Lawrence Island Field Guide
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Transcript of Lawrence Island Field Guide
![Page 1: Lawrence Island Field Guide](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030211/58a359261a28ab14598b5ee9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LawrenceIsland
ChandlerOpachinskiOctober9,2015CoastalEcology
Dr.HeatherSchrum
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Euthoracristata,LacyRedWeedGrowsinafanshapewithmanysmallbranches.Colorvariesbetweenarosypinktoareddishbrown.Verysmall,onlygrowingtoasizeof2in.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Fucusvesiculosus,RockweedBladesareusuallybroadandflatwithastrongmidrib.Thebladesdividedichotomouslyintomoreorlessequal,Y-shapedforks.Theseaweedhaspaired,pea-shapedairbladdersplacedatintervalswithintheblade.Whenpressureisapplied,theairbladderspop.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
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Spartinaalterniflora,SmoothCordgrassCordgrassisatall,smoothgrass.Itgrowsinthreedifferentsizesdependingonitslocationinthesaltmarsh.Itgrowstallestnearthewater,intermediateheightnearthemidmarsh,andshortestnearthehighmarshmeadowgrass.Thisgrasswasfoundpastthehightidelineandwasontheshorterside.Cangrowto7ft.(Massie,1998)
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Ahnfeltiaplicata,WireWeedIntangleslikesteelwool,wiryandstiff,withrandombranching.Darkredtobrownincoloring.To8in.Branchesarelessthan1.6mmthick.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Codiumfragile,GreeneFleeceCoarselybushy,oftenbranchinginregularY-shapedforks;branchesarethick,upto¾in.Rope-likeorspongy.Darkgreenincolor.Growsto3ft.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:Groupdrive
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Spartinapatens,SaltMeadowCordgrassLeavesarelinearandverynarrowwithmarginsrolledinward.Clustersofflowersto8in.long.Growsto3ft.(Nolin,2005)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:Groupdrive
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Artemisiastelleriana,BeachWormwoodPlanthaspalegreenleavescoveredinathickwhitecoatofhair.Commonlyfoundintheupperpartsofdunes,itisasolitaryplantnormallyfoundbyitself.OriginallyfromJapanithasbeenintroducedtotheeastcoastandspreadsbetweenQuebecandVirginia.Grows1-3ft.(TWCStaff,2007)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Ivaimbricata,DuneMarsh-elderFoundalongthebottomofthedunes.Succulentgreenleaves.Stemsarebrownwiththinnergreenbranches.Small,green,roundbudslinetheoutersmallerbranches.Growsto3feet.(Dune,2008)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Chordariaflagelliformis,BlackWhipWeedDarkbrowntoblackincolor.Onemainbranch;fewtononesecondaryortertiarybranches.Growto2ft.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
PhotoCredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Ammophilabreviligulata,AmericanBeachgrassAleafy,spreading,rhizomatousbunchgrasswithmanystemsperclump.Stemsandleavesvaryfromlighttomediumgreen.Theseedheadisaspike-likepanicle,abouttenincheslong,andappearsinlatesummer.Growsto2-3ft.(Miller,2006)
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Anchoamitchilli,GlassMinnow(BayAnchovy)Transparentincolorwithasinglesilverstriperunningdownthesideofthefish.Jawisverysmallandlocatedmuchfartherbackthanthetoppartofthemouth.Travelinlargeschoolsalongthecoast,goingasfarinasthetideline.Growsto1-3in.(Bait)
Photocredit:Ramon(Spanishbiologistguide)(Ramon,2014)
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Moronesaxatilis,StripedBassStripedbasshavelargemouths,theirjawsextendingbackwardtobelowtheeye.Thebottomjawextendspasttheupperjaw.Dorsalfinsarespiny.Topofbodyandheadisbluishtodarkolive,whileitssidesandbelly
aresilvertowhite.Seventoeightnarrowstripesextendfromtheheadtothebaseofthetail.Itisoftenseenbreakingatthesurfacetofeed,flashingthesilverbellyandstripes.Juvenilesarefoundinintertidalzonesandcalmwaters.Recordlengthis72in.(Species)Location:MegansettHarbor(juvenilesseeninSqueteagueHarboraswell
Photocredit:
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Nassariusobsoletus,MudDogWhelkAdull,dark,weaklysculptureddogwhelk,usuallywitherodedapex.Aperturebrown-blackwithglazedinnerlip;columellawithafold.Growsto1in.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:JaimeConroy
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Argopectenirradians,BayScallopAsmall,coarselyribbedscallop.Itisfoundinweedyshallowsbetweenthelowtidelineand50ft.Marginalwingsnearlyequalinsize.Thecolorisextremelyvariable.Growsto3in.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:JaimeConroy
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Busyconcarica(knobbedwhelk),KnobbedWhelkEggCaseAcoiledcordwithattachedcapsules.Eachcapsulecomestogetherflatattheedges.Lei-likeinappearance.Lighttanincolor.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
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Crepidulafornicata,CommonSlipperShellShellhasaplatformextendingabouthalfwayacrosstheopening.Theedgeissinuous.Apexisturnedtooneside.Foundinlowerintertidalzones.Extremelyabundantalongtheisland.Growsto1½in.(Gosner,1999).Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
Photocredit:JaimeConroy
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Myaarenaria,SoftShellClamShellsareelongatedandverythin.Thehingeisasymmetrical,leftsidewithatongue-likechondrophore,rightwithaheartshapedpit.Chalkywhiteincolorwithdullbrownish/yellowishperiostracum.Foundinbaysandsounds,intertidaltosubtidalzones,typicallyonamuddybottom.Growsto3-4in.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
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Anadaratransversa,TransverseArkShellisthickandheavy,almostrectangularinshape.Theligamentisverybroad.Shelliswhiteandtheperiostracumisvelvetyblack.Transversearkshaveweakerbeaks,ligaments,andhinges.Growsto1½in.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:JaimeConroy
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Littorinalittorea,CommonPeriwinkle(smooth)Roundinshapewithalowspire,flatwhorls,andshallowsutures.Colorisquitevariable.Foundinintertidalzonesattachedtoanysolidsubstrate.Growto½in.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:JaimeConroy
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Busyconcanaliculatum,ChanneledWhelkAlargewhelkwithchanneledsutures.Adultwhelkshavelongsquare-shoulderedwhorls,ashortspire,andalonganteriorcanal.Pinktoyellowincolorwithayellowishaperture.(Gosner,1999)Location:MegansettHarbor
Photocredit:JaimeConroy
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Anadaraovalis,BloodArkArounded,rectangularshapedshell.Theshellisthickandheavywithabroadligament.TheligamentandbeakarerelativelyweakincomparisontothePonderousArk.Shelliswhitewithavelvetyblackperiostracum.Growsto2in.(Gosner,1999)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
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Carcinusmaenas,GreenCrabShellisbroaderthanlongwith5marginaland3frontalteeth.Lastpairoflegsflattenedbutnotpaddle