr^^ &*
5] AdYeriis cf ^
xJg'? e^ 6AJSS*.. 4 .
^^^cs^vr? .. "Adverbs of Place1
*.& ^-ur-rb, "Here, There
Above, Below, Far, 'Near, Outside, JnsUl*;, Within, Without',
![Page 35: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
LP..- English Grammar.
_ ,83 - 83&J)d& 30AS \rp&>$'
& Adverbs
.1]She went there (^D _ w^^& SC'^fi), >]
He "came 'here
^ftS&'cj^^dS sSES^dfc
1
). |j]There is a book shop near the
temple rt>Stfes sg)c&ss$x>e> ei^essSx)^tS^a). .4] There is a
canteen Inside the' Bus-station &&
6] Adverbs of. Rca>on
) iciar* J&D5 ....
uAdyerbs of Reason'
1
o) eo&p^b. "As,
.Because, Hence, Therefore" ts& Adverbs-
^s(Jo
(3 s5^gSSe)& sSfiSCoO-, ^2r*orfo&!
'
l] Jviiniar did not attend .school, because he had fever s
ciflS Stf^&j odbt3^cSc6n?" . e^tfdfo83^tfs5A.>?&). a].
As she is
fifteen she could no ballott^"SaSb ^atr^^ f) '^^daSSo^,...
T^^ ^sS& 3c&3^35*ax>f5a). a]
The 'director is' ill, hence.
the meeting postponed ^jrB
^S&S&- wotfr^ Aw^o&S..'.. ^s ?5sSr>
^^^D HpooCT5
sSd?6<S>). 4j Gopi.is attending ,a marriage 'and is
therefore unable to come-(/^2)
7] Adverbs of Affkniation (gj
n*.... "Adverbs' of,Affirma-
tion" 0^ eodr'CSo, "Yes, By all means, Surely, Certainly"
f
Adverbs- ^c^ ASS<arA6tf3aS&(
.. f ^s [.06
ll yes, sheis a' good daiicer(37*fe,
^^> a>^ sCooS)$jfs)!
,.
2]
.By all/means Amani" is a suitable bride
![Page 36: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
IP. English Grammar
sS$S%)! 3]Surely they will
pass.(C\tfsfc>rps?&
g?BPdb). 4r]'Certainly She will' come (tf^&ocr
8] Adverbs of Negation -(gS"3sg*>
- "Adverbs of Negation"e$a wofcri
"No, Not, notatall, any" &&> Adverbs-
1JHe has no work (tfa8.$aa&). 2] They di'd not -do the:
home work(s^db
s-a -
sjodSsS.i SdiS(^b). fj]He is- not at all
gooti lawyer
Note\- 15 ^^a tftfSao4
Adverbs' ?Sr. "Simple Adveibs'
9] Comparison of Adverbs- (<^#& $&>'
?rtftf&j ('dn
, sl^raioe^):- wcCip'sSfSae' |Q (Degreejg sSo&oiSoO
fSdtp .'S"lsic9&a-jS>. "Comparison of Adverbs"
"Fast, Long, Soon; Hard, Early, Late'1
'degree
1-] a) Ramesh writes fast (ti^Sktixrr' \p>&}r- P sltive
degree ^a^asy b) Ramesh. "writes Faster than Suresh :''
Degree (3tf$5*&>) c) Ramesh writes fastest of all
Suerlative Degree^
;
2-1 al Radha came -early '(&$ IsodSsj*^ sSONSa") , p'ositi-ye.-JO*-..'* \ ;. TJ / .,
Degree, b) 'Radha came earlier than Rajan (v*'$-$&^ '^oS.t..f
S sS3;^-)-- Comparative Degree c)- Radha "came..
![Page 37: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
J.P. knglish' Grammar -
* * ^.. _..
______ _______ _., rT^ ___ .__
earliest"of all-.(crtf-
WO&CDS'O "&,-..
Superlative Degree:
10]Two forms of Ad verbs(a^j^^ ^5d$
1
. "Two
forms of Adverbs" && ^o^6, uLate-Lately; Near-Nearly; Hard-
Hardly; Loud-Loudly; Pretty- Prettily" &^Adverbs cT8-
1] a) Chandrika comes /^e to office(rfo^aV scpfoA
3c3g^rr, sS^oiS). b) Hri go his job
2] a) Lavanya came uear-ioRamani(^sSesg.^&^s CJh'
rfia). b) Sobhana and Padmini. are nearly related
8] a)Kamala studies. //rm/
(ssSbo 6'.^4
rfdbSS&bfl). b) Kan-'
-chana. studies -harMy due to domestic work
11] Interrogative
^SS^. 3cJS:at)& ^sScS^orf'coefo[jLoj? S"55:L3^)o?So- "iaterrogative
Adverbs*' ^ w'oic-.jo..." Why,. When, Where, How w^& Adverbs-
1]./*7^ is he late (w.a *ro^& -eSg&ir? sS^Si)? 2.J
l
did he come [&8& iSryefc Sw^c^^/ ,8]fK/z^re are .you '(fog)
^' deep, is this yell(.tfa
12] Relative adverbs -
i)(Sctfp at^sSeo* ieSS- fioo^^o fPSSa" s^w^Sfco^. rfo
![Page 38: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
J,P. .English Grammar
i
L,
"Relative Adverbs."
-v. : .
1] .
Nahatha lovedliis;\\hitc hoi.sc which Won the rac
.. ,, ,
i
, a r,i[ ^wuxOj'OO
2] Soundarya came to her school w/icrc b.hc .studied'
'
child' hood (> a>a6*8
BD^,,, s^^b &jcn?vj-u6iL ^' :\^- ^
'
,'.
t
N.;
_
' '
ou ^woj\,uo ^ &vj aj
^Todo^g sS3j&). a] Narayana got his4
l.p,s\ selection w/ft
'
exactly he expected (K5cpc&es> riOr^ &',Xo jj^ ,. . ^* ^
'Adverbs' ^
Kinds of Prepositions (M'
'Prepositions^
2] Compound prepositions, 3J Phraseprcposiiioais,
ijcjpie prepositions, 5] -Appropriate Prepositions.
!} Simple prepositions (^^^ a^-^-fc-'Prepositions',^- ^,,c Prep0s|'
&*;. To; (6,6).
;From (&04 ):
on ^-). upon(Sbc; ).
Near(N
![Page 39: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
JJ
J.P. English Graaimar.
-
W___ _^i]
The Maruthi Car fell into -the river (.& si^&t s^- ^-""T^
S^coo^Y 31 Sharmila is.. waiting at the bus-sico ? r' *- - ^/ J .''_ '
.
JL I *"^ **>
"
Crf'is,."!*
-o.^o) Sea& ^-j&D&a ^g 3Dc5xD?6^a). 4jWe will work //'c//;;
.iiorning till evening -;&o 4trC5c^^ & '^
"" >
2] Compound' Prepositions '(&&}& ^g^g^^ \.J.
. .
- Af ,."' -b-ip -^^vj.
fNoun) S& jTo), a.g' "")"l^e.Ib-i
(Adjective^ ^.^r-
^o" (Adverb) S& r?fe ^o^,^.,i;A 5
V 4Be"
S^& ^prepositions* .&-'.' -Conipoimd.
prepositions'1
;;
: '''&&&<>&>'&.,';"i)';4iong' (.
;-4bou,t (&^pdo, /6$o&);--4bov-e' .-j['i^$)?
. Across
etc.ii)
,^^l
^.S) etcv
'
iii)J/i'side
'
prepositions
ll There is a.. bridge. ^tv"o5^ the. river (^ S^ W&L'^ sJoS^J" ,.,.' , .,.'.
' V .a
:)&), 2] Raju wrote ten lines -^fcow/ the cow f^^^c ^loD-
3Ps3*-^(Si sSo&co jsp^^). 8] Sailaja walked .thrice around- the
temple..^leea^A-tSJico^ ,&r^fo ^S^i^^o) / ^JbeSp)... ..4].Sankar
built a house behind Gandki statue^rvoS 'Iji^^sb/'B^:^ $'ofcT
3aS' .-ioaa.!66^oE?.Cfo). 5] VijayaDasanii will come 'before Deepa-
vali(SS'SSI
1 .c^ou
3}. Phrase
"preposition1
.,^^ ;
Jc^^'
%>% ;
'i<S...^g.".^.5i^-*:".Phrase -
Prepositions1 '
.^^.J.^O&SP^. ';".; . ;'' ;.
;
ulnfront of , In course of, In addition toy By virtue of, Be-
cause of^ Away from, Along with" .^^prepositions ^- ^^'
![Page 40: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Wammar
i]In aJJiton to physics he
*
is teaching Chemistry (?
S&cs^ns:..erf&^^^^2 In from of me Bhaskar is there in the queue (S^Ssyci
8]/uc-ow/'je <;/ time he will change his nund
55a^& ii- rof&^. -.41' ^^ w
'
7 "'*- Ms application'"'""-' ''' '''-
sent his certificate'
copies also; (tftfefo^,
4j Participle Prepositions (|8d&^Jf Ptfjgtf
s-^5L: xr:&- prepositions s^2!*o^aS ..... Sfa^ present pai
ciples- 'prepositions' Sa'^S^csaa. ajfl sSd>e>jS>'
"partici
prepositions" && ^.oi^&.*'
Regarding,"
considerihgv pendu
gi^s - prepositions- & i
ljConsidering her experience she ,wafe' selected '.at once
(^
cij^jp j>&Ssic'^i?j3o i
ei3 ^SjCf, ^ef SCSD&?S.). 2j AV\
rrf'H^.his application there is "nothing in the letter(c55r5
<
F& sSoflDOHJ^xrp ^ MJfifSaoS* &t)oS&)/ 8]He was warned
his. officer about the files "he kbpt in pending
5], Appropriate
'prepositions* &- "Appropriate Prepositron&"4<Abide by (^iaiA- oi:o&), Accountable to
,
('sss^GM-
i&o*), Bound for(id6e'3jCli)&) 1
- contented with'(^2> S"
:prepositions--; p
t .(poe):..M"
s rcVtn
![Page 41: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
'J. P. English. Grammar 89'
. _-~_o.__,___;_____________________s____
1]All the players have to abide *
.umpire fa.
isoeroj. 2] The clerks are accountable to their.
'
officer-
TheExpress is ^W/>,- Kew Delhi (*:**** ^-
a). 4] Oangaram 'is. f^/?r^u-/iS" his i
-Prepositions^
/fc^.'
'-.' . .
1] Prepositions denoting point 6f Tj ffle
.
^ .SBO& S^- 'prepositions'^-'Trepositions denotingpoint of Ttmc" aa oofj-es. "By, Fmm, Before,' Since" US- pre-
"
1JYou must come back 'by 4 o'
SJ&s'^-saA o-art). 2] Baby will go to school from iQih;Ju
(*~$ Z*& $Z- &o& $>* ,a;
8S^^oS). 8]'
I shall 'reach mynative, place before this- weekend
(*, a-o-otf^^ ^ S .SaSa
_sfa&*& ^*B-O). 4} 'She has been working 'there since 1991
(*9>'*^j.rf 1991 &osSa^dBoBfi&S^a);.
'',
2] Prepositions denoting period of Time^atf a*ggtfr&ft)-,. a,^' ia^s^-period)?i rt&,a SS^c^ 6.tfaBe,ab&,o&-ia
i.'pr-"'Prepositions' denoting Period.pf Time" A ao^&.
v "For,In, Wivhin" w& prepositions- ^
"
1J She shall be tack /W an
S] He applied leave fo, a week (<?*
![Page 42: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
J WP, English' Grammar 40. ,
_K&fcd& qoAS irp&iT
<3P& 1>|>&), 8] I have been working In this office for three
years (S^&fcjn* 3& ^s .iPCP*e>u&D<5e
&Q&^&c3*v^V 4!* "j ' J
You must construct this shed w/r///w a month r^' 3o rVo
f: " Period of Time '& >o8o$;5 prepositions &. 'point
of TiiAe' & S)d&^dS-SSpt)o& ^oei) op^ae5b. si "&.,.. Point ofCO
os:o$oC^ prepositions &~. /Period of Time' ^ BDcAStfsb^ sSao&
'
-of Conjunctions
1] Co-ordmatin'g conjunctions, 2] Sub-ardinating Conjunctions
8]Correlative Conjunctions, 4] Phrase Conjunctions.
1] Co-ordinating CoHJunctions(&&o SsSw^cabsSwcjo):^^'^ ^^^^ ^^<^)^cJio "So&
op^g<Ks5^ (clause) e&- "Co-ordinate Clauses" && eso^do. qd ^A-S ^^^o.aodfo 'Co.
ordinate Clause' o&> S'OD^ .
'fSSa^cSsiB' o^- "Co-ordinating
"-Conjunctions" ^a- e5odcp6. "And, But^Botla, Also/ Not, Yet,.
"Therefore, Then, too, Only" e&> ''Conjunctions'.. ^ LSofi s^o
'!] My sister is studying medicine arid lam -studying enfinee.l-
ring(55- &^o 3tfg otf^' tfd6&ot>.... ?^o ,
:^^ ;,^^o ^ci^!
). .2]' My father is in Chennai ^//?</ my mother is in a!
8]He is a good doctor hut is not a good mon
atisa Singer ? Soblii
![Page 43: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
jf.t*. English Grammar 41. ttr$[!>c&
sioA
is a dancer both are friends(OjjS rvo^S, $* tf
2] Subordinating Conjunctions
:- *>$' 'Principle Clause' &- a,l
Sub~ordjnate
'Conjunctions'^- "Sub-ordinaling
ctions &9^)
v >:w Revathi failed in her examination because she did not
study well
vvTs sptfgsSwSotfO-uRevathi failed in' her .examination"
&* 6 e^^&o $&>& S^ ... e^a 'principel clause' .ctfa. *she- *, -J
.
'
.not study well',
.. suS 'Sub-ordinatc. Clause' oiSa."eig
... 'Principe! Clause*
.Sub-ordinate Clause' e>& Seo^tosS^.... "Because"
*Sub-ordinating conjunction* oSa.
Note: 'Principal clause' Jbtf ^sc^cTsSfl slr|^& ^tf'&oo)C3b^
/<sSc>;&>1
- "Sub^ordinate Clauses11
&$ wotr'CSb* sV 'Sub-ordinatmg
conjunctions1
^)^>*53pAotfcDAS& .- ^ [SoO 53-^o&oo'?Sa SS&&
1]As I am suffering from fever, ,J could not attend the school
(i3& ea^aaafif* B^tfSi&^^rtCisSesS....wd^
3tfj3tf SJ*d3j*c&). -2"].
Though he is poor, Gupta earned more properties (rtbjS"Ssc^
sr=^o so^ ... e9*J&tf*3efc &3r&o& ?3oSp<ao^r&). 8]iSekh&r's dead-
body 'was kept there witi! his son came^wtfa
^^p&eio sSS^, sSesSip.... ~$5 &^tf
cS^Sxo iai&^3'6otfao4Sa), 4]You will not
be appointed iu this job vnlgp* ypu get your degree
3] Ccnrrelative Conjunctions (titfS^tf Soaotf tfsto^
![Page 44: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
J,P. English Grammar.
'42esfy&dft eioASi \r
, sjiroC"3
"Correlative Conjunctions'1
a ua.j&. "Either.. ..or,
ther. ...nor, Not only.,, ..but'
also,' 'Though,*..yet" o& t.V,
1]Blether attend the work 0/
1
. go home(^330 3
.|^> 36j)j'a]Neither. Hit pouter of his father /w t the mo
"uf his brothers have saved, him (w^S dSo^fl- wS^^orpfc, >;
S'tfCiotfeai^n'S)
^^o)^ tfi.otfdS' sJ'ocaSa).3
|
He is //^/ onl.
doctor- ftw/fl/Jf? 'a patient (e^i^c^ 'Sdbgdfo sip^^ c^fio ...
iB*fl^rc?j! 4]
Though she is hliend, ^'/ she docs her dul
wellies35
|^|S^,... 'tftf
4] Phrase Conjunctions
rs^ rSoiJ^sSooe^.... rs^ 'phrase1
-'conjunctions' -553 <
/avtarfatfe^pM,, e}3 opfiiJ-' "phrase conjunctions'*. ej*rD epc.\\T".
uln order that, As soon as, As well as, Even if, , As if" ^
l] They studied well uiard'er itm they -may get ranks in the
entrance test(sycfc ^rp TSOsS Sc^^&o^
tog {ir*]o,.,.ss?'cSo U,P
i^&r. SSfiKff8
'
AS^oa STDCSsScS^fi). 2]The train .will leave th
station; as.-soon ap.the guard is given green signal(n*6"i5c#
^oC
*-....' wotf
)* 3] Pakistan as well as India is the member count rj
of SAARC ' " - ...
. If -she resigns her job I will, not exec use her behaviour
gK^s^ o4a-sij Sft^ ^3..... ^ Laa'tf rt& &
.
5"].She behaves always ^'-//she was princess
Daina
![Page 45: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
j.P. English Grammar 4y"
x,,!xJ8JLJ____:__
,----.------- . ............._________________
*"______^
Kinds of Sentences (^tee tfgi
-
"sy-sfgSSs (sentence)"
|9oO "(go 3&j)" ^
'.;.. "Youfc go (fo^,
Sfi> , _j o
si<S sp^'^)r? iei^biioSjas^ ^r^(S fiaa.<4
S)5'Sj(^ sj*^<?sS ('Singlely
,o**
^ G) \ ^
word Sentence)" S). S'Sii)i-j&. sjg.../'Come here", "go there"
."a?S5^ ^c.'^a". /(-Double word Sentences)" ai iu ty, ,
,\ - / .
,.
'oaoff ss-tfg&TeaD- [SS^co^r?" c3*ooVfc cr^S^eo! &s?j iisS^r?1
....1
il As-.
sertiv'e Sentences, 2] Interrogative Sentences, 8-1 Imperative
.Sentences, 4] Exclamatory Sentences.
1] As&ertlve Setences(6sSr5j^ SpeTgSjoew):. ^ tss,cdo-
"Assertive
1]Cat drinks milk (iO rco [O^^^V ke
SP^J^SJOa.&' ^^io&
'
"Does cat drink milk >
(ifi' '"
|
2].She 'does not read Epglish or 'Tamil
tfe3tfgS
B3f Sfid3ocSo- "sei>" ^ Ss5v>
"Does she read-English or Tamil (<&"&> c^o^'
tfa
" l
Assertive Sentences' -. aafl1
"3o& S4fsSeon atffibsSwfljSB.. a)
Affirmative Sentences, b) Negative Sentences,.
