Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated

different races into different geographic areas

Apartheid

Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of

another country

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic

and political decision making

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

Migration to a new location

Immigration

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and

Western Europe, usually from Southern or Eastern Europe or from North Africa,

in search of higher paying jobs

Guest Workers

The physical character of a place

Site

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

Vernacular Region

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl

of an urban area

Greenbelt

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban

residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road

Peripheral model

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend

money to purchase or improve property within a boundary

Redlining

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a

result of being born there

Nationality

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes

characteristic of the group of people performing the act

Custom

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people

who have different native languages

Lingua franca

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a

particular location

Universalizing religion

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people

being dominated

Creolized language

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a

state

Centripetal force

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products

through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials

Secondary sector

The BRIC countries

Brazil, Russia, India, China (and now South Africa)

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for

production to independent suppliers

Outsourcing

Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid,

less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries

New international division of labor

The minimum number of people needed to support the service

threshold

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers

outside the settlement

Basic industries

The potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people

must travel to reach the service

Gravity Model

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

taboo

Permanent movement within a country

Internal migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country

Intraregional migration

The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place

as a result of improved communications and transportation

Space-time compression

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific

characteristic is rejected

Stimulus diffusion

The portion of Earth’s surface not occupied by permanent human settlement

Non-ecumene

The scientific study of population characteristics

demography

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

balkanization

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power

Gerrymandering

An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension

Prorupted state

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of a central

government

Unitary state

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

transhumance

A flooded field for growing rice

sawah

Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of the land and minimize

pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and

reducing inputs of fertilizers and pesticides

Sustainable agriculture

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller

number of larger farms in England in the 1700s

Enclosure Movement

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population

of the largest settlement

Rank-size rule

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire properties from private owners, relocate the residents

and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to

private developers

Urban renewal