Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Building 111

Mike Holda

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory(510) 486-6358 or (209) 835-8150,

maholda@lbl.gov or holda@tracy.com

LLNL Building 111

• Originally designed as the Experimental Physics Building

• Built in 1966• Seven stories, 107,000

square feet • Now used as

administrative offices & research support space

LLNL Building 111Original HVAC and Lighting

Equipment

• Two 225 ton Carrier electric chillers– 1.0 + kW/ton efficiency, CFC-11 refrigerant

• Two gas-fired hot water boilers for heating• Two constant volume air handling systems

– For east wing, south wing & interior – Bypassed VAV air handlers and VFD motors

• Fluorescent light fixtures with T-12 lamps

LLNL Building 111Project Scenario

• 23-year-old inefficient chillers in need of overhaul– using CFC refrigerants, 1.0+ kW/ton

• Poor air quality and building comfort– Air system was out of balance– Economizers stuck open

• High temperature hot water reheat system with supply temperature reset (didn’t work)

• Less efficient T-12 lamps– Lighting levels unnecessarily high in hallways– Substantial unoccupied time with lights left on

LLNL Building 111Project Challenges

• Fragmented funding for projects– In-House Energy Management funding for measures

with simple paybacks of < 10 years

• Work presented here was actually done in Three separate projects– Chiller replacements– Lighting retrofits– HVAC System Improvements

LLNL Building 111 System Solutions

• (2) Chillers replaced– (2) new 200 ton chillers, one chiller

redundant

• New VAV’s & VFD’s added to air system with zone level control– 250 zones– Economizer controls

• New T-8 lighting, occupancy sensors, LED exit signs

LLNL Building 111Chiller Replacement

• Done in 1994• New McQuay centrifugal chillers

• 0.65 kW/ton• R-134a• 200 tons• Expected to save 151,400 kWh per year

LLNL Building 111Air System Improvements

• Done in 1996• Converted fixed balancing dampers

– To variable/automatic actuating dampers – Used exist pneumatic controls– Could not afford new VAV boxes– Air flow controlled in each zone – Variable volume terminal boxes hooked up to

existing zone heater thermostats

• New VFD to control fan motors on east, west, south & interior system

• Economizer controls

LLNL Building 111Lighting Improvements

• Done in 1995• Delamped fixtures

– Overlit building, especially in corridors– Reduced number of lamps per fixture from 3 to 2, or 6 to 3, or

8 to 4

• Replaced existing T-12 lighting – New T-8 fluorescents, electronic ballasts

• LED fixtures replaced incandescent and fluorescent exit signs

• Occupancy sensors used to turn off lights in offices, corridors, etc.

LLNL Building 111Electrical Energy Savings

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

kWh

1993 Actual 1994 Actual Sim. Existing Sim. Retrofit

LLNL Building 111Integrated Economics

ProjectInvestment

Cost($)

AnnualElectricitySavings(kWh)

AnnualGas

Savings(therms)

AnnualEnergySavings

($)

PaybackPeriod(years)

ChillerReplacements

$ 290,000 151,389 --- $ 6,358 45

Lighting, Exit Signs,Occupancy Sensors

$ 80,000 124,665 (2,400) $ 4,636 17

HVAC SystemImprovements

$ 400,000 817,289 96,045 $62,973 6.3

Total $ 770,000 1,093,343 93,645 $ 73,967 10.4

• Measures with lower paybacks reduce the overall project payback period

LLNL Building 111Financing Structure

• In-House Energy Management Funds from US DOE used for: – Chiller Replacements– Lighting retrofits– HVAC System improvements

• Appropriations from US DOE, no financing charges

LLNL Building 111Project Timeline

0 6 12 18 24 30 36

construction

procurement

design

funding received

construction

design

funding received

construction

procurement

design

funding received

Months

Chiller Replacement

Lighting Work

HVAC Systems

Jul 93 Jan 94 Jul 94 Jan 95 Jul 95 Jan 96 Jul 96

LLNL Building 111Project Results

• Saved over $73,000 annually on utility bills – ~40% of total bill

• New chillers without CFC’s– use R-134a, an HFC

• Improved air quality & comfort• Increased efficiency of HVAC System

LLNL Building 111Lessons Learned

• Projects not planned & executed together• Reduced cooling load not accounted for in

new chiller sizing• Incremental funding with lots of paperwork

and hassles• Super-ESPC’s developed to address these

problems