'
'
ci) Affirmative SentenS(^crtfes sp^^sS^oi) :-' a,
^^ Bo?6o{fi5y^g5:)Xie??5D-
"Affirmative Sentences"
![Page 46: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
J.F. English Grammar . '.44;
jShalini is a girl -
(SpOS .&
s*a.^)! 2] Chennai is';
Z>j Negative sentences
f J i(- f. r TTi
"
v-' vT *./ > ' v" \ I
tit} I'^- S^o c\)A60^CO)!
"Negative Sentences" ^ c~)odp&, -J?.v. :<.i]
She does not, tabtea
(ssSj)&
Sa^ji). 2]He is not a good man
2] Interrogative Sentences( 1^
^sSsbS^'^s^ sr-s'g.^asDSB. "Interrogative Sentences" ea^)
-v.:.
1]Who are you
(fo;>. ^^)? .
2] What are you
(--$ fcaa S?i^^)? g]Where is your sister
(&, ^Co'O
SiSji}? 1] May I go home(S
3] imperative Sentences.
^ "Imperative Senten-ces"^ ^odj--&. v. :
.ijstand up onthebenc
X^)- ^j^ease give me your book (&'c&3f
~^oa) (i"e.i)! ]. Kindly help us(
(
(fcg?S)! 4] Turn to the left I
God, save my motherland(tfap cf !
4j Exclamatory Sentences
^o^c.x --L^-c^: s^s^oS) r??:.,.. "Exclamatory Sentences"^ a^S. .\\: .
i]what a fool I am
(^. >B-5&)!? 2] How beautiful the^e girls are
(tfe
^^V?! 8] May god bless you . (<&>& ^^A i n V oL wuH^uw(ra j; jfj
i
tS^riyd S 'SdCad! (*^ L^^ 4j!
![Page 47: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
.
,T
7J1P. English Grammar. , -4b'
.- , e3&iJjcJ '
,w
NOTE:.'. rS^s* L?
^ocSsDd^cco, is3 ksfofv-1] Simple Sentence',' 2] Complex 'Sen-'
tence, "8] Compound Senlence(!)S!0rf>e$o>' "Phrases &' Clauses"
OP& ^
and ;
'
..,
arisSooV-.-:
'
"'.
:
,J , /
"!,] Subject (^.) r 2j Predi-
^r^g- or
11 Subject u i
* Pronoun r
%s noun CP pronoun ^ v;^
"S&^^ ..", QS noun ^CT pronoun'"^- "Subject (stf)"
2J Predicate .:.'53s'gsS^ ^oa&- 'Subject'^
o'cSo-' "Predicate"
Subject -. Predicate
'The ring ^o^tfsSa)-is made of gold
She fes^)-'
'
smiled j$3&^
Cat:|^>)-. ". 'drinks milk
[5rao'
Chowdary ^^6)- is a rich farmer ('j*^d:
.
o.^b)!
.Ravali tfsS'?-,
"wrote ".a letter''
. ^o '". 'Subject*
/predicate' 6
.
:
. d /-predicate1
![Page 48: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
j&Sbfif --.''is made, smiled, drinks,
'Predicate ZQ&&. "Verb" &&.... 'Subject' dc* 33- &ajaot3
*' 'S>*ao*S SS**^. "Object^)""gold, milk, farmer, letter
^/.;.1] ^ ^aa
2] tfe[.^d&
8]
B,!fa..*otaoa
"predicate"
subject
The cow
Ranjith
fjr (Subject)!
PredicateVerb
is
saw
grass.
black"
a tiger.
an elephant'
-at down
.sr.sfgSbe.Si
S* ri-
L *
]-Stand up
"Subject"
![Page 49: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar ,47
They laughed .(&& X^&}> 3]Sarika cooks
(
4] Suman goes (&&" 36^&).:.
1] ^tfas&n*,..'. Sesrfb s^ ICcr^es
2]
T
, A-. : . priya;
(Subjects^ )eats (Verb^ijdro) mangoes
'
PHRASES and CLAUSES55oedSao
- "Phrase. Clause"'
Stfotfe ^^^o3 eo?Sc&..., 'Phrase'
... 'Clause5
I] Phrases
$*rt^o'?&-."Phrases"
io6
l~jRekha waits to receive a letter fa
33c&^a). 2]Shobha Naidu-is a great dancer Having so many
Gopal is a good teacher for several Students(
^Sp^T ao sioO -
drs^^jdcfiofiia j! 4J Raghava
RINDS OF PHRASES {s*gV"tfSue &>'&>):.Kioi'O- "Noun, Adjective, Adverb" e& spfiKi &^d3pAoCSb
RJ.
-
a)Noun phrases, b) Adjective phrases, c)
Adverb phrases.
![Page 50: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar
a) Noun phrases.
cSBuCo' eScp '^tfo^tf^co' 'Noun'
?S25anoci&^'?Soi
- "Noun phrases" a
1]Kaveri fexpects ro deliver a child (&ti& ^
^es^gsfoe*.... "Child
11
^!^ Noun- "expects" ^^- 'object'rp SSJOa&S^a. /'Child" <& Noun- "to deliver a
child" & 'sSrfioo'($S0"c|SS!in
l
nB
S^6otfroa,4
NQim phrase'
S] Sulochana is carrying # basket offlowers (&>
&e*rfrS fefe^^ '36&^a).; ^e sp^g^o6"e..,. "is carrying" w&^Sdfi
'objects' rv &c5^- "basket, flowers" &&> 'nouns1 SSa^-^
"a basket of flowers" && 'Noun phrase1
m^fi.
.b) Adjective phrases (a^^ro sr'^^rtawew):- i^t
6o^Q-r'fi^ 'Spdoe'cSsiocpdSb&oco
1
- 'Adjective* S3 sS
sp<s3S- "Adjective phrases" w
1]The
pen|o;? the fable *s yours(j!:.;-:r
j
toc-Sxv.;'c'l.^)
tfo:'o. JbflV1
(p"oh the table" wii ScSSwe ?S,-.^srffiAV- Adjectives
', v . "The penMe5c^ 'noun' ab^^
^o&doSerS,...' Adjective phrase*
2]Gowtham is "a political' leader wjw has a oo<I
c/uuwterfob}&>'&& /^^Sb- eug" tP2djo
KPcSfiSoefo)!^o sycr^v^
8^ "Leader" gcrttGowthamn.e& 'NoutfA ^e3oO- S)4:iesA:nB
S^aSrJ- "who lias
a good character" eac&tfa- 'Adjective phrase' &.
c) Adverb phrases (|Sd&* S"Sftc sp^gi^fl^eM):. &
Sp ... a,^- 'sip'djofSsSacpdSbsSjs, (phrase)
1
- 'Adverb' S3. ."Adverb phrases" ^.TI aso.v^Co. tfe Sofl
![Page 51: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
IP. English Grammar -
i]Aflitha will come '/ 1he mormnga.jf
g^Sf*a.... "irt the morning" w& phrase. 'Adverb' -3 sS
2jRace horses will run/,,,wift mannCf ^^ ,^^ &
Koto* *&* c.&&).. tf, ^tfj&^a.... "in swift, manner".
& phrase- 'Adverb' ^
'
u^- "clauses W6 ,8
IjSudha expects "that she will get an mva
'
ra (^***>*& &* afi^s^a). tf,^gsssff.....
"that \h
award" u!&aa .'
phra,e.
S3 ^toe .^^^ ^^"will get" ^ 8d6
_ .
|
2] This is the bridge that myfather connedi a^ooss ssos^s
,a)j >t ^^..., my father-, e& tf
B
istructed" ,,Ll^^ ^
constructed" ss^^s 'Clause'
KINDS OF CLAUSES---
-- A) P"rMam Clauses, B) Sub ordiMte Clauses
AJPWNCIPAL CLAUSES or MAIN CLAUSESS -SB. ..^. Ma ^ .
![Page 52: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 50
,v.:- Govind has -a foreign car which is very expensive
'Clause'^ *o&&. ^v>*i&>6*- "has", "is"
ArS^Si."Govind has a foreign car
1
>5d& "which- is very ex-
pensive" & oo& 'Clause'sx)
"Govind has a foreign car(/
dfio.^&)M
&5^ 'Clause' sSri^S
^ ''Main, Clause' oSa. "which^is very expensive" (5>
)"... ^rJo Clause ?3o^^ estfioj ^^^,^^(6,
B) SUB-ORD1NATE CLAUSESS' 'clause'
clauses"
.;. Govind has a foreign car* which is very expensive
SS^ SJ^I tf^6=:x.?ii ^WcScofa-^dfo).^8 s^^:^.,.. "which
is very, expensive" "es& clause (V)- tfSotfda 55*^ 5^^ tsC)'^
fc-JfiS^.... "Govind has a foreign car" w?i "'Main Clause* hatf
3?*tfsS4i$3- sp^p -*. etd'
Sub- ordinate clause' aof^a.
KINDS OF SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSES (^35^0^
5^ffgo^&os3 tf&x
6w):..dip c*g&ioS*- "Noun", "Adjective1^
"Adverb" ss&Slj cc^ sS&c&'^&SfibS- *Sub-ordinate Clauses"*
"i] Noun Clauses, 2] Adjective Clauses, 8].Adverb Clauses'
1]Fdoun Clauses
(spsSasF-Jte sp^gc^^coex));-a.S'
lNoun' 3c?Jb S^a ^?j6o5^di-oSd3 *Ciause' "o^o- "Noun Clauses"
![Page 53: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
XV. English Grammar
.v,:-l"J
I knoW'f/w/ 1
she {$ a good teacher
;yr>ao3 tsS c3b 3*&)! 2]I differ from what he says (o^c^
O:'vCjo(v)<x)- ^<^o
cDiyuitopftS^c^) J. SJ The fact is thcit she is cible f *-*
do the work (<&&>os & ScubdoSb (SsicJ)Oo&c5a
KS^gSio)! 4] It |scertain thai she will come to-morrow
Siorr5 .... "Noun Clauses" ca^j^L-l
That'^ r^r^
'what's* rv
2] Adjective Clauses (a'l^esi sps'gofi6^^ 'Nouri
5^ n*$ 3cs?4
pronoun'&> r?Ri. *qualify* S?r SS^-..
'clause1
'
o&- cs?irv> -
1
Adjective''
o^ "Adjective Clauses" <&&
-1]She is the girl M'/WJ J loved for the last three nwnths
&P(& Soco rr i^?^ [t^oO?6i ^'B ^j^as>3)! 2]This is the pen
which Host yesterday (&Z>^&
S^rTdg r^ai ^-e ^osSS)! BjSankar is a boy w/w /,v Ao/A chver-and mischievous (SOS) sS:*5c"J:x:
pen, boy" .e^Ki 'Nouns'^)* fcs'-tfdosrtf sS^?5 'adjective clauses^
qualify t3&^oco.
NOTE :. ^^tfea&oiT "adjective clauses" &&- "who,, whici^^
whom" 23 J& i(isSjiOcJa iSrc?o^SrFoco. -5)
4
Noun'?(b- qualify
iSd&dcSr8..- 3 Noun cSdb5Jfif l3.-...
*
adjective clauses* - c&oi^o-j:.
3] ADVERB& sp^QSS^Q"
8^ 'Adverb1
"adverb clauses" ^^ woijcfi."Sjfi^
0.6. i)Adverb clause of Time, ii)
adverb, clause of place,
iii)adverb clause of purpose, iv)
adverb clause of Reasoii,
v] adverb clause of condition, vi)adverb clause of '-compa-
![Page 54: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
J P. English Grammar
risen, vii)adverb clause of
. result, viii)adverb claxise of
supposition, ix)adverb clause of concession; x) adverb
clause of manner.', ,.
i) Adverb clause of Time (s^o &jv5f ^c&^al^o5*5<?otf):;.' se33$c& ?or>aop_ 'Adverb clause'&- "advcrbl
clause of time'?
es!0- $$o$j*&. . *.
Ex. i- When 'the teacher enters, 'the students stand
loSiSSoO&Syci c3*|oo3 &oa}&'p&)* ^Ta 33^jiff's adverb clai?se
"When
ii) Adverb ciap.se of place"
(JOG jS^cJJT |Jc^> "s^^w:* ?SoSixc& ^pfiodb 'Adterb' clause^- "adverb
clause of place"
^. : . The woman searched -where she lost her, purse (&& cip^'o
jSoOfl- ^/rg^&S^^^o^
^)'3tf5?S<5). ^e sp^g&3^^ 'adycrb
clause' ^^ "where" & sStfSjx>- 'placet f
ill) Adverb clause of Purpose '(^
" 4
adverb clause* &>- "adverb clause of purpose"
^-v, : , Swetha serves hot so that .the guests"may enjoy the
dishes (
/Adverb clause' ci\t)t
"so tliat" ^ri ^':;
,
I?) Adverb clause of Reason (~&$
^^ s^^goW^w):. tr>&^^ So* 5ptfss>^& r$X)oD *-adverb
clause1^ -'Adverb clause of Reason" <y> woipcS,
![Page 55: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
8]J.I*- English Gramfcidt 5B a*[L& sjoAli
% :- The building collapsed because they did not constructft
properly (ggrfsSa^SfcxaSa ^oS)^o"3).... SP& cr>S3
'Adverb clause' er8^- "because"
Adverb clause of Condition
T^gort^w):. as:o5S^ &aoi) 'Adverb Clause'^.44Adverb Clause of Condition" && 50^e5b. Ex.*. He will go
if Iris brother comes (&$& ^eSfibefcSS^sSff* estfefc
'Adverb Clause'e*a "if"-
i) Adverb clause of Comparison(4^&S^Si'gort^):-, 6^at>& fipao>
'
Adverb Claused-
Adverb clause of Comparison" esS esofcp&,
JS-v.:, Pallavi is cleverer than Padmaja (S^ea ^o"&
?Sa).^s 53*^jsSe*a 'Adverb Clause' &*& "than"
'Clause1
^o^ai>* "than Padinaja"
clauses*.'[Sdab (Verb)'
g^b. "&33....^gi ^clause'
s- *than Padmaja'
vii) Adverb clause of Result
SS^^gofi^)):. ^Otfaa'Sa 3cr>4
^6E5P^^'^ &r0o& 'Adverb
Clause'& "Adverb clause of Result" wo&pdi.
Bx. :. Savithri was so tired that she could not cook (&3$ S3*rv
tseRi^^doSScKS Sob acS&a&S^a). ^s sp^gs^a4^
4
Adverb Clause*
*- "that" ^&> StfsSs *$)tf^f& f^ag^a.
viii) Adverb clause of Supposition (At&tf^tf'Adverb
'^-<cAdverb Clause of Supposition" &
![Page 56: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
J*P. English Grammar o4 83<!&c& ejoASi |j
*:- Even if it rains, I shall go (Stf&o
ftrSS)!^3 5PSf*&;*3 "Adverb Clause' era. "Even if" <&
ix}Adverb clause of Concession
*?5^a5 s^S'goft'^w):. tf^e& ^-OoC^.
^Adverb Clause'^;"Adverb clause of Concesssion" '.o&pfio,
^-:- Though Latha is poor she Is honest ^o^ "!>&o*a> .
'
Adverb' Clause'^^-
x) Adverb clause of Manner
^^ sr-^o^);.fa^^^ ,.3o 'fle'a ,^OD^ 'Adverb*
Clause'*:- "Adverb clause of Manner* *a fij-efi.|i
> ": Pleasc do ^ 7 f^
'
'Adverb Clause*
CLAUSES AND SENTENCES,<- -xw):. '.-^ a^,,^ (Construction of
Sentence)' &-c-2og ^a^. .^ Simple Senteiicej 2J Complex s;nte_
-e, ] Compound Sentence" w&
. .~ )M Phrase, clause o
*&i*&s : aso^fic.
Simple sentence , ^^^ -v s ,,v ,_ fc.
,
'geixij:. -Subject's*
![Page 57: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
'Simple Sentences'rp "t^,
'2]
w
Complex sentence(SoJ| a-JfgSu):. ^ 'Main
Clause'^ &8c&) a,SBrpK) Scy a.g'e ^o^ iSb^Sn-B 'Sub-ordinate
Clause'e& ^eftdfc!^ sa-jfja&."CompJe3t Sentence" ^ wot-fi
1]Let me know where you were studied
csfi)^5*^ SOR^a^oA)! A B-tfjSae' "Let me know" a8aS' *Main Clause' ^adSb "Where you were studied"
'Sub-ordinate Clause' o> <&?6\s.
*?]Give me your pen which is in your pocket
bD"ko&j& a- ^od)! ^sspSgSicfir
8- "Give me your pen
Hw& 5"
'Main Clause9 J
&6clo "Which is in your pocket" s&- =,^*'Sub-ordinia.te Ciause e AS^a.
3] Compound Sentence(sbsj^ggs^) : . "Sub-ordinate
Clause" u&;3a. ^&' 1 S&^&-.... So&rpa, eotfSoc i&, ^
na- 'Main Clauses' &?^ sp^gsS^^.<(
Compound Sentence" e^^
ij Rajesh was ill and therefore he was absent from office
.
"Rajesh was ill" &6d& "Therefore he was absent from office"
'Main Clauses'-&<5^a.
2]The examinations were over and hence the students vacated
"hostel (SSS^OD 8>&*acfc r^aifi.... Sa^^Cooo sS^d ^^sSx-^6: ^rl\ 50 8) ui eJ
w^pab),fd
spg'gsSx^,-.."The examinations were over" &Sdjb
"Hence the students vacated hostel" o& ~do& 'Main Clauses'
NOTE : . ^O SD 'Main Clauses' ASj 'compound sentence'^-
![Page 58: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
J.P, English Grammar 66__ m _ ___ *_ - .
compound sentence* &* "Multiple Sentence
3.,.. 'simple sentence*& Complex sentence1
'complex sentence^- 'compound sentence'r?^; \simplo
tence'^- 'compound sentence* r^& ($.*..uSentence
Sentences
NUMBER(Noun)
S5tf&:a&- Q$rg$$tf&>n%*. l] Sin
Number, 2] Plural Number" ea&
1] Singular Number (&&$$&>) ;- a-tfflr?
^d&- Ass (n-flJ) fPen
(tfo&>),Box
( fc), Woman
sSS^ sy>^^tf^ sS^^e&^ "Singular Number*'
2] Plural Number (8DoK)^?5sixi):*'5oefontt
g^ ^ga BDoft3d&. Asses
) 5Boxes ("35*) Women (^) S
Plural Number" e^K) e^o4^&.
FROM SINGULARFORM TO PLURAL FO1
'Nouns' &~
1] Spqr^s^rr>..., 'Singular Number*^ aj$^c?e Nouns S
"s" e*& ^&D Sc&eo^OfS,*., e^S) 'plural number1
A\: .i]
cat(fc>)
cats(ig)e). 2] dog (&
(&tfj.e3o). 8] boy (as-exrfi) boys (ss-eofii). 4] girl
girls (spO^ex))* 5] pen (tfosia) pens (^oSioco).
2] Singular Number 8* $&%. ^^ &&wtf$ sS&)&oe"us, ss,
ch, x" 9& w<tf&oe* ^ JiS7^cco.
eojfl
![Page 59: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
if. English Grammar 67 &3[fcc&
EA-. : . ll gas (sycifo^) gases (cdo>aD). 2]bus (SDO^_-
buses (&>o&>). 3] ass(rr&tf)
asses(n-&tfeo) 4]. kiss
(&>&) kisses (2&&e). 5]bush
(STtf)bushes
(S^sf-:).
6l brush(ssboS)
brushes (&o3e). 7]branch (S^^&^Y_
branches(3ix> r&^eo). 8]
watch (rtdcptf&3) watches
). 9]box
(~S>!>)boxes (I^OD). 10
j pass
passes
8"j Singular Number tJ5
*plural
"ies"
.s.
1] city (?SKtfx>; cit/^(SKtf&aeQ). 2]
'^ ?tf&tfs5e). 3] country (StfjSao)countr/*?-s
4] story (^^)stores ^tfc). 5] family (&aaoa>5Sca)
-
family's (SctDoa)SSx>e). 6] lady (^)Note : .
c
y
oe.... e^a 'plural number'
tfS5j 30) keys (Vtf> a^o>). 2] .monkey ^*&)monkeys (g^&ex) 3] ray (StfcaSSao)
ray^ (S^^^). t~
kidney (sS^jji^oiSxo)kidneys (sSw^2>otfsS&e). 5] journey
journey^ (^da^sssSaco)* 6] pla> (wt) play-
4]
6c
number1
Ex, i. 1] mango (&p&as$oefe)mangos (sS^StoftsSo^). 2^]
her
/.7 /rfrn-ss- -^efeenV Si echo
![Page 60: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
IP. English Grammar 53
. 4] valcano (wA^^tfsS) valcanc
tf3$s3) 5]buffalo
(Tte)buffelo^
(7?3e).
vnumber* e
**;1] photo (o^ttsg>) jphot^ (a^So&G)). g]
radio
zs*f^radio-? f^s^sT^eo), 3] piano (rooA#$) "^^) -'p^
(iSoAtfs^- "3bjSs). 4]bamboo ^o^o)
-
'
borriboo^
5] canto (so&) canto^-(s*o^^ex)).
5] Ts* rp f
fc
fe'5* r?Sj d<&K> "Singular Ntiihber'
sS^fee&- "plural form' d^S-sSpcreo "&..-.; 5 sS^Sx "OsStfKe4
i
:-1]
leaf (&) leavw(^s&ex)}.' 2]
Toaf
(cro^^j-OD). 8]life (^S^&D)~ K^
4] knife (&) knivw(^&es>). 5]
thief(fiTotf )
_ thic'vr.'
NOTE ^ 4
f'^ ^CP4
fc'5*
#5 S_5o;5i&. iasg- "s"^& s ^Kd:^^'sSi'L̂ &o 06^^ BPG.-.T pluralforms
;-1] hoof
(Btfj.)hoof*
(atf^ea). 2jroof
S] proof <(*tfj&Sb) proofs(iOi>
tfjrf
4] dwarf(si:efi3i^)_ dwarfs
(^.SEO^^CO). 5jsafe
safe^sj&sSl^). 6]
strife
form* ^o5- 'plural form' S&^:-
1] foot (2WJsi:)_ ft (a-tfSaw). 8]i^ teeth
![Page 61: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
j.. Bnglisli Grammaf ^9 ^N 3 < * ,~^ J SarOioicm moAi-i in* So5
). 3] women (A)_ won^n'
(d0-AT/lT'/r' CTB ff\ */ ^ <
'
v'' ( v J i
Olsiab! .v.:-
IJmouse (;>*) mice
(aaTtfcfi
). 2]1o7se
7] "^ ^^sp^JT sSfisScx>., agStev... *plural numbers' r^^
&o&rooo. d3- 'singular number1
dj*SsSa3db.
Ex. : .
1] nuptials (tfo^c3*S&o); 2] measles CO&OSP^, S'o^oV
8] mumps (rfStfOtfjeo); 4] scissors(^Sd*); 5] pincers f^sS
CS^D); 6]annals
(^fi^), 7] obsequies (Atftf [c^co)5 &] spe.
, ctacles^^sS^dfc^, 10] thanks (^\^es^oi) etc.
PF I
.
^
8] g^a^ Kp&sptftf irf&acpS) fcsStf- *s' ^od, sj^'plural numbersWSingular number' cj^ss^
A-. : -
ij politics (o-E3c& w^sb), 2] physics (o^T3]
Mathematics (rteSd^sio), 4] Mechanics(bajo
5] News.(sKf) etc.
9J g"a^ Nouns- 'singular. number' &*&>, 'plural number1
s*;^,
: .
1] sheep (fl'gJiT'aeo), 2] deer(gafo-^), 8] swine
, 4]cod (^o&Sb^s Sj3|^o&&o& ^aa), salmon
*
etc.
'nouns'
4ofiroa. ll dozen-*
(o(jo<&[co), :3]gross (So^o&'XsSoLao&jea) 3] hundred
, 4]thousand ^3ca|3e)' 5]
score ^e^a/X)), 6] pair
![Page 62: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
XP. English Grammar BO ssSJbcifiaj
-v. ; .]]
This air cooler costs three thousand rupees
5tfs ^otf^ 3fcp&3aJ3o &-PC&W SD& 3&o&). 2]She sole
five dozen eggs (&!b o& sSo^o&fc
10j
&'s ?o< &tfSJ*ao>;6 &*ajL'nouns'....
- "^ "Compound Nouns"
1] Soa-in-law (ww&) son^-in-law^ex)0|jfo)* 2] Daugh-
ter-in-law (*&eo) Daughters-in-law (Sf^tfojefc). 8] Step-sor
step-sons ($ ^efo^beo)* 4i] Step-brothci
) step-brotherJ (K5^ fr*tf&co), 5]Maid-ser
vent(tiSS&a'co)
Maid Servants ("&S&ot
o[&). 6] Comman-der in-chief ts^S5s Commander^- in-Chief
*
singular numbers* r? ^aL^coi r^fc .. 5-ejb. 0- 'plural number*
^i3 c^O^OM.^
*:- people (Ls5ae), poultry (t*5j), cattle(sSai^e) etc.
lii] eS;tf:S5j3&rp&, so"eo ScsKio^goSj n&- 'singular number*
&oS 'plural number' & ^o^eo^.... a ol>Sj ^>
opte,(') rts&sSi ADO, Sa t^^ s as
1] Tlere are three i's and four e's in tliat sentence(
a^oSao 4
:2a-& ''( &acBb ne^ Vwtfoft). 2] The teacher
6's and three 12*s on the black board
13] ra^ 'nouns'.... 'singular number's*- a,8f
'plural BUmber'o*. >f sS $&, a)^o. ^, LS S
![Page 63: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
.....,, .v .
.
j.fr. fangtish Grarmttar . 61
1]tin
(tfrftf&o)-tins
'
(tfol6j). 3] copper
(3&V fishes
, quarters
), 2]iron
($&sb>)- irons
coppers (a*A
spSsSaeo). 4] fish
). &] quarter
Gj spectacle
7]
io)- spectacles
customs
9]
lights
12"] respect
- goods
. 10
force ('j)-- respects 13] good
uren"
!
Ex,*,i]
ox(i)gb)
*
(4co), 8]brother
!
s^ix))brethren (e,
^'
151 eitftf
^^05)-
2J
cbild(a
brother^
children
'Nouns1
- Bases
(A) 'Greek9
s^SpsStfoijjco:- 1]Axis (<) Axes
21 Analysis (agJeaS&o)- Analyses . ^0#83fS3$e). 8] Basis
). 4]Criterion
([jS&pee&o)..Criteria
Crisis(f5ot>5>&)-
Crises
! 6] Hypothesis f(jS'SocCosk>)- Hypotheses
'Heybrew* EsySrSjCisibco:- l] Cherub^ ^sS^pd)- Cherubim
). 2J Seraph (/T'sSj SScJptf)- Seraphim
fCJ 'Italian9
Bandits
:- Bandit - Banditti,
![Page 64: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
f'
.
'
J.P. English Grantniai i'-;au^icfc ^oM^ ni
.Gender (eofto;,
&j'&> i&f$oov>.... csofj:o?iooiXi)- "Ij Masculine Gen
2]Feminine Gender, 3]
Common Gender,!,]
Ncuicr li
1] Masculine Gender (^c2or>ixi):-^io^'6!b 30^'Nouns'&j 'Pronouns'^- "Masculine Genders". eS WQ&
*:- Boy (E?CO&),Man (sii^:^^}, He
(aC5^), His(
j3^^.) Him^wfiJaa)
etc.
2] Feminine Gender (^ aort&o):* ^^sa uOc.vbv3d
'Nouns'i-i, 'Pronouns' &- "Feminine Genders11
c^A oo.>
A:,:. Girl ^^sf), Woman (^ ; ),She
(im"3>),Her ^& i3t'i
Hers^waofi)
etc.
3] Common Gender (&tfd& Qofi*^);-, ^ci^^&rori'-ib,
.spaa n6^; ^ Bofloesa irfo BOcOa'JdLi^ 'Nouns
1
fi^ 'Pronouns';
"Common Genders" <a>Q wc^v-&. /;.v.: Doctor(;;5^.;^X La*
yer (^goi)s^s),Friend
(&(jfcc&|&|&oFoj), Thief(w'o^), Pu;
"(ODDSS)>Baby C^ 35
).FOQ
(^L&^)' l ^& )>
You
(s3&), Them ^5^0 )etc.
4] Neuter Gender(
4
'Neuter Gender" s^ wc&p8b. ,v.:- Book(^ofiJS), Pt
sS) f Chair(^fi^^,
tree (3to), Building (atf), Bridj
),It (e|*a|Graajaaa) f Ant(6&), Parficle(^^.^/g^$
etc.
From Masculine lender vc* .SV^inSne Gtrr^vr (:;<'
![Page 65: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
! J p. English Grammar 63 *$\L<&
A) 'Masculine Gender' sStf3o& uStftf- "ess"
11
Sayi ^o -.. a-*
Feminine Gender 1
n ir^5'
.v.:- 1]Author (tfrfotf)- Authored
(tfrfoaj*). 2] Poet().Poet^v (sSQ[G). 8]
Heir(sptf&efo). Heir^v (W&oex>).
4']Priest
(wtf^&efo)- Priest^i-(ftstf^&D-a)). S]
Lion(fcosS^sSaa^.
Lion c\w (ss* &o&&:>). 6]Host (o(& '"Sa4^efo). Host^j? (o&
4) 7]Patron
(2J*5iSbefo)-Patron^'J
^^Sba-sxi). 9]Gaint
B)
"ess"
x.:-1]
Actor(<&>&>)- Actress
(J6fl). 2] Founder
(|psS&icp). 8]Murderer (sSotfSb&)-
. 4]Prince
(ct&sSc^)- Princ^j (cS&ScpsS). 5] Tiger
- Tigris- (^do^^j). 6]Master (o&23&a)- Mistr^5 (c^3
.
7J Emperor (^(fsSj>)- Empr^w ^tf^sS_6a). 5]God
C)
o& sSyfl^ ^e-..*wD- '^o^ SS^sSxj'san8 ^OS^COD. ^v.j-l]He.-
goat ^is'^db)-she goat (&&t}. 2~\ Pea-cock (&X 3&o)-
pea-hcn (3&3aaO). 8] Cock-sparrow (&rtMr,V hen-sparrow
(es&i-&;.s). 4]He-buffallo (fiaSj^tf;)-
She-buffalo(ria).
5] Land-lord" ^^So) Land- lady (sxpSr^SScR)). 6]Washer-
man(cpSkE3*&)-
washer woman ^^a). 7]Jack-ass
(s^K
rvfici). Jenny-ass (fl&rrficJ). ft]He-bear (&^ ^ea^eoe3).She
bear & ia>^oKo6. ^ Bull-calf g^^^S- Cow.Calf
D) g*aj, 'uirjOo^ sStfsSxj'co- a^^-v :- l Boy
![Page 66: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 84 sarSifccBb ssoAS ins
Girlfc--6i). S]
Bachelor ^a^tra)- Spinster
i'jHusband
($')-Wife (Wg). 4] Father
(tfo|_a)-Motl
(cf:\ -5]Cock
(gMssos?)- Hen(i^aib'do). 6]
Son (j^tfDaughter 'ji^i")- 7] Dog (^Kgog'^)- Bitch (w&SoS^
"] King JJT>B)- Queen (o*s). 9]Wizard
(&poLp&fc)- Wit
f^oJ-l'ccr'Ex). 10]Ram
(gpjsea)- Ewe '-
(&/T'S). 11] Li
^a:&}. Lass(a?S^).. 12]
Monk (^Si)- Nun1 :
"]Drake
(j^rr&)- Duck
E '^oOd-f S5d,'ffl'
! lv,
IjHero
i^c^r^ci&efc).. Heroine
(^5p^dt6&c78
ex)). 2] Execut<
^rr^-^iifcj.. Executrix(aa^oJ*&cpeo). 3] Proprietor
r?5':'- proprietrix(frotftfig).. 4} Widower
* it,owV^;I^)- 5j Fox
(^o^)~ Nixen (
Bride-groom (i&&). Bride (&$)., .'
Case(sif)-- sr-^^6^- 'noun* e3c^ 'pronoun' &*....
caseas . 6:-4iioi. xo ...
g*&^ ^ofifS^^xjear8. 'pronouns'^ ^i
A -^ i/" % ' ,v ',
* /^o c ft'' """ X* H' i ~! *TLTa.,3 ca.e fc jjsjw .
jj Nominative or Subjective Caser^Objec.ive Case, g] Vocative Case, 4] Possessive Case" wS
1] Nominative or Sabjective Case(,*
a.S'si'S'gi^'ioii- 'Subject ,'*'
i')' ^ Ar̂ , nou
."g^j'-yi "Nominative or Subjective Case"^ An'd7a"'"" *
: '
:' --'^:..-?i \x-^o:r-.i!
![Page 67: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
JP. English Grammar 65
1]The dog is a faithful animal (gb^
* B-tf^Sna* 'Subjcct'n- & 'Noun*, 'dog' &Sa. sa4
Subje-ctive Case's* Atf^a.
2]Kumar kicked the ball (&&*& 00aa #3^0- *3 ^ f-'-^S
"Kumar 11w& 'Noun'- Subjectir ^o&r:...,t
subjective Case* c"
2] Objective case(a^fcdfc. atfJ)u *s ^^^ 'Object
l
noxm(c^sSaa-^sSa)
1
.... iS*"e 'Objective Case*
1]Chitra sang a song (^ ^
'Object1^ J&S^ Noun "song
11
e&Sa. ^a 'Objective case's*
2]The pen is in the
'^^^e/j^essic 7-W^
'object' r? &^ Noun- "pocket" && qa- 'objective case**
Note :- a.^^6 a,"g sp^p^a^.... Bo& Objects* Ao&-b
55tfi^f&.
^-v -:- Renuka gave Chandrika a valuable ^/// tfo&-8^ "gave"
- "Chandrika" ^QC&D u^ift" & -Boefa 'objects
1
"gift" e&6fi ^^^)! "Chandrika" cs&sa- sS^ a!!4^*
fS 'objects'^- "direct objects*' e^fc, sSr^b
o& 3ofi?6 'objects1^- "indirect objects'
1
^fc eao^dij. 'Indirect
Object'rv* 6^ 'nouns'^- "Dative Cases(tf&fi $Soe)" ea?S
3] Vocative case(gofi^tfSJ'g* S)tfJ)v
3,c3 SbeotfLtoSb ArjSc3j-Ao^s>efo 'nouns1 s- "vocative case
1 *
![Page 68: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 68 &\&ti& soAS [n*
.v.:. 1" 06W? forgive nie
(L 5$)^ t tf&^L
QSvetka* come in, L I^BP,fi^sSCfi
cr-)! g] G7/7,?, sit down(e?
A'0/<? :- 'Vocative Case's* & 5pSiFrf&:?i Sto^s*
41 Possessive case (siS^ssJ ):- .&J \ *_a /
''object" si&2- 'subject-' cSatf^ Sp^o^rr5^ ^CP subject
Mir:3 (possession)r?^ AcS^db.... ^d3 'subjecl'rv
*nouns*r:> "possessive cases" Sc?. "genitive cases
Ev.:- Ramya bought Mecna*s car^ef&g
i] Keerthana has taken officer's charge(fitfS
-
s^tfri ?^5cSf5:). ?] Baby took Brings book Vz
AVw :-
/i) ^^sss^^ 'verb'fe SaoiS 6S^ 'noun1- 'sxabjectlv
case' *=!--; "verb1* tfiisptf 4^ 'noun
1
-'
objective case* <5 ;i
o-v. : . The ^iV/ kicked the ball
oc:!). "kicked" e& 'verb's
'subjective case1 ^^
fg&^g ^ -ball" ^Si ^oup 1
. 'objcctive case' e^rCr- Ar^. ;
.
'
;. ,;,.;,,.,
"
} r
.Vtf/tf ...
(ji^ f^^tfsian. g,,^ 53tf sSaiotf '-'preposition' tf5.vc4S5sA.tfs5^. 'noun
1
rpfc t 'pronoun' rpfe.... 'objective case'
*"!- AO^OSS. ^-:.l]
The pen is on the table(sf
.
S^a). 2j Sujatha is angry ,>/, 7, ;e , ^g,Si.a). 's
r'Sji:^. "on", "with" a& prepositions 2o
-^M. "table"-.- ;r-0-..n,
-Ke" & prorsoun- 'objective
![Page 69: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
j.P. English Grammar 8Y uJCi&cSi s,o,Mi: rr--:,
;. (m) &*5Ttfe83SMrp 'nouns'- ) caseo* &\ '
^Q&otfO stftf SSfiJ&ao*Ko cSoEJotf<S
?ya. )3....'pronouns'6re
-"you", "it'^
E..v. :. "I, We, He, She, Who, They" w&SSJ-
1
Subjective Case c6
n.... sjS)*
subjects'^ ^r-i^2o s^S^-^c-^c:^^ E^
. "Me, Her, Him, Them, Whom, Us" ts&rX-4
objective case1 ^8
aSj* L̂5o &oii-cco. esSrr.... =}- 'objects'rp
SSpiftJA 5jDS/
SS^s50j;)O<& &*3S'53jAo^aD(^oi9<X3.
Note :-
^iv)J> ^sSDS3*to3' sStfsSSlc6Sr ... C-Si'- apostrophe (')
&ti^^cfo..., <3 RpS>53tftfsS 'possessive case'js*
Usage of Apostrophe (w^g-?1] [SrEs^o AS^B Z3*&&j0&; s^osSa
(Time), ^P^S' (Weight),
?oocki ('space^ bib SoeaoSoQS oP&i^tf^sSaoSb OsStf- apostrophe& v 7
(')s^adijaD s OrSo f&^.^j^AoCT1
. Sp^tfea&or?.... apostrophe-(s
of
(c^s"^.)'
1 w& wtf2i& ^0^0(3.x. : . Gayatri's pen, dog's legs
donkey's milk, a week's journey, a month's time, a day's
march, a pound's weight, a stone's throw, a hair's breadth,
etc,
Note;* iJK-a&^a S&S&oSb' &6ctfa <sySf*ssio& rSr:cc53-r.^V^
53"CJ^iooSb OSSd* apostrophe a ^sSdSp^o^^p^^:. esciiai ^iccr?*'
*of s &*^i 6'i>fapAo^C).
x. : . a^ The. roof of the house(a,sSj)-
The house's roof
(tfSSj)i, b)The leg of a Chair
(c-3\>)-A Chair's leg (^V
c)Th'e wings of the fly (e*s3v)-
The fly's wings (tfsS^) d)The
legs of the ant (^)-The ant's legs (tfSxy)-
2} ^'eaioSbSoflS c3*&53tf^ sStfsSas>& ^Stf
'
apostrophe S) rr^
-ofcS> rv>JO 6S5SyAotfSi&x
\&, *:-a)
The horse's tail (or)
![Page 70: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
}.F. English Grammar . &BesSi|j>c&
The tail of the horse, b)Sita was Rama's wife (or) !
was the wife of Rama*
81 l~^& s5dSSe* &P& &&1 ^&^tf&>otf"8,... 0^0 Stillx,
jt *f
&"#& (apostrophe)A &OIF). #:-
a) Mother- in law's ho
b) Brother-in-law's building, c) Commandcr-in chief's ore
etc.
ll r3&j Ss &*&^ sp&.prfg'&oo.S
noi^lr: rfo^SjaS*- apostrophe
.v.-.a)
for Biercy's sake, b)a ship's crew, c)
death's dc
etc,
Z] KlkStfS fiJp^^S18^ Rj-sSagprfg' ^dj^oSb >sStf~ s eS^i
^'s sjjxs )sS<^- apostrophe JO-Aot), s & ^^ So*^.x, : .
a) women's club, b) children's society, c) men'setc.
6] jirfrsttS 7aas^tf5' o3cjace& OStf- s r?R> f es
apostrophe a sSr-rtfsio ^ou?6 ^co&. 3f.: -
a) boys* playgroiu
b) girls' school, c) foxes' tails, d) asses' burden etc.
T] ,:' <^ ?S^adi^o^^ 3sSiEa-tftfiS)Sh .... a.^ <? S5 BeoC gj m^ ,
iJcf^cfc- 5 ^S3S3if^2bD^& asStfs$j.jtf^3 apostrophe Sb8cS
s & fcoB-t. &f. : . a)The Governer of Tamilnadu's residenc
b;The Nizam of Hyderabad's palace, c) Our sister Sunkha
marriage etc.
^ oodfo
apostroph> s 0& 4oo.fi. E.v. : . a
) Rajaseihar and Jeevitha's marrj,b) aJ.P. and B.S.P' s rule, c) William and Mary's Com-
pany etc.
![Page 71: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar
-strophe a &OCT>>. *:- a) I've(I have), b) Don't
(Do not),
c)It's
(It is), d)Can't (Can not), e)
Didn't(Did not) etc.
Usage of Capital Letters
(Ibtf wjgtf&ae L&533*rt&)S^^O'esSSan
8 ort &$s$as>S^dSa> 'smallletters(c^ji ^*.i'
S&eo)1
8*^ Lpdjoo^^co3.*-:- eye, ear, finger, they, cat etc,
Note :- ^i'
^oKsSeisSaoe^S w^tf&ioKn cob 'small Letters' r:
OC CO ***
|tfSa 'Capital letter(lei:
a, Ramya, God, The Ganges eic.
- 'Capital Letter' n f
1] riS ^g&jS4^ SwtfeS SSfi3S <SM^J-
ff*a wKtf&s&- Capital
letter1^
[j3dSpO.^-:
l]What is your name? 2] My sister
is a teacher. 8]The pen is on the table,
2] English poetry(^oK^r
^5x))6^a $& &tfsS(Iine=ssSoSB )ciasT^
6 s3eSsSfl*a witfsS& 'Capital Letter'r? UP-O^D.lv.!w
Jack and Jill, Went up the hill, To fetch a pail of water.
8l "Proper Nouns" wwn*.... $& "&, &&^gd"ti6, Stf3%9
-Isdb 6x!6^ SieSsSe25ofiO* w<tfSSa- 'Capital' LetterV
i5jc&). *:- The Ganges, Geetha, India, Chennai, Teaali,
The Himalayas, Andhra Pradesh etc.
4*1 "1" e&> sStfsSaaSi) nBSi; *God
7
S)5di3o ta So^^S^i <3oao3oC;icj-
I
&fy3'& (pronoun)'^^too 6ro
l' ^Xtf^)^ n-fe.... Capital letter1
r^ipcto^O."v :- a)
When I went to Hyderabad, I saw the
zoo. b]I pray God to shower His mercy on our family.
51 a,* 53tfc&ae*a 'Direct speech'^ f5oeioSoS)?3
*Capital Letter'n-
![Page 72: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
i\ English
ajRoopa said, "My mother brought some new bangles." tA
Chowdary told, "Our business improved .a lot/3
6] ^ s^^e:^,,^ s'^s^o &*&s&- Quotations (" "Jdr*J o'. fi ^ ^i^ 2ix,:rr- ?rcl^-CcKc^.., <s Quotations |Sr5'o^ ,';:.;"!'& -S^DI- D w t~-
<ysU'sxo?^- 'Capital Letter' r? ^^,-0. ^"^:- Gandhi ji said,
"Truth Is God",
^Capital Letters' rr>'.pci'.pCu
^v. : . The Governer of A P. was
received by the Collector aud the District Judge at the
Gannavaram Air-Port.
'
capital letter' rr- ,poBj. E.-V-:-a)O Death, what a great
relief you ^ive to us, b) O Sleep, what a great comfort you
give to ail ereucures.c)O Sword/ give me an everlasting
victory again&t my enemies,
Silent letters
Bomb fs3*oa"V Hour (spSSS"). Palm f^^),.-' Island
"),.Wednesday' (3a SS^y ^e ^C<&o ^^;.cfes>c&*
,
.,
.
"'Silent Letters
![Page 73: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
r.P, Engligh Grammar 71.iS|&dBa. 30AS
'silent leters'& -
:- Bomb (o-S), Hour(s$ff). PalmOS).
Wednesday sSTi. 3 to ... g eso
:.1]
Bomb iVS}-
2] Comb(gS)=ca3^. 3] Debt(sfi)=
Sjy f 4]
ss^^^Sio. B]Dumb ^tfS)= sSo^^. 6] Lamb
(
8]Thumb (^S'^^^dofe^^. 8]
Tomb (^^s
2]Scene (^)=^gSS:o, 3] Sceptic. ('&&')= ^otfcsSr^fe, 4]
"Science ^ST^)=s Ds^Ssb, 5JScion f^du^^j^ ^o&tf^^ 3]
Scissors (ft835"v=:tfatf.\ (v/ a
6G S
A^Botfasi?) ^?J^ oifiS6we:.l] Benign (kg^W dcs
Kw, 2] Consign (gS"^)= fco$y\otfv 8] Design [fisiS')= ^sS
tfo^S, 4]Gnat
(Sfi")=dabg OSSpSsSa, 5] Reign (3ff)~ S*c:^
6j Resign (8S^)a=tfg*otfb; 7] Sign '(^S")=^6 f
-
asS^S:; ]
Sovereign ^a^S1
)^^^.*H* A^So*Jtf& S'S^ c3tffiM :-
1]Heir
(&ff)= s-tf&&,
3]Honest (3)= s*cS&fe f 8]
Honour (So)t= iT-tfSSxt
4]Hour
(wsSS^srrfoto, 5]Hotel (fcaff)= frto6r^ ajgs; 6]
Humor(dfijsSa5)=:tfa,
S&.
'1C d^Bo-SSttfiSS .^^i, ^^^ : - Knack (31")= tfsSu*rj_
tfs5, 2]Knave (^5) =^^rv&, 3]
Knee(fc)= ^-3*ec, 4]
Knicker (a^)sB&, 5]Knife (35)= tfS, 8] Knit(aff)=
eacofc; 7]Knob (f^^)-^^, ^swda; S]
Knock(53-r)s=tfe43,
ef Knot (Rs-^KSaa, 10]Know ()= BO&r^; 11]
Know.
ledge (^35)==300 f O^&a; 12] Knight (3ff)= fci&.
![Page 74: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
JJP. English Grammar 72'
esS^dfi sjoAS
:- IJ.Aims (&^)= eKsS,
i/'dLxx.; -ijBalm
(sr-S)tr:&sp?SS 3o, 8]
Calm (sS)= ^'3
-/:.:, 1,j
Oalfr--4^, ft
]Flfc ^2") = ^&<^SPSS:o, :
6]Half
; r.
)-r:;^:-, ,'
]Talk (^s')n::^^, 8]
Walk(a*! )
= ?6^
t&ti, ^']Would (^5) 3.^b-)&^.
*3N?
d^^^wG^^^S) 2"?^ 6^^000: :.-1]
Autumn(*s &>>)
=
-=^CPCO ^o^ 2]Column (s5:S)= a,^ ^/<&o; 8]
Condemn
r :?)=ao!c&, r':^^:;-i",
Baml (^^T^rttfto&d^ 6] Hymn
*'P ?
d^X3o^s)2N 3T*S^ ^JSoo&o :- 1] Psalm fSr*&)=
Ac^slx -"! Psychology ("^^^^^^J^ ^}^ ^1
tj '"-'-' -*.'
v '"'" ^ "
r.
' Harm f^S^r=:l&, ^^).
;T?
w^>-c^s5wct' T8
^^ oi^^oso :. Hasten^ Oj
$&&, i i Listen ^ToT^^^eo, 8jOften ^"2
J.l Soften (S>T;n^")^Zo^SD^od:uC V- ^^SwCJ^^c ) 3^S)5
fco50}^^ :.1]
Guard
z*6, 2"! Guava(r-?Ep'} = ^5SDSSo&, 8j Clless^S)^^^, .4]
Guest
tS, f"Guide (R5) = c^5ir>rr,, i]
Goild(Ao"]=75a5 s (SsSpeaSS^;
Tl Gllilt (A'J^^t^D.' v o /
sspa^ 2]Sword (^)trs?, --]
Wrapper (o'5~)=:. sSa^tf, 4]
WroM (cpo/T)= tfsi^ 3] Wreath (6S'')= sSye. 8] Wrist fa^W*-V / x.
T J \ / J \ o /
& 5!^^, "1 Write (c)~):=}srdLr*pj j \ --
j/~^ F"?** ji *.'
c* V ^ '**v*is <ffs % ,'*^ - j *. * t~l T^* /*?% "rf" / ""*"
O*' r'' \li 1 1 ^^" COiwSis3c^ ^ v^ o-wiv^jOO *, I jDrigfii ( :o idj j^r
(><::, t'
7
]'Caught (c'iTVr ii;:-"A., 8] Delight (flpfi)t=s
;'.,..:'"s^ 4] Fight Q::)^-*,, r-] J-iglit (:)=: V^-c,
![Page 75: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 73 ejS'&cSi
6] Might (g>S>. oe>sa>,. 7] Night (3$)=o.L6, S] Tiglt
9]Jhigh (3)=arrf^io] Thought(o.ff)=e* tff5, li] Though'!, 1:]]
1]Drachm
( LtrS)=,$ rotf/ifratf, 2
3]Parliament
(^g3:oS-)= LsSS!oe ^, 4]
, 5]Could
(&<f )- ^c^Kea^^, 6] Should'
7] WOlild(^ff)= -Sdasea&da, 8] Youth
. e>a
Active Voic and Passive Voice
'j&....' "Active voice
v.:. Shilpa kissed the child
^osSxere_ "Shilpa" & sStfsSao- Subject (-^4
kisscdf
^&^.... "kissed" u&> verb ^- "Active voice"
2] e,cT
f
6a..o "Passive voice
:. The child was kissed by Shilpa(og
Issp^gSMfl**.
"Child" ea& S5^&o Object (tfcJ^)!& ^
*was kissed^sSao-tftt&SS)
1
K&^,... ^s *Verb form
&- *4
Passive Voice"
c
voicef
![Page 76: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
I.P. English Grammar
ive Voice' flf B^
'pasive voice's* 2C. Sa.T srS'^^- ^^ 'voice
'voice' r^l SL-S;.^&.... e
w'::g*- TL- Sl--2b "a:, ?^K:,
FROM ACTIVE VOICE TO PASSIVE VOICE ;
'Active Voice' r:4. a,^ 8-^|sJSi- 'passive voice' B-tfgr.
1]'Object (^)'&- 'Subject ^tf)
f
r
^&- 3-a 'Tensed .&SfloO -.- sfc*dSi Subject
-r--. Si verb &- c& 'past participle***- J
:f^^ :.1] ^^^s7T.. "by" & %
sSdJs3a&-" 'Object1
t'-oSi c^;. 2~4
S-ubjectf
&.... 'by'S- 'Object'n- ficp^, ^s
ju killed the bird.
f.v;vt' rtvY*:- The bird was killed by Raju
/. :- 'Active voice'6"^wbird"es& 'object'- 'passive voice'a"8
Subject*n ?:-:l^c. f rl-d?S 'Subject'^ tfA^tor?- verb form
was killed" e^ l
past participle'r? ^slSfi. fi^l "by" *&s5tfS:o
S:::.n S2S6. ?- &$&.,.. 'Active .Voice'-rs
a.... '"Raju"
^ri, ^Subject1
- "passive voice' sr5
.... 'object' r? 3dti&.
![Page 77: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
\jf-
'
^ *\ '.
, IP. English Grammarr^ ssaftcA goAfe L
na>ff
'*', Active Voice :- Sarika beats the dog,'
Ptfssfvt* FoiY*:- The dog is beaten by Sarika
>*>/.:- 'Active voice' G*3....<
dog"- o& 'Object'- 'passive
>'voice's*.... 'subject' rv SreiSa. eso' sSpc!-^Subject'& CA^ton*....
3>
verb form S- "is beaten" <a& 'past participle' r? sfreStfa- "by"
''
So 6&'sSa wtfSsSun- 3aS& fift tf&sptf.,./ 'Active Voice' fi^O
"
"Sarika" w& 'Subject'- 'passive voice1
e* 'object' n ^5^.5 FROM PASSIVE VOICE TO ACTIVE VOICE ;-
'Passive Voice* o* &&\ &* 53^gSasSs-'Active Voice' 6*^5 sip
a*^
OO"&..-- ^*v ed'C5ol::rv*- aSjJ*^ ^j^LOJNGD,
:. 1] 'Object1
- "Subject' n S^esaeSbofl. Sj 'Subject'-
'Object'^ apcaa^ofi. 8]--wS 'object'^ w&r&w&an-.... 'verb
form' ^PI^ s$T*co><&o.S.
^SiJcO3*fi
cooo^ew;-.l] passive voice'eJ9
cScf^i^tfeoSiiiri^sSi3j-Aotf
3
jx)&- "By" <a>& 'preposition' ^oAotfco&^oa. 3]"be" o3
>. Passive voice : She is loved by me,
/fvt' Ko/ce :- I love her.
. :- 'Passive Voice'e^S.... "me" esSi 'object*- 'Active
Voice's*.... "1" w& 'Subject'n8 ^aScGa. w^S....' passive voice
7
^a..,. "She" &9& 'Subject'- 'active voice'a^,... "her"
'object'rv- rc-r>ja,itt
by" o& preposition ^oflotfaafSa
*'is" &9^>-4
be'atoS'j.
e&^sS^p ^oAo^^S^a. 4<
loved" w& verb
form- SreS5 object & wrSa^ra^or?-.., "love"r? Sjr-cSfSfl,
Passive Voice -Mangoes are sold by him.
Active Voice :- He sells mangoes.
,;- 'Passsive Voice' ato....l<
liim" & *object% ^Active
![Page 78: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
.,*
r.,|S
, ,
j.i>. kngiish Grammarc;.'o|ufc auA^ (^
Voice's*.... "He" ia>& Subject n s^toa. c^rL*, "Mango
u& 'Subject'- 'Object'rv s^d^&. "sold11 c& verb form. &,
object^ w&rtbsSsn-...'
sells ',v &v:Sa. *]}y' J^aotfu,^
.. "are" cs^- 'be1
B[8ofl
Voice :- I love jou,
Passive Voice :- You are loevd by me,
X.K.s- Th? Headmaster will promote the students,
P.y.i- The students will be promoted by the Headmaster,
A.VJ- SJie does the work.
pj/-:- The work is done by her.
A.Vt- She has milked the COWK,
P.I/.:- The cows heve been milked by lien
A.Vt- I sent her for the job,
jP.X.:- She was sent for the job by me*
'A.V*i- The peon is ringing the school bell.
P.V.i- The school bell is being rung by the peon*
Direct Speech and Indirect Speed
- "jl Dire
Speech dsitf j< v$), S] Indirect Speech (i^^ ^a M;
1] Direct Speech (Lsj4jg^ r*'~*);. isu" fca-cb
- fSan a^ S^^orfa^yt,^.... '"Direct Speech"
. x. s . She said, "I will conic" ("^ ag^& wa
![Page 79: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
iljj.P. English Grammar 77 &̂(& ^ ,_ t.
,
, w__^ ^^ ^i-^^
jVo/f :-'*Direct Speech' 6*- &&
r Comma(,)
&T&- baa... Quotation Mark " J1 =
x
^^^ capitai
letter(la^ o<tf sSaa)^ ^pcXr*!). a\:- Asha said,
aMy motier is
a teacher"
FROM DIRECT SPEECH 1O. SPEECH:- 'Direct Speech'^ &^ >3^g
Indirect Speech* er*a sSptf^a^&.-^B .^o
//vcr Sjievch:- .Jalaja said, "Now lam going to temple"
Indirect Sjwch > Jalaja said that she was then going to icm-
pie ^o& wSijifo Ki4a-.3&&S^drp -ttfo
&C5S^cr rf&?65oO .., *Direct^
&3&- 'Indirect Speech'^ ^ 3os$
.
2]
t sSoCib ^^ s^sSp(,)-
5*0,^0^104^.8]
ss&s
1
tfo apt)oa^od3tfo"ft SoC&- "that" es& conjunction ;5vc?.
4]*.
lNow" e^?& Adverb- *tbenW ^p-J?Sa.5]
"F && pronoun*
'she' n8 sSpeSAfl. wc6rp.... os verbaatf'j.
'Tense* &*33c3a.
JV^fg:* Quotation Marks So ^ooeS> ^o^S^*verb'*6i-" "Reporting
Verb" 00&
![Page 80: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
IF, English Grammar . 'TB &&|Sjc&i goASi.. [W&$
Changes, in verb forms: From Direct-Speechto- Indirect Speech;-
' ",
siSryefo.,..'Direct Speech's* &S^ sp^&ooi- Indirect. Speech"
l] ".Reporting Verb" &&&&- 'present tensed &%'Direct. Speech's* ^% ''verbs
1 '
raofc-'Tense
1
s$j*ea&.'
Direct Speech- She sayS'"Ths -dog is running".
'indirect -Speech:- She says, that the dog is -running.
&*& "says" e*&. Reporting Yerb-4
pre$eat4
Direct,, Speech'^ &h verbs (is running
.Tense s$p<K>s3&. Note:- *saysr& saeieoiT.... "will say"
'porting Verb5
&&^ &'.... 'Tense' ^e^ei,
2] 'Direct Speech' s^^sSa^.... Quotation Marks..?
simple .present tense tfj^sS.^^ ^indirect speech'
c6'S3)&.^* Simple past tense7
r? cSo^S^o^tfsSi)'
'"
Direct Speech- Jayaprada said, "I am an artist",' Indirect
Speech:- Jayaprada-said that she was 'an artist,.,
.
g I 'Present perfect tense' CP$XG *past perfect tens-e'rr- CCP^"O
^5'io: 3oii^e?Ci. Ex. i- Dir.ecr Speech*- Taboo saids"1 have -got
an award". Indirect .Speech:- Taboo said. that. she. bad. ..got an
award, 4<
nt 'Present continuous tense* 5p>^x>- 'past continuous
tense' tfp^Q^p'&sj So^^oSi. J5-X.;- Direct Speech:- He said, "My
father is leading news paper53
* 'Indirect Speechi- He said that
his father was reeding news paper." '
_
5"]'Direct speech' e* ^^ 'past tense'_ c^'sS^-- .'Indirect
Speech*^ -^P^ 'past, tense* . SipsSsSx)^^ ^ofc)p.o&,. SD^....'- ^^^
s"8
'simple past'teBse1
o^sSs^- *past perfect teu.se' rr*
Ke&. x.>- (a)Direct Speech:- Stefi Graf
said, *'I j?/a^J .tennis "for twelve years".'
Indirect speechi-
Stefi Graf said that she played teBiiis for twelve . years.
![Page 81: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 79
(b) D.S.i- He said, "Our sister vvem away in the night"1-S-i- He said that their sister had gone in the night
6] 'Reporting. verb'... /past tense' ?'<wS^$&.... 'Direct Speech'
e*a-%
Mwill f shall, may, can
11 & *3*d& L c&'e &&.... *In-
direct Speech's^' Sebtfrp- "would,, should, might, could" n
tfp&'otftf&D 3oKe&. *.:-(a) D.S.:-'She said, "Sudha wf//
come." /.'.: -She said that Sudha ivo^/J come.(b) D.St:- Nagaia
aid, "I shall go to Hyderabad**. 1.5.-.- Nagma said that she
should go to Hyderabad, (c) D.S.:~ He said, "Ravali maycome to-morrow," /.s.-.- He said that Ravali might come the
next day. (d) D.S.i- Suman said,t(
I can do this work". /.S.:~
Suman said that he. could do that work.
7] "Reporting verb" o&3<5 'Direct Speech' 06- 'said'n*
&o"fe.... 'Indirect speech' T*Sp.^ *"said' n*3 6o^^c^. -s:S..,.
"said to'1
es^ A^^efo sS^^&o...,^6 'Indirect Speech
1 o-'told'rp C5j*Spoei^sS Boib&ofi* Ex.i-D.Ss- Suresh said to
Naresh, "Ramesh... is wrong". 7.5.:- Suresh roM Naresh that
Ramesh was wrong.
Changes in 'Pronoun forms1
: From Direct
Speech to Indirect Speech:- $%&.... 'Direct
Speech' 6* &ri^ 'pronouns'- 'Indirect Speech's* ic!: ^r-rTr^
i]'Direct Speech' e* *^.... '1st person*"^ 3?iS
^^cj&p" Indirect Speech' ?Soe6- 'Reporting Verb*
'subject1
- 'person' T AO*...- ^'person1
c*S5
Ex.:- -(a) D.S.:- SAe,said f"I will go." /.S-:
:S/w said that jft,?
would go. (b) u.5.:^ said, "I wiil go." JS.:- / said that I
![Page 82: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
IP," English' -Grammar'
.. 80-
would go, (c).jxs.:- You said>- "I- will go,'1
IS..:., you said
that you would go. -''. ,
. . r :.
; '-.
'.'
.
2"] 'Direct Speech's* 4% lnd -person^'
3^S*pronouns'wfc^,..
"'Reporting Verb'crSrosQp 'object
1- & 'person* f
8 '
s&olb,... *3
*
person'
Ex. i'(a) ZXS.:- She aaid to -me, "You are clever/' :
. She
told Wthat'J was clever* (b) >,?.:- She 1
'
said- -to J0, "you are
clever/4
LS.:- She told jw/ that .v^w were clever;/'(c)
D. 5.: -
She said to f/i^w, "you are clever/' S. : - She told fft^/)? that
//i^r were clever,
Changes in 'Adverb forms' : From Direct
Speech .to Indirect Speech;- ^&.... 'Direct
Spsech'e* &% 'Adverbs*- Indirect Speech*^ o)g &r6rp> ?ocob
1] This- that, 2]These- those, 8]
Thus- so ^ in the same
way, S- that way, 4]Here- there, 5]
Now- then,.. 6] To-day*
that- clay, 7]To-morrow- the next day, 8] yesterday- the pre-
vious day, S] Last night- the previous night,- 10] Ago- before,
HJ Hence- thence, 12].Hither- thither, .
.
'.^
-
Interrogative Sentences.(^.^s^tfgSScoep) -I From
'Direct Sp'ceelf to "Indirect '-.'Speech':.''(
"
"Direct Speech' &cd "'Indirect 'Speech' a^^ si
Ij
*
Reporting verb' ^^efea&irj6 *ask'n* rv^ ^CP 'enquire1
sSreaQ&oa.2] 'lS
3]"that
11
w&sSc
iT.v.:- (a) J5.5,:- H.e said to me, ."Who has gone to WarangaJ!""!S. ;
. He asked m who had gone to warangaU "s&M^cr
![Page 83: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Jf;P. English Grammar HI
o- Indirect Speech*'^3
'whether' rp s$&a.
(b) D.S.t- The guest said -to the girl, "where is your mother"
J.S".:- The guest enquired the girl where her mother was.
Ex. i.(a) -D.5.:- She said to me, "Did you see the Geverner?"
LS.i - She enquired me /"/ I hadtseen the Governer*
(b) D.S.i- He said to me, "Do you like Coffee?
J.S.-:- He asked me 'whether I like Coffee.
Commands and Requests (ss^ew *>& s>gwe3o) :
From 'Direct Speech' to 'Indirect Speech':- 'Direct
Speech' 6* &^4
w8aeo-wtfgifce'
Sentence)o&- 'Indirect Speech*
1]t
Reportingverb'S&
manded',*
ordered', 'requested', 'advised', 'prayed' So3 sS'i&saa
S$P>QX>. 2] Imperative mood1
3^ 6^4
verb'- 'Infinitive Mood'
fiT8a 8 sir>G0^ooi5.
Ex\:-
^a")D.S.:- The teacher j^fd to the boy"Get out from the
class-room." /.<$*.:- The teacher ordered t^ boy to get out from
the class room.
(b) .D.5.:- My mother ^/rf to me, "Never beep
company*" 7.S.:- My mother advised w& never
company.
(c) J3.S.:- The boy jafrf to the teacher,uplcase
me leave.'1
J.5.:- The boy requested the teacher to gram
leave.
(d) 7>.S.:- The woman said to the "queen,"kindly scvt- my
life/' ^^-:- The woman prayed the queen ro save her life"
![Page 84: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
J.P.English 'Grammar'
82 83&&C& qoAS irv&Si_ L CO
'
_, \
(e) D.S.:- The beggar 5fl/V to the passenger," please gW\me one, rupee/' ~/.5.:- The beggar begged the passenger /
--'"""
him one rupee,
Verb-Complement (|Sd5o-33?j$;t
{.,
iSd&eio-SSsgQSSan 11 - "Transitive Verbs. Intransitive Verbs i
U - 6) ..
j (complete) c
''Complement
1] Transitive Verbs (Stftf^ ^d&e):. ^ (object)
"Transitive Verbs"
^:- The boy kicked a dog (e^eodb
"dog" e5& 'object'
. S'&S'.,.. sjo^D "kicked" e& *verb1&- 'Transitive Verb'rp
'
2] Intransitive Verbs O^k' |8d&e):.-eftfi (object)^ ^
SOi^ cSSccotftfS8
a?S^e8. i .. ^r_5 ^sSa&. sa^ {Sd&Oc&-
%"Intran-
|,
sitive 'Verbs"" eS wbar&. ; ^" *
x. ; . 1] Horses ri/ (^g^exi &6Rfc&)i 2]Rivers //
sa-^gfiafir
1'objects' ^s&. sa2S&...: &
.... e*ofifo"ruif, "flow" e^^ 'verbs'So- "Intra.
sitive Verbs"n ^S*^.^?).
"S> "3oefo i^c^o otf'sS& ^_62d:i)& ASScap^sSefc 'coniple
s*."!] Subjective Complement, 2] Objective Complement"
![Page 85: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
J p. English (jramrfiar As
1] Subjective Complement :- 'Object' SsoovT*.... Subject'
'Intransitive Verbs'^o- c5o^cpfsS3ir6i ^S^o&k^. &Q (J> ftj
**
So* icS &&oc3c&&o&i.... "Subjective "Comple-
.ment" WP
2] Objective Complement:. 'Transitive. Verbs1- *object
...- ''objective complement11
-
Verb-Moodr
iScijbco
^^50 (Special functions)^ ^p
tf &<&..:. autf ssa (Action)
(verb foim)Sb-"Mood (6a)"
.. eito. .verb(,;Sii) c^sr
^ai: L c^
'Moods'^
![Page 86: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
J.F, English Grammar b4
.... "l] Indicative mood, "2] Impe
mood, 3"! Infinitive mood, i] Subjunctive mood"
1] Indicative mood
Ai-Srftotf^5^ jfici- "Indicative
f.v.:. il Subhadra reads news paper everyday'
-2*a sr-^-sS^ tffiSj^?&) ^s?a 5p^057orsS. 2]/* this
pen ^fi& ^c^)? ^a LsS^sp^g^o! 8]
If it rains, 1 ca:
go to school(SjftSa abeaS^....
^r. ^:fr!i]
How -beautiful this is(s?a
u w
2J Imperative. Mood(atfo^'
(order)' t'r5^ (request)', 3e#(Advise)', 'Jl&Jcp (Blcssin,
_:_i- 'Imperative mood'e^A'-:-
I] SitinJuj* on the bench
me go(
truth i4 God
you i
g] Oh G<. mercy upon us (* ^^^t __
3J Jnfitiitire Mocd* *;**,* ttca
-.l-. L d. 'Infinitive Mood's*
![Page 87: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
.P. English Grammar
.
"
Give me milk to drink (\&&te& ^SJS&M,)! 4"! T .,.. v
:
human (tfj Sctfxxb -?6s$f5sS?e3Sia)! 5] Kanchana went to wee*
her mother (a-otfS tffS ^C5^)\ CO
:- Infinitive mood's*&?S^ L c&*
'Infinitive
^ verb. 'nounV r?, 'adjective' n* rpS SCP 'Adve-
drink" ^^^SS-4
adjective' r^^; "to meet" &&>&&. 'advreb1
4] Subjunctive mood(dtftftf Qi
e
"subjunctive mood"
: .1]
I should not do so if I were you (fc3Si
a fe^ 536^ s*&), afSoSSa^ firfS! 2 God saw the
country (Stfsio&- tfKsSoab
3]Who lives if crops fail
TenseiSc^' 3*&
- "Tense
(Tense)&o?s5^n....
"i]|Present Tense, 2] Past Tense,
8] Future Tense" e$& *& Sj<5'^oDiT QftfotfaA &bio2.
1] Present Tense (^^S^c6 sr*oSu)u s,s ^^a'-'
(verb)'- *present tense' eT6^oto>oa. ^-:-
i]I am a boy
>). 2] She fa gofng to school
![Page 88: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
**-,'- '
'
'^'
' - 1.P. bngii^h UraiiiHiar y6 &3&[cbcjG *son
2] Past Tense (
;r:>2r3^:;& c^c^iS^ itfe,.., es(S cSb( verb-)'
-'l
past
dr^tx^l. v. : _ij Rajani ^ent to NeHore
(tf&S 3g3"&
'JMangala ir/'^t- a letter &
3j Future Tense
'Future Tense' ^: * toofi. jEar.:.i]
Kumar w///
row ;i^;r J ^^ yXoefo). 8]I shallgo within few mim
r* ***._
._ ^ w s^ ?^, rju(
KLMDS OF TENSES
! Present Tense tfar
(i) present indefinite tense
{8d!&.fci&gSa .
"jiadrfinite tense" fe simple piesem tense>
, ^^ ^^^:- : TA child ,/ -co
r ^ to
(ii present continuous tense(^o^^ a tf^.- 5,1
VE-J^ox.... 'Stf arSSatf..^....^^^te.:*^^ 8ed6ad&. .d6.
presenttense S B8y
Q school
towards
![Page 89: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
f,P. English Grammar 87 esiic& sioAS ir?^r____ _ _______ _ .
*~C*} *~
to school (&> &d 3Sjd&io^
jHe /i&s co/ne towards me
(iv) present perfect continuous tense(Sc*& 0^47-1'
Si tf 3Sje5 5*eSttY.. ;5tfr s*eotio3 iS-^oLo^^a, sio^> r?IB C
.
^
rVovp3 4^ ^?j^> dOd&^dSb[5cJ>Si*55b:rfD- "present perfect
continuous tense'* $> esoip&.' *:-1]
I /mvcj been recuJhi^ a
book ^^^ sS)^tf2S!&tfdb^)&S d&ofia), 3] I
to school (^?Sia:d
2] Past Tense
(i) past indefinite tense (0Sai
&>&- "past iadefinite tease" ^^> oir6. E^"-:-1]
The child
slept (& a|^25*<23&). 2]I wn* to school (a& KAS r-M;\
(ii) past continuous tense
-upast continuous tense" <=s& ?so^d. jf-:-
1^I vc75
/rtr to school 3&> ED^ 3&&*^ cSSboas)* 2jShe ^as/v^Jiw^
a book
(iii) past pefect tense
- SS&tf SsSad&S* 4?
past perfect tense" esS ^oi^ci. &.:Ij
1 hud VMC
to school 3&> 8Dd SC S cStoofia). 2]She haJ read a book ^.
-l
(iv) past perfect continuous tense (S'w ~^*S*
Bc&:2=x ;c&- ir-i^JCi- "P^ perftc-!
sw ^olj11^. "-v -:- P I /:<t'/htv?: ;!if
.rt
-' t4C
continuous tense"
![Page 90: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
J.P. English Otammar
school (& B3J 3**p3 Ao<5 dwoaa). 2] She hada bonk
(-,, ^^io.
3] Future Tense tf&'
(i) Future indefinite tense
"Future indefinite tense" ,a Modj ^ 2T.r .:.
'
jJ
j J//o// ^ ,(
school(*i
s-Bjtfji). 3] She ^///v^ a book (a 4 .'
'
(Ii) Future continuous tense
sto):. ^^^^o^,...^^31^3^ L2,^ ^^. -ip^ continuous tense"
r-:j
I shall be going to school
(in)FU tUre perfect tense_
toS.. "Future perfect tense" ato -school
(3ab BM 3C
nvVp'V'^7 a b k
(^^&ab ^as ^>otf^&
).(n) Future perfect coHtiouoas tease (tfo*tf Sos
.^" :
;:^:
: ^'^-^^....'^to^ *.& -
"F
!
~.<:
. a ^ v: .^ -J ,- ~.
kaVe beCn g f" t0 SChool
rcaJiji? a book
Participle
t ive\*^*
' -,j a
^ -*. v-- -^
![Page 91: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
J,P. English Grammar 89 e&!>c& 30AS ir_______________ ^-...-.-TT-J^-J...-^^^^- _ *- C3 *,
Adjective^ jfrea;S| Sjis$.Sa)wwa e*oL-*. -: participles-
*
2:r.'e
* : . She kissed the weep!}?* ek!!J(^
"weeping" r:: :.':....
"weeping child" wSn-.... "Sdfo&Sx j^" a tttf::! "Child" -^-* o- Ci 5.
noun &- "weeping" o&> verb- 'abjective* sSsS qualify t&Z^L..... "weeping" & verb- e5^ verb n-&* f sjis adjective
* siri^c^X)zicS^a. tf&^ ... ^ s^^^^a "weep" ^S: verb
- 'ing' ^Qctxoiio^ itf^as "weeping" es& verb form- ^parti*
Kinds of participles
jS'^pspoSaa (Tense) .&fcSSoa.... -^a 'participles'- S^^^rr
1
M
l] present participle, 2] past participle, -I7perfect partici-
ple" M& SSxpfo Cj^Sbje^n6 aaS^otfeasPcs:.
1] Present participle(^$^&j):- Simple present tense:*
<^ verb &- l
ing'^ .^dc^tosSoJS &tf^& fSc&* :i*-S:& ^'present
participle" 05 Id ^oij*6. Y<- goa,ing=: going;
seeing; look+ ing=:looking; sing+ ing singing etc.
2] Past participle(^^^x
^ScS^aJig -3^aS
present tense o& ^ verb &- "en, n, d, ed, t
"past participle" w^
'Ex..- eat+ en=eaten ; show+n=shown; love + d=love; ta
ed^talked; learn+t= learnt etc.
3]Perfect participle (c5o$r| ^d&-aSSg SL^^aia):-
past participle ^^& sSno& -"having11 & B'L5f^s^& Ar^t,
^^^&- "perfect participle*
1
--* ,'--'
,
![Page 92: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
I*P. English Grammar 90ES^JJ!
.v.: . having eaten, having shown, having loved, having t<
having learnt etc.
riSSS of 'PaTticiplssX^^*^*^' |Sd&s? &oic3j**T*
l"1
'present participle1;^ Saofifc- FSoaofi^ 'be* form &> d
Si'jr!....tl
a)She is reading [Present continuous tense)* b)
i*'tfs reading (Pflj/ continuous tense)- c)She ,y/;0// be re
[Future continuous tense}" earSs 'continuous tense' ex> !
".*" *
S^ 'past participle' Ssi ^o2b-'have'& rpfc, 'has'^b n*5b, 'f
r?-. i;di:s?S ...ua) I //ave seen a
\ion.(present perfect tt
b) She /,-' written a letter(p.p.r,). c)
The king ////rf
into forest ^j/ perfect tense)* d) I shall /lo.ve read the
(Future perfect tense}" w& 'perfect tense1
ex> SiiJ^&abR^S.
] 'past participle' ssb Saofia- ?Soejoa^ 'be' form & ASc-: ... "a) Ravana v<w killed by Rama
(pojj/v,? voiceThis book 1-5 written by me (p.y.). c) The pupils wcre I
by their teachers /p.jg" & 'passive voiced tf
1] 'participles'^ i^a 4^.... "participle phrase"
-<-!- //flv//i. /<, all her hopes she killed herself
.
lost all her hopes", "she killed her self" e&%o'& B-cfo^ohaving lost" ^ 'participle phrase'.^ ^.4, fct
"'
<ut>4f^. .O
=- Present participle'^s^.-? verb' ^2^, ^dd^ 'adjeci
![Page 93: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
tp. English Orammar 91 aS|iic& s*oAs ir?>&6~*
_^ .,_..,- _____ ^^ ....... |__ ^ ______
' ***_f*5^
'noun* oSSlfr* &*^A>
"Gerund" 3o*'
verbal noun
.v.;. l"i Reading, is a good habit
(rf&s&b e,S sioa ^05?^! ^i
^ ^^ ..."is" w& (6ctt&. "reading" &?5a* 'subject'?? ^.
-v.-.. 2 1 I like reading novels
- "like" es& L d3b^- "reading" &S6 'object' rr
^ y^r? .... 'noun1
SSB^ s3^^cSxcSif^a. sjo^eT7-^ &5* L"!^,^::
....ureading" ^^o ^^sSx>- tfc6& ^?S3 'object'rp Acdipg....
J^ "novels" ^& 'object1
s> roAcsSo^a.
:- 'present participle' si>5ctixj 'Oerund'oa ^oifc* a," CcpsS
., ^s BodfcJO 'verb'Si- 'ing'^ e
Aotoofl. Ac?&tfE&& ^ ^ofi
1] Running is an exercise (3&7^fc a-tf ^oO <wj?SSa)! 2]
along the road, I saw a horse
"running11
?i
"running" e&Sa- "is"
Ldi^ 'subject'* ^fl. tf&tf .... a Verbal noun
j S^ 4
Gerund'
"running" &
'pronoun'^- .'adjective' SS Qualify
.
'
verbal adJective'
goe <present partici"
pie' art&S^a.
Usage of the simple present Tense (^s-!5g tf ^&-fe
^e, i3iQ3j-rt3)!-'Present indefinite tensed- "simple present
tense3****
a,....
![Page 94: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
j.k Knglish Grammar 2 aSftdfr
3*2^. co^lr*- a* it Sjtfwzor?5
&PO^ eS&soc^ safio.^o
cScw'^sSaeafiodfc-*
simple present tense7& &r
i/
fit.:- a)The sun r/jr^j in the east (&&& fia
b^l The Earth rotates round theSun($j>3o
CO*....*:-
a)I take coffe
the morning (j3?& ^tfcCosSx) s$ 5ftvofij&X b) She
gymnasium in the early hours every day
'. i .. Ex.: a) The
. b) The lion
4] ?Sfrfis oScis; rfoSS^?^ SOcifiMdBco ^o^&oo^8,... X<-.
a)horse AflJ a long tail
(rtbessfoSr
b) The elephant has atrtmk(Si&rfb ^
5 i
fiSpsatf^R 6oD^ cSo^Saooe*....JEi--.
a) She speaks Ti
as well as Telugu (^eo^ ^S^ ss^ ^Sotf^P-sijtdp>dfc&). b)
u-J western music besides classical music
el^ _
a) The muslims pray Allah
b) The Hindus burn the dead(frofibfteo A\&^& efsStfa
,.., v. s . a1
! The Christians r/j^r Church every Sunday fi
.
b) We ge/ o
month
![Page 95: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
iSjJ,P, English urammar
81 S$tf&<S 8>dS> SOdtaadfo tfo&'&^ocr*....a) She /m* two*.]*<& v i/
les to her right handle's*tfrf &S3SS Bo& n*33*o&
b)The rain is heavy (3tf
9] tfag&;v>o& a^KtS
c^sSioofl*.... ^:-a)
I g^ to .Bangalore next month te:^
^db36^Cjb*fe). b) She crome^ here in a day o
,10]
djfib).#;,. a) Krlshnadevaraya .now leaJ5 his arinj
reach the battle field (^^<S$a^c$>a> sisSv^j ^ro ""^6^.0 ctV wss J *. o
^oNftb u^doSb cyoe&5d)ibf3^^). b^ Kucliela now explain'
Krishna about his poverty(^^a>&>
Usage of verb forms in various ienses(S)# c^^^12
. (verb form) 05 n
Ssi (number), ^&& (person)o?& ^^cSdoD siptf ^ 'verb
s^sSjea)ifcf3^
ox. ^s(SoCj
SdbcSiT 1
,*.. "present tense1
, "past
tense', "Future Tense* o c&oe>- "go" s& verb(jadtsi)- person
{^SbSa,) f number
![Page 96: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
iSjJ.P. Bnglish Urunimar 'yy
J"
q*
*" ' Urf '*" u^^'^*+v **-*->
,*,aj &.ue /Zf/*i tWO1
0-;J1 ti; v.'*
les to her right
b)The rain is heavy
(sto't
9] tfacigfibtoc
,... ^. s .a)
I so to Bangalore next month(3S^3e>#'
3o^5orc3ojdi)c6a). b) She comes here in a day or ;wo
8^i>^erJJfi
JO]
s*fi
c;-,-."" '
&). Ex* ma) Krishnadevaraya .rum leads his army to
reach the battk field (^Jiocfiw oi^& tf?S ^Soio^* yl a S)
6'oK^ Se&iioSbcpo^^tibf^fifo). b^ Kuchela now explain;,
Krishna about his poverty(5o^^&
Usage of verb forms in various (ense9(a&^ c*oi-itio
12
(verb form) e rv sireS,
5i5jf5sio (number), s^cS^. (person) o& i>&?S6oO &P&' ^8 'verb
forms'sSj'eaaiib^oco.
&(jtotf
sSdbrSr?.,.. *present tense1
, *pa&i'
tense1
,
A
Future Tense'e o&ob- "go" ^^a verb (|o^bV person
I, number
![Page 97: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
fctt
S! '5
in1 J"
. jc;
S
-1
f
3 5 .'S '5 .2 .5w-I aas
a a -i:
c a
oO5
^HQC
<XuAlt
CO
UJ^H2LU
O)UJcca
tt
? fi
o
. = t ..
.i,
*ffi 55'S
oo}
IHCC
<XoLU(ft
LUH
fe
'.S
I
O
"0
Q g
I MiO -fl
** *
06
s a'
'S 'o 8 -fl -S.
,
s
S S
> tC ; ^
4i
"5co -' to AJ-05 a," K ft'
?, _
ifij
![Page 98: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
o
i
oi c
cj
*
G ej w ca
'S 'S8) s a se
(t>*^
![Page 99: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
!.? English Grammar
: : Pv'jak Verbs
t;;:^s-;
4SJA LSd, (verb)& .cjfcfg. 'd' rj-a, -'ed'
t"-..W :.-:.... sfrSsws-o(past tense) e*as &> |Sdfce&. "w,
V-'.s" :-J:~ "Regular Verbs (^ptf LSc{fis)" JaST-t'stc:- fe's
1 ense Past Te s"_ (Suffix)
!+)(+ ed)
(+0k'
j Strong Verbs ($*& \g&w y.m ^^ ^^
(presj"'" : v ^ ^i U<* (verb) Sotfo ^ (vowel) ea &.
I """."." ft4j3'e!a
(past tense)
* &sLSct3bo&. "Stro
"Irregular Verbs
PastTfnse-
<;
tbide (?,r^^obear r^Sc^)
abode.(tfSwS!n0BS$>)
b0re
onjugation of some 'Weak Verbs';-(c;
!
d' 5^ 'ed'a^bSesS.... 'present tense
1
Asked(
Believed
Chased
Climbed
past tens.
Asked
Believed
C1]ased
![Page 100: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
I IP, English Grammar
![Page 101: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
![Page 102: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
j.t>. JSnglis'hCifammtir W afeftcAa
go AStrt>
![Page 103: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
![Page 104: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
it |4JJ.P. -English Cxraratnar 10 1
![Page 105: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
J.f. Engligh Grammar \TK.
a " rai
tense's*
Resent tense'
.eg
teme 'pan 'tense past participle
fall
fell(ssrf/r
lie (J
lay <
find (Xfound fa--
fell (ssas>)
felled
lay ,
laid .
found
founded
fallen(sSa)
felled
lain
laid
found.
founded
"Found" &&
1 1 She fell down from the tree
^'\ Son^e people fell the trees for tlie sake of fire wooi
("r-oci:oa Sod3oc?& a&tfsS 3da& sStf/ratf&\ '81 1 lay on th<\ -* CO e> / -t
" ?
bed i'^^cas^^' sS&^od3o)). 4]I lay the pen on the tabl<
($&> icc^^cb^ e&o&> Ao^aa). 5]Slie found herbook iiitht
kitchen (^ tfS s&Stf&)& ^oi)^(S^8
tfSa/rasi))/ 6]I found
this society (eS& '^s ?OO&&D& &^&oOM).
Degrees of Comparison
S8rrCc. ^S3.... "Degrees of Comparison" e^
-:-a) Java is tall
(-acfio- SP^S^^); b) Vijaya is taller
tlum Jaya ^acS- ttcaogTot) SToS^a), c) Srivijaya ig the
![Page 106: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar.
10 *&<& * A5.
tallest of,all(^
"tall, taller, tallest" o& ss^ sStf&oe- "HC&, .aesdSi,
(Adjectives)- ^tfrf&g tfj|pg.... 'UjTositive Degree, 2]'Com-
paritive Degree, 3] Superlative Degree". &
1] Positive Degree (Brwftf |s)r6db 3c3
i
o5oS'(6& Xe (^>raSSx)?i>
'
&sSpcSgsSx>n SDc&^cJLiD Adjec-
tives1
?^, "positive degree" oS eo^&. *:-1]
Nandini is
good (^oa &o^<a), 2] My house is ^(CT* sg> "^^)-
S]Calcutta is a great city (tfetf^-/^^^^).
21Comparative Degree (&tons|8):.
^ sSgja-
sScS^jSy; a,^ SS&3&&- sSs^^"" SS&^S*^ a,^ K5o^^-ftiiH* _a (|)
^sSxj^c&p1
f&coo$& ^raSS^&.f5a&*fi^
^Dc^^dii*
Adjectives'^.
"Comparative Degree" && wo&pifi. ^.;.
-ijNandini is fee/^e''
than Padmini(riofia- sSa^asfo"6 &oCa). 5] My house is bigger .
than my brother's house(io'ajc
^r ^dJdo^Bigj'tfo'fr'o^a;. 8].
Cecutta is greater than Chennai
3] Superlative
Adjectives
"Superlative Degree'* &3 ^ofi^db. Ex. : ~ij
Ramifii is the fees*
of all the girls- in the class(<tf
tfS^a S3*) oodJ^^ s*bS tse5
sSbbfia). 2] My house is the biggest* of all the houses in the
street(j? ERG^D li&d"
8^ Q^a^ofiSST6?^
Slii^.D "&>&&). 8]Cal-
cutta is the greatest of all the. cities in India
![Page 107: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 'JO* **&<& *S L*
FORMATION OF DEGREES (jPS5g>&? o^Jfc
positive degree a* *& 'Adjectives'^- 'Comparative Degi
5c&> 'Superlative Degree1
5*a8 ^tft>rl&.... ^(I
1] a,"3 Syllable & 'SAd&^ Adjectives
(a) .'positive degree'^- *$ 'single syllable adjective'
"er" e& itfsSe& 3dci3teS.... 'Comparative Degree*
rtest" e& e<tfsSre^ 2dfcS!$,... 'Superlative Degree' >tf;
&o. *:-(i)
Long- Longer. Longest, (ii)Hard- Hardc
Hardest. -
(b)'Positive Degree
1
StfJ6- *ef
A^$&....fiK)8-"r" ^*& e^i
3.'. s . 'Comparative Degree' si)6d&> "st" wrb t
6.... 'Superlative Degree' iitfjebdoofl. ^-r- Wis
Wiser- "Wisest, Late- Later- Latest
fc)^Positive Degree* OiStftf- *y* AoA y <S^) 3&^ -
sS^g>eoA^
parative* &8da 'Superlative* Degrees Stf^tfcp'oaa. jEx.:- Drj
Drier- Driest; Easy- Easier- Easiest
(a) 'positive degree's OSStf'-'y' &o'ft. S?!> 3?&^ Srexiexj ^Six *
. co
sSrsSbj*ca5n^*er' si5cixo *est' o& ^5\c6^.... 'comparative'
Superlative* degress Sitf^ef^e^j.-E
1
^-:- Gay- Gayer- Gayest,
^'positive degree* BStf- a.^1
3..... 3 aasa
*er* 5i5c^b *est* of&35^-5*.... 'comparative
9
&6d&> 'Superla-
tive' degrees d^dfapa. ^-:- Thin- Thinner- Thinnest;Red. Redder- Reddest
(f) 'positive degree* fcsStf-'
![Page 108: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 105
;
er' SD&>c
est'&ad& 3a^ .....'comparative1
*
Superlative1
degrees ^isrcxa. v. :- Thick- Thicker.
Thickest; weak- weaker- weakest,
2]'Positive Degree
1 s8 & c &, Bofifa 'Syllables' tfo ra^ 'adje-
ctives' i$&- &Qc)&> sS^& 'syllables' KowR)^ 'adjectives
1
S5&-"'
'more1
sS?Odo*
most* e&- w'S3isSe3& &oo^ Sd^S ^fifo....
*
comparative' &>5c^ 'supeilative1
degrees Sto'^tferooo.
- x. :-
(i)Harmful- More harmful-
^Most harmful,
(ii)Beau- m
tiful- Mbre beautiful. Most beautiful.,
-
8]Sf
1^ 1
Adjectives1
a.g"(tf&siofl^-
3&6is*.... 'irregular1
rv- compare
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Bad (%$}Worse ^o 3|) Worst
Good (s?^) Better(C-OBB*^)'
B;St
Much(wStfa>f6)
More(ope ^fia-
gp?6)Most
Old(aiJ)
"
Older o-o &tf Oldest
Little ^gb-SS,^
Lesser
COMPARISON OF 'ADVERBS'; (^dfir-
gT8
^):. 'Adjectives' cS3c siSi 3<aS -wrp.... ^^^AoCi 'Adve-
rbs' &P& "& SS^S iSSstf&,... sS^elb S^sSDD.erv agfdoSSaatfoPoa.o- O I
"Adverbs of Manner", "Adverbs of Degree", "Adverbs of
Time11
e^^ &^& ^^SS^4Adverbs*& si^ L̂ ^ ^B Degrees "of
comparison S6&oa.-4cps^tfeB&- ^"e ^Sb6 sSg^t^^ofi!
Positive Degr&e Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Fast S^^OT Faster oo S^sioTv Fastest
![Page 109: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 106 .
ea*5[ScsisoA
Soon(tfjtfrp)
Sooner ^no tfjtfn*)Soonest
(SbS'
5tf).Earlier
(EPS *aotfetf) Earliest(
Badly (S&v) . Worse(woBtfn-)
'
Worst
Well(&oQrp) Better (co sSioOr?)
"
.Best
Far(^p^r^r?) Farther
(c-e&^cCsSan*)Farthest
(JtoSj.0
Swiftly^r?*) Moreswiftly(!peSan) Mo'^t swiftly
Skilfully More skilfully*
Most skilfully
marks"
Punctuation Marks
tffio3&&$i
eSj^ "punctuatic
'punctuation marks'S^cSfiStf/fo^. 30
'punctuation marks'
1J
The Full Stop raark--^^ scr-sSj osS^Sb (.)r?! The Question mark=S^tfi
P
r^Sa (?)"- ! The Exclamation
I .'*"' &sy
"";sL
I|
The Comma ?^^
c-jThe Colonsr^t*-'
i? The Se
![Page 110: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
}J>. flatfish (Grammar <
jp?' ^<& oASi Ln>&&
'
7]The Brackelsrs&otffctftfw as^&oeo ([],())
8]The Dashsi'^pSg asS^Saj' ( )
.
.9]Inverted Commas marks r=
10]Double Quotation marks=t9&p^ OS^sSe(" ")
-ll]Hyphen-
12JApostrophe^
ia];Three
14] Capital Letter&:=">>
15]The Colon and
Dashrr^;.)
USAGE OF PUNCTUATION MARKS
1] Fllll Stop :-(a)
.CiSS^- ^s o-^c&aeo ^5^j^(Joo <*bbrp A* Full Stop.
_
O -o- p -* *^
eptib.-G'*.:-1]
I am a boy. 2]She is
a^girL 8]Amani
is clever, etc,
(b)'Abbreviation
(s5o'le><tfS)f
o&-auS*^^, ^s>a ^dbs^^-
^B 'Fullstpp'&'
Ao&Bpab/^-:- j] M.A. (Masterof Arts),
2]S, S. C.
(SecondarySchool
Certificate),
'
8]H, M. (Head
Master) etc.
(c)e ^oa S)^^JO?T A^ 'Abbreviations* Sj^c^^q
8,.., sStf&o
aS6y
s.s'^^Oo sSp^fitSa
s
Fullstop' 6oO^ ?66&s^boi5.
t.:-l]Jan.
(January), 2] Lat(Latin), 8]
Mr. (Mister), 4] Govt.
(Government), 6]Co. (Company), 6)
Ltd.(Limited), 7]
Bros.
(Brothers)*etc. -
-
2] Question mark :-'
(jS^^gsfooab oatfs /Full stop'&^
"S>^b^<Sb.e$
*4
jS^S3D
XssSaGM ^^ 3OL):o^ reo&... 'Question
mark (?)'& *otfsS3Ji>. A"-:-1]
What is your name ?"2]
Who
firs you ?
'
. ,-
.
"
"
![Page 111: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
J.& English Grammar''
iQB .
&ijbd& $oAi
3] Exclamation marie :-
"Exclamation mark(!)'&
sSp
sse :f s 'Interjection' ficr
.v. : .
ijHow beautiful she is!
'(w^cpgtfs'
"
s^kgab)* 2] Get
out! or Sit down! (^ ). 3j Hurrah!(Interjection).
4] C0IHIBa :- ^ *^o>
Comma(,)' 4?^^d
%
a 3.3 ^ireT-^^SSb fSoaodoa^.S^a^' ^es-^caex, 'and'
t&- fcr^tf^ a^&o ^Ci)^^ 'Comma(,)'
<4 .; ,
; Dharmaraja, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva are
known as Pandavas(*, ^|
^^' 'nouns'tf^^rfs)). AsSsW ;.
'-nd' ,*.- sioii ^ itf."^ tf<fis,rf 'Comma' Aotfo-dSb'.2] The
Old woman is poor, ugly, miserable and weak (*, ^g-^g.-Adjectives' ^^^s
). g] N.T.R. spoke .Telugu clearlynicely, fluently and vehemently (* ^^^i ,
Adverbs> ^1
, --^^S csis-s omna' ioiWec&a,. Et.,. ,1 RichP.. h and
motherland.
.
e_
. ,.. i] TahnEI.V favourit a
'' '
J Taboo, you
![Page 112: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
-Grammar;
.
:. 169-
(d) v*i&>*G*b' LCP 6*&^& ..&*<>&* .'rSb Comma's,
Lsrctfpa.*,:-
1]To err is human, to forgive, devine
SaflV forgive' ^^ "is" & L6c6 'e^asa.Comma/ L PcfcaaSa)'. 2] Reading maketh a full man; confe.
rence, a ready man; and writing, an ..exact, man
Conference' 'writing* o tf&sptf ^maketh'" ^
>... 'Comma 1
(e)
comma'& .
Lp-cS^D.-JEic.:. I1 -The
Sun rising, 'the wofkers ''commenced their work. 21 The Suni having set, they all went home. .
|(f)''Direct Speech's
4.^ s^^g^SoeSei. .Quotations &>^ &&,i>doo& sSofiS)v''c6n3ina'cSai
(jcr=cd;p).*' :-!] She said,"! will go**
2]He said, ".Ramya is clever". .
"
(g) -^Compound, sentence' SofiS- OS^O^-' Co-ordinate* clause
o?5o ai&dSo6& 'Comma' .e?& ^pd^D. ^-:- I] Men may come,
men may go, but 1 go on for ever,2]
He called at my office,
but I 'Was absent,'
,
'
,".
5] Colon ;.--ja .'semi-colon' p?i..a&^s$- cjCP^Sb'^ ^^^oa.-
apa^eo-, .Sp&tfio, cfe*^o& s5oDo5)b ^s ''colonf;)
J
^> f53d&D. .
Ex.i. .. 1
JThe , important tenses of a verb are : the present
tense, the past . tensey the future tense, -il .The proverb says:
Honesty is the- best '-policy'.. J Dickens said : "It is 'better to
be ihree hours earl> than one minute late,"
:^ acr
![Page 113: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
(jramniar -.
*110 es^caa qoS,
\\
'clause* o&. &>Sd&> a. "3
a
*
Semicolon(; )'&> (jpc&?>.,#:-
came; she saw; she conquered* 2J
The coconut trees
i'owS; it gives us oil; it gives us milk; it gives us ro{
supplies ub, indeed, with all the. necessaries of life, 3
heart was pure; his life was peaceful and happy.
7j Brackets :.(a)
****?>g$&z.6'*
^A),^i 'clause' o^ c^g
. cr-fc
;ji.oi'^ 5, clause[Parenthetical)^. 'Brackets
()'
jr-L. -tx.:. Abou Ben Adhem (may 3ais tribe iucrc
Awoke one night from a deep dream of peace.
;
r
^/'^ &3&&s3i
Abbreviations ^C'
^
'Brackets( j
1
"^ rpcj-. ^|>.,-4 ^^ ^gSSo OSitf &wg 0:
jr^SoR CPS^&; s^^sSoa sySft &^^! Brackets
1
,e*^ ^dab-
r-. : .
i_ Rajakumari studied B.Sc. (Home Science). 2] Ha B.Sc.
(Agriculture) graduate.8] Ranjitha bought a la
ciikulator(15 digits). 4] My father got an. award* from Raspaihi The president of
India). 5] Indian population touc&e ;,: million "mark
(10 millionsslcrore). 6j Write
es*ay about The Simla Agreenient? (U P.-S-C/,' Mar: 79.).
' ' '
'Brackets1
*^
S! Dash:, i y^sia ^-3^ ^ t<t
.
-:. ^^i;.^-.... ,r.| (Blank> SfiC
;^ v:l- 'Dash (-.)& ..p^. *...ij Gayathri is a
are friends.
-
NOTE -..
![Page 114: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
English Grammar m- "Fill up the blanks:,"
j^ 3d&&"
9] Single Quotation marks.-
s,g S5tfae& Sin-
gle Quotation marks(
4 J
)Sex Inverted comnTas
sSatfgg ic-ctSpO.
.v.s.
1] Mahatma_ Gandhi was also called as -Bapuji1
. 2]Kon-dapalli Seetharamaiah is the 'founder of 'Naxalite movement'
in Andhra- pradesh. 3] M.G'.R. was awarded*
Bharatha Ratna*
posthumously, 4] 'Aamuktha Maalyada' was written fay Sri
Krishna Devaraya.5] Indira Gandhi was popular with 'Bank
Nationalisation7
and '20 point programmeV
(bj Quotations &tfg &S^ &*gx ff6^- Quotations IjfioSeaS
&6c3^. s$pk 3cs-op^"g^3 sSo^s^efc.... 5*50 'Quotations'^-
'Single Quotation Marks' JT |5Fc&*6. ^v-:- Mr. Robert replied,11 Was it not Shakespeare who observed ; 'Give every man ear
but few thy voice*?""
..
(c) Sr3yo> fe'SbocSa- 'Single Quotation marks'^ i3ad&*D."*.
.
-" ',"*-Ex.--
1]'Tit for tat (^^ wto& S^S^V -2]
*Truth is
God(rStfg'S} SsSsSxi)
1
.
101 boubie Quotation marks:- Direct Speech tfo ^^>J '
,
' O
sptfgsSao&-Double .Quotation marks Sc* Double Inverted
commas(" ") &tfjS |spd6*>.-^.:- 1]
Lalitha Said,- "Lam
going to market."2] Afuna said, "I got U,P S.C. selection",
3]"Never mind"
5 she replied, "it made known to me who
were wellwishers". & s&y&sS s^^gsSD^oei-' Reporting Verb
niintntinn rnnrtfi r^
![Page 115: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 112
11] Hyphen :- wortiFSWo& vfagg* &^ Compound word
dJSe& e*>&doSb Hyphen(-)&[j3d&*0. $ Dash(_W
d&oix>o3. X:-1] To-morrow, 2] Short- sight, 3] Lamj
stand4] Father-in-law, 5] Daughter-in-law, 6] Sister- in-tas
7] Commander- in- chief, etc.,
12] Apostrophe :- (a) 'Possessive- case' &> &r-a &^ 7
'noun' &8&> 4
s' ^b &$*$ Apostrophe (*)a
l&r.-.l]Rekha's bag, 2] Deepika's purse, 8] Leela's ring etc
(V) aitf cSeS&o^ofijD- a,S w^^sS^ a*&ou)i!oOT S^OoeS aaotf^> /
,C*J tvA
^9 e*8>oO?6 ^do Apostrophes [p*dfr.Ex.
:.
1]It's'
(It is]
2] Don't (Do not) etc.. s Apostrophe ^s$ob*rfsSEc&
13] Three dots' :. 9<5*&5&
Out of thirty boys;.. .some are clever and some ar<
useless.2] If so,.,, you have to face serious consequences
.3] 'Recently.... I have been to Singapore,
. 14] Capital letters :*' a-tfg&o^aaatftf s5^^ <^^ ^^^
<#&>&, 'proper notins'Sb Bofieo s5^&ie) ^S wJCtfa^fSp
Direct Speech SotfO fl^O s5tfSa^ ^ w*tfsfc>&*- 'capita
letter'n-.jspdt&'O. ^-:- I]She is going to school. 2]
I hav<
seen Sujatha at Lalbaug in Bangalore. S]Bir.du said, "W<
are rich." ^s Capital letters1
^ap^sSwA ^sSoO ^o^^b ifctft&
15] Colon and Da^h :- ^sSgjfi
J6& So8DoSoa;S aStfsSb& ra5(list)
rv
'colon and dash(:.)'
^ ^c^D. ^ :-I]
The articles found
fy the tkiefs suitcas? are as follows ;-a)
two wrist- watches,
![Page 116: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
J.P. Engll&h Grammar 118
b) one transistor, c)one gold ringj d) 1200 rupees in cash,
e) tw.o' pairs of clothes etc. 2} Tie assets of Sudhakar are
given below :- a)one < tea estate, b) three big houses, c) one
imported car, d) two petrol bunks, e)due cashewgrove etc,
Same Words in Different Parts of
Speech
spfi
ssotf sScJsSuoa- S c^5 fSoStf^sSabcCoodi
1] A :-*
Article* r?/.. He bought atwo-wheeler(wtf& a,tf
flj
5pSjf6^& f*3&). 'Preppsition'n8 .... She takes meal twice a
day (49^ 3*3= ^O^O^P& E^es^^p S^ofi)-
2] About :- 'preposition' n-.... They are discussing about
the elections (&& &&&& rtbeSoO rf^^&).*
Adverb' n-....
She is about twenty years old (a>\
3} above :- 'Adjective'^.... Explain the above lines(lj sSo&
o& as$aobsS). 'Noun'r?.;.. The ^frove is an accurate colour
(^ ft?o2^ ^OiSb). 'AdverbW:... Look r/&ov^ (l>
'preposition1
^.... They are placed .above *$ T&& &
4] After :-c
Adverb* rv-... She came here at 8 PM and her
husband toon. after. (^^D SPJ^OL^^O 6 Koioo^ gtfvtf& DTP....
ea1^ ftf' s Sofio^ S3^&).
4
Adjective' n ... She was more
peaceful in /^/- life
![Page 117: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar . 114r &&fid& eoA5
). 'Conjunction1
n .... She arrived .after the plane left
'
38^&*ooDc6^SbSF9^ esSo
sSei^&j. 'prepositionYP....- She
visited me #//?/ mid-night (tfc
5] As :- /Pronoun* r?.... This is the same book as I read ye-
sterday (3& S?$^rffiSi^a ^S Ltfo<&fc>)! ^Adverb'rv.,.. She has
beautiful as you (&$ ^)o^ 65o^^S c^^^.,..' ^s'Si ^r^ wo^
. 'conjunction'??1
. ... They did as they were told
6] Both :- 'Adjective*^.... -'-Both girls went there
lfe ^^^^^ 38jQ). 'conjunotion'r?.... She is both an educa-
ted and, intelligent (e$3o&- rfd&sjp sfcadtfr ^^
'preposition'n*.... fior/; of them are married
7] Down :- 'Noun'n-.... His life contains many ups and
downs (&& &&$x o"e E'cS^djSSao)feScJio sS^^sSxo^
A^a); 'Adjective'?^.... She has taken thedowH portion
i8o&' 5s-^a& S^^a). 'Adverb*^.... .She .sat rfoirw
). 'preposition^.... He sailed <7w the river
8] Eaetl :-"
Adjective'^.... ^r/? girl has a "mango
a,S sSp.aD'flsS6ib& ^OAcJio^a). 'preposition1
rv,..' He gave them
each a- mango .(utfefo^6 s.STj.^eS ^.s^Sl^fiodfcA '^&)-
9] Enough :- 'Noun'rv..., Enough has been paid for this
work (* ^5^)5 gpSSeftcSo* agotfaflSfl).'AdjectivcW.... There
is ^w'owgft ,time for yo-u(^& o^otf rS&c&sSS^a).'*Adverb' n>....
Sh^'is not clever enough
![Page 118: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
>
LV, English Grammar 115 &$<& *oA
'?
10J In :- 'Adyerb'n-.... cogae\ in(e^osib o!). 'NounVp....
1 came here to know the ins arid outs of the bride- groom
., r .
). 'preposition*^:... .She came//*-time(c33o
7oEro^<3'e i
II] Less :- 'Nbun'n-.... I don't take less ($& ^Sb^g-*&).
'
Adjective* n-.... You Should eat less rice (&$ ^poS^sia:^ aa8>), 'Adverb'rv.... She is less known than her sister
^53^ S^s-wS'oc efl'^o ci^b^S.T8
oO^^v^.). 'preposition1
n8.... She
paid the wages less the expenses f ^VJo ^cfi-\o\
'
-
- w .
12] Like':-'
Adjective1
jv.... The earth is round //A-e a ball
^ir*^ ao&sSS i^oo^^on* &^&). 'Adverb' r?.... She behaves like
-d lunatic(csj^o
3,2'isy^fl ^S ^O 1^^)- 'p^position'rp....
She cannot do it ///ve- you-
(Lcrv> ^Z, u-^ro3dS>3fi&).
'rr.,.. 1 like N.T.R. Films ^N.T.R. ojis^o& &xi> e,;,i<
^). 'Noun'iv..... she has her own //A^ and dislikes
13] More :. 'Noun1
n.... More has been heard ut?out him
(<aCJ^.i^oO oSs'^o asp^sa). ''AdjectiveW.... She has
friends than you(S>
ar. b e5^ -^^ -o^o^'
1
Adverb Yr>,... She will come once more(<s3i sier*
14] Near ;. 'Adjective* TV..., She is a //^r relation to me
(-^ ?3*& a'rteS aoab^))! 'Vcrb>
-n... r The ship is Hearing the-
shore(k d^^^o ?*& J&^aj.^AdverbW.-v. . come War
^'Keor? u^!),'
preposition' rp.... there 5s a medical stores-
near our school(s&p
a<S^^sliS'
8a,^ &O&Q GsoX*
afoia).
15] Next ;- *Adjectivef
rr- Next month I. will go to Delhi"
'
1^&} 'AdverbV.... She speaks next(es3>.
, *Noup'n,... ] she did not write anything
![Page 119: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
P. &iglisii Grammar -~
JIB
about her marriage in this letter but informed to do it next
. 'prepostion' n*.... The
girl next me is very clever (& tffibspdesl&jo E?O
303Sa).
16] Non:-. 'pronoun1
^....' ATowe' of the players were present
till 6 A.M. (&tfc&&o 6 rfofco ^ts&^<biT&^ ^di*
'Adjective1
n>.... He has two wives but -I have 'hone
^^ei> Rs-d'goDrs-fo.
1
... ^sSb g&).'
Adverb W/... She is none
better for it(es"So
oo&& 3a&2^a ^ s1
*^)-
17] One ;-'
Adjective1
rp p ... Always do Owe thing at a time
(^os3>j>&ra,i< ?6sS3di^5^ a,^j_s3aS fidfcifo)! 'Noun'n-.... Any
One may do this (S's-tf^s18 Aoa
dd8bSe^&), 'PronounV....
This is 0e of his horses (sj<3 e^^^ ^ea^^a^ atffiM\ Cfl /
18] Only ;. 'Adjective^.... She is. my only daughter
!.
'Adverb1
rp.... She game pn}y yesterday
19] past :- *Nounrrv>.;.. Forget the j?aj?/ (rftfs$x>&
'Adjectiv'e'n-..., Her prime is p^j/ (1ba ^^ SJsSS f *Pre:
position'n ..,. .She is an old woman past eighty
20] Right s- 'Noun'rv..., You have no i-i^Af on this pro-
perty (#8 ^j^ ^ S^&Jy- 3^).. ^Adjective'..;..^ She. lost her
right hand (tt^-tfs^oS ^^a S /T
1
|j)r3&).. *VerbW...-. If you
have ability the wrong will be righted (&& fS>f .fto"S tf^&
66&SPc53Sc&^&). .'Adverb'rp.... The drunkard'drove his Car
..right .into the canal(jprfb
r
fc -tf^ s'&cSs jSo-f6drt
![Page 120: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
ibjJ.P. English Grauimai 1L7
etf[&c& soAS
21] Round! :- 'NouhW.... Kaveri finished three''rounds
around the temple (3*^3 fti&djj* &j& ^tf&eaew 3~a&). The
Cobbler rounded the leather f33yjo &J; sSgJ
*ex>
).'Adjective'^.... The ball is row/itf (ao8
. 'Adverb**?.... Any wheel turns roMiuf (S
.^^o). 'Preposition'^.... The girls sat round
the fire ^Wec i:od: -^IO&P ^cT^d).
,:_ ,- ;-4
Adjective* r?.... I met aer l&sv night and I ive
not seen her siHte -^tfcs*^S^o s^otcc, ^D^&. ss>-( &c&
^s6a S^ iis-SSffib). 'Conjunction'^.. Since you are my well
wisher, I will surely help you ^l^>& jJf^&^^S) ssSt)o'S5s;S
&& ^sS^ ^JSiiiSdScSa). 'Proposition'?^.... I did not see her
since last 'Friday (rftf ab^sp^sSa j5ooS %3"a,& S
23] Some :- 'Adjective1
r?.... Bring some milfc
^o'!).'
Adverb' rt6 .... I saw her jojMg six months ago
!& w&3ooSa sSr'^&o 55^^ ^^,fr^^). 'PronounW...;
passed in first class remaining in second class
24] Still :- 'VcsrbW.... When the tempest stf/fr, the fisher-
men will resume their catching (&S^^ S^csSw STT'S s^od
&(^sSco)
sSdudd jj^tfoao&&). ^djective'n .*.. This is a still
lake(aS. a,tf- S^o^S c5ds5>j).
'
Adverb* nv... She is still
writing 'the examination (wSa-qotfcSa 3SS< ^pcabduS dSs^s).
'Conjunction1
^... She had fever, 'still she attended the func-
tion (^> e^efssasa SSO^?P 53^0 3<&^& ^agsfi).
25] While:- "Noun'r?.,.. Sit here for a wM<*'. (fcSoglb^)
V,.,. Dont w/z//e away your money
![Page 121: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
J,,F; tlngligh Otaiuihat
(fctfax&
S^ST* SctosSgb). 'Conjunction' r?,... Make hay
the Sun shines &*
Forntation of Words
), wog
Verbs Md3bt , Nouns
'
! .
I] Fonuatiou of Nouns
a Formation of Nouns from Verbs Sc&o "&oa
Admit (|j$^&oa&^)'
Admission
'Agree (woAdoi&) Agreement
Announce([StfaoeS))
'
Announcement
Apply (fil;*ip& SdSco). Application
Approve (<tso-6o^) Approval
Arrive(sJci^}
Arrival(
p
Asyist (^t!
^&)'
Assistance(
Attend fiScatfA)- Attendance
Bless(firjoub)
.Blessing ^sS
Cancef(tf&tSdia)
Cancellation
Compel (ac^aao.eS)"Compulsion
Deceive (^6AoCS)) .
'
Deception (fi
Decide aoaaotf'
Decision.
![Page 122: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar
.Deliver -(lF?fs*ud&a,i
Deny (
Dismiss
Exceed
Expect
Expel'
Grow
Bate
Heal(rf
Judge
Know
Laugh (
Manage
Marry'
Move
Obey
Object (
Oppose
Perform
Please^?
Protect-(
Provide
.Reduce
Reveal /\
Revolve
Secure(
Serve (t
Separale
US ejoAB
Delivery ^i-
Denial (tfrTv
Dismissal h
Excess(.wrfrfl
Expectation
Expulsion (
Growth
Hatred
Health
Judgement
Knowleiolge
Laughter
Management
Marriage
Motion
Obedience
Objection
Opposition
Performance
Pleasure(ST
Protection
Provision
Reduction
Revelation
Revolution
Security
Service.("S
Separation
![Page 123: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Vacate s
Vary(
Wed(
Weigh
Write
Success
Trail
Urgency
Vacancy
Variety
Wedding
Weight(
Writing
(b) Formation of Nouns from Adjectives
Adjectives
Able
Brave
Brief(s$ |rffra)
Broad(SSS^S)
Certain
Curious
Deaf
Deep (flf*3 S)
Dense
, Equal
False
Fertile
Free
.Gay
Generous
Grand
Nouns
Ability
Bravery
Brevity
Breadth
Certainity
Curiosity
Deafness
Depth
.Density(
Equality(
Falsehood
Fertility
Freedom
Gaiety
Generosity
![Page 124: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
J.P t English Grammar 181 sjoAS"
Happy
Hard(
High (
Holy(s
Honest
Inferior.(
Intelligent
Just(
Local
Long
'Mean
Merry
Moist
Necessary
Noble !
/
X.
Obedient
One
Possible
Relative
Shy
Silly
Tumid
Happiness
Hardness
Height(oj
Holiness(
Honesty
Inferiority
Intelligence
Justice
Locality
Length
Meanness
, Merriment
Moisture
Necessity
Newness(
Nobility(
Obedience
Oneness
Possibility
Relation
Shyness
Silliness
Tumidity
(c)Formation of Nouns from Nouns
Nouns
Act Action
![Page 125: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar
Bond
Child (Brf\ Q
Creature
Friend
Hero
Infant
Man
Mother
Owner
Patriot
Priest
Servant
Slave
Widow
Womian
122
Bondage(
Childhood
Creation
Friendship
Heroism
Infaricy (i
Manhood
Motherhood
Ownership ^
Patriotism
Priesthood
Service
Slavery
Widowhood (3\ 0-*.
Womanhpod
2] Formation of Verbs
(a) Formation of Verbs from Nouns
Nouns
Apology
Authority
Beauty
Black
Camp
Centre
Circle
Class
Verbs
Apologise
Authorise
Beautify
filacken
Encamp
Concentrate
Encircle
Classify (dtfrfO
![Page 126: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
l.P, English Grammar
Company
Courage (3tfgsS)
Critic
Danger
Economy
Electricity
Famine
Force(
Fraud("j
Glory (l_d)
Habit
Hand(3ox
Head'(tfe)
idol
Joy
Justice
Knee (Z
Length
Memory
Nation
Neuter'
Peace(
Port
Prjson Sfib
accompany
Encourage
Criticise(
Endanger(
-Economise
Electrify
Famish
Enforce
Defraud
Glorify(
Habituate
Handle(
Behead
Inherit
Idolise
Enjoy(
Justify (
Kneel (v
Lengthen
Memorise
Nationalise
Neutralise
Pacify
Deport
Export
Import
Transport
Imprison
![Page 127: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Grammar
Slave(
Society
Sympathy
Table
Throne
Title
Utility
Vapour
Enslave
Associate
Sympathise
Tabulate
Enthrone (a sS*;3S
Entitle
Utilise
Evaporate (eas
(b) Formation of Verbs from Adjectives
Adjectives
Able
Brief
Broad
Certain -
Cheap (
Clean
Clear
Dark
Deep
Dense
Equal
Faimiliar
Flat
Fertile
Enable
Abbreviate
. Broaden
Cheapen
Cleanse"
Clarify
Darken
Deepen
Condense
Equalise (c
Fanialiarise
Flatten
Fertilise
![Page 128: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
i'fjJ,K Bnghsh Oraffiiiiar 126 &;
Fine
Glad
Large
Little
Mad
New (ifj@Popular
Proper
Pure
Real
Rich
Right
Solid
Special
Specific*
Stable
Timid
White
Wide
Refine
Gladden
Enlarge
Belittle
Madden
Renew
Popularise (
Appropriate
Purify
Realise
Enrich
Ratify
Consolidate
Specialise ([
Specify (^
Stabilise(
Intimidate
Whiten
Widen
3] Formation of Adjectives
(a)Formation of Adjectives from Nouns
Nouns Adjectives
Accident (w
Advantage
Adventure
Accidental
Advantageous
Adventurous
![Page 129: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
English Gratnmat
Affection
Aiigel (3s
Anger (
Beauty
Black
Bride (
Brother
Burden (5tfL
Bush (\'i)
Capacity (^^Centre ^Go^Ceremony ^Cheer (^e^sCircle (^J^Classic
^
Comfort
Coward
Crime(
Danger
Earth(aJ
Ease
East
Empire
Expense
Fable
Faith
Fnnl
Affectionate
Angelic ^
Angry (i^
Beautiful
Blackish
Bridal (
Brotherljr(
Burdensome
Bushy
Capable ^&
Central^"l
Ceremonial
Cheerful
Circular
Classical (^\ fe
Comfortable
Cowardy(
Criminal(
Dangerous
Earthly (
Easy ^&Eastern
Imperial
Expensive
Fabulous
Faithful f
![Page 130: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 127
Four
Fury
Gas
Gloom(
Heart(s
Heir (sp
Honour
Law u
Limit (
Meaning
Mercy (g
Miracle(
Money
Mystery
Nature
Number
Origin (
Peace (
Question
Science
Sense
Silk(aito)
Society
System
Thirst (
Trouble
Type
Value
Fourth
Furious
Gaseous
Gloomy
Hearty (.
Heriditary fN,
Honourable f
Lawful (^go^Limited ('&
\
Meaningful
Merciful ^Miraculous
\
Monetary (tf
Mysterious (\
Natural
Numeral
.Original
Peaceful
Questionable
Scientific fV.
Sensible
Silken(
Social (Spoiiv
Systainatic (j
Thirsty (^sS
Troublesome
Typical
Valublc
![Page 131: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
I.P. English Grammar 12ft
Vigour (Vs) Vigorous
Wood (r*c&) Wooden(rafcjflf*
Youth (ciT^ftn) Youthful
Zeal dostafco Zealous
(b)Formation of Adjectives from Verbs
Adjectives (D
Cease (aes3>3dfo)- Ceaseless
Envy (Ltf^Sboi)Envious
Govern (&*0o&)Governable
Hesitate (Kioa8ro&)Hesitative
Move(s'^oDib)
Movable(tfrfo
Talk(Srfij&)
Talkative
Tire wo&S*^ Tiresome
(c)Formation of Adjectives from Adjectives
Adjectives
Black (?Se3 *)Blackish
Comic(sS*sSgsSrQfifa>?s)
Comical
Eight (.^a&a)Eightfold
Red (ij^a)Reddish
Tragic (& 8ap^tf^?6)
Tragical
White (3o) Whitish (3ce*
ijverbs, Adjectives, Adverbs from Nouns (^sfca-tftf&a
![Page 132: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
J,P. English Grammar 129
Diminutives
"Diminutives"
o-^o-
'le''' ''
rwnrre
'let', 'et', 'ing' ^i:ia fsuf.x
![Page 133: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
J.P, English Grammar 130
Qrginal Word
Ankle[3*6
Arm(
Babe
Book
Brook
'Bull
Cabin
Car
Cat (fc>V co
Change
Circle
Cock
Crown
Dame
Dear(
Duck
Eagle
Eye (
Flower
Globe
Hill(
Home
Isle ^&
Diminutive \ rSr^
Anklet (o3,Armlet
Baby j
Booklet (as
Brooklet
Bullock
Cabinet-
Chariot
Kitten
Changeling
Circlet
Chicken
Coronet
Dasmel
Darling(
rt) C20*0,!^c
Duckling
Eaglet
Eyelet
Floweret
Globule
Hillock(
Hamlet
Tslet ^*-i
![Page 134: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
i.K English Gramma!
Lamb (rrg^e)
Lance f^,?o, =oSc^"j
Leaf
Lock
Maid
Man
Mole
Nose
Nurse (
Pack VPart
Pile
Pipe
Puss
Ring
River (^.)Root (36)Seed (^c5xShade (VcCb)Sign
Spade
Star(
Statue
Stream
Table
Thumb 1
Top (JYoung
Lambkin (c^
Lancet
Leaflet
Locket
Maiden ^3^is:)
Manikin
Molecule
Nosle
Nursling
Packet
Particle
Pillow(tfotfrf)
Pipkin
Pussy (
Ringlet
Rivulet
Rootlet
Seedling
Shadow
Signet
Paddle(
Asterick
Statuette
Streamlet
Tablet
Thimble
& (*)]
r
'
Tip
Youngster
![Page 135: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Confused Words
f Spelling
SS&'&oeo
Adapt s
Altar(
'Ascent
Berth
Break
By .^sSoS,t
Canvas a
:
- Choir(rvd&g 7<e8SS)
Cite <
k
oo
Complementary (sJ\
Confidant
Corps'
Council
Desk
Dissent
Divers
-Dying (&tfrfoi&b)'
Emigrant
Emiaent.(
Adopt (^
)Effect
(5JoS,
Alter
Assent
Bear(?
Birth(
. Brake
Buy
Canvass
) Sealing
Coir(l)
Site ( oJs
Sight
^Complimentary'
Confident
Corpse
Counsel
Dusk(?
Descent
Divorce
Dyeing
Immigrant
-Imminent
coo^:co)
![Page 136: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
P, English dxammaf
Inquiry
1 (3
Fire
Farmer
Hire{
Heir (
Heal'(
; Innj
Night,
No(s
Lead
(*^;_, rlc,-;"; Write (\ c ' _ / v^
.Peace'(s^o);
. Piece.
Quiet ^^'
Riie
Rode ^^6 -S
Roil r^Ij^p)
Route ('^d'sSs\ A .
Steel ^&Some (^Son
Sweet
Two Bo^); Too
![Page 137: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
i>. fiagilsh
Yoke(tooiS sa)
Stress on Syllables
Yolk
(^
Stress*/
autf 'Syllable'-
*S)llableT
Accent" a wotpfio.
- ^Accent*
Ex.:- "Lead"
(verb)'
;&,6r8a- S'O Syllable 'Le'a
Syllable 'ad1
aa,j
Syllable Ibtf'stress'
ll ff*0 Syllable SbuJ*
Stress1
^oujf6.../Noun
![Page 138: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
J,P. English Grammar 18SJS(ftd6
Noun \ry&.Ttfc'Eb:
4ftstract (^?S^r) = ^cro otfb AbstractJ "
\ as -^ '.o ''
_4;tribute ^^3carg^)=:rt)S3^ Attribute
Conflict
.Yiie f^r-Ss-\ a-
/T.vtracl (^1"^!; = ^^ <o^^ Extract'
&o
//.-/port si
. Object
Perfume"
Per//?f/ f
s&oDS.... 'Adjective1
ab'etlvJ 'SITES' 2^00(6. ...'Verb1
r
![Page 139: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
J.P. English Grammar 138
Adjective (.Sl&sSxO: Verb
Frequent
?6od5)Q&
Pmsent ^L^^ofi")-^?^^^^
Swftject. (S35")= Stf33S :
Subject (
Adjective
8]6"0 Syllable Sbtf'Stress
!
&o3.,..'Noun' rr-&; tf&53rtf Syllable
Stress ^joOS;... 'Adjective'
i i Compact (s*S)"o>I"):=aiiio8D& Compact
/wvalid 5s=wtf&tf3 Invalid
Af/nute
Precedent fcRaofi" = S5sSp 'Precedent
Figures of SpeechftsSii
<3
![Page 140: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
J.P, English Grammar 137
"Figures of 'Speech" & tsod^Co. "Figures"
&osx>' *&.... agios'* fBoTld&eo'&ag- 'VSf Oi
ss
esoK'
a. iaSj SjdlSoO, (KSpo^od!
1] Simile
"Simile" elO odj-;
8c,. x. : T|' She runs like a hares
sSe&fl&&)..-2-]The water in. this lake is as clear
ascrystal^ S-
2] Metaphor
"Metaphor" o BotPfib; &..-']] Jhansi Lakslimi Bai was a
tigress on the battle-fieldf^fo^^ araa.csfcgtforf&ris
es
!). 2]The news was dagger to his heart
(a.a.tf.-*
:. a,?-
35Sywfc -"HyperboIeVa eo^ek Ex. .. ]
]The buildings of "this
city are touching the sky(A:
S/ftf&piJO;
'^SSnfio ''.tsB-Vsx.Sj oSo
^^3)- ^1 If th
,
e time Cooperates I can put this entire Worldinto my pocket/ s*e&o KssS'S'S'S- -S
![Page 141: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
JLP English Grammar 139
4] Irony (SFgacfc): - SfrfceS*- '&&', 57tfS$ySo&-
4
Sotff
^aocSSg) 35Syt)Kx)- "Irony" a$ofcn&, 5x. :.
i"jHe Smoies,
drinks and gambles and may be said to possess all. the virtues
S^ cr!)-
2] Cliandraswami
is an honourable man and Lallu Prasad Yadav is a gentle
man(^o[dSS^Sb
5] Sarcasm'(ST'
asSydoSx-"Sarcasm" ^^ eoftj*&. -v. : ,
ijIf there are no trees,
the castor tree will be the greatest tree(^'^.UP 3ia 3&o'&...
Stfi^3^ SS?JS^sSx) c*erfb).2]She would be the best house-
wife on this earth if god had, created nonelse ($& ^os^c"1
.
6] Pathetic Fallacy (cS
"g5J*ia- (Spra^JS^sy^SS ^S^dDS'S&Stoj'SloQ SSyyt3&"Pathe-
tic Fallacy" e^A e$otr&. ^-:-l]When a poet dies/ the nature
mourns her worshipper and celebrates fc!s obscq':/-:-s io^'s'S
rioS). 2]When a beggar dies, the nature
shedstcars (L C'rf^>
7'j Oxymoron
&> "Oxymoron" <M> wotrdb. **:-l]
He is an intelli-
gent idiot (<a>&cT 3>3?5 3$sjefo)! 2l She has terrific beauty
8] Litotes (SB
:-1]
She is no fool
i! 2 He
is a mayor of no mean city
![Page 142: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
1,1 |
I
,,* ,
~-'
.-
' -' -"-' ' '-*""* -" S ,*" .*"..",' *
icoo'o* syo. eorto-i-soACO
ssik' f A, An & The)
So :
i aTSS 055" ^'SSE-s
So : CXTII
So-
![Page 143: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
(665\
.
So : eipu
d&>)lf swf
ifiL ^eo; 627
ejo'AS sa^off s*5^ oA5 S^af/^S Sea,
.... ^oX-cSSRi 1 So :
f) 590 ft -i
('S,S.C: f ajo'^S1
,LT.I , T.T.I., B.Ed, g
rjs&rsjaars&& jrssar >P JKS*^^^^ -si?'/ .*>^^ ^ -fee*-" -A^ ^ /rs' -*
IS
M.O.
^.522 201'A M. O. B-^o-
Rs.1-008 V.P.B.
![Page 144: Layman's English Grammar](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082203/55cf9890550346d03398595e/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
oran& the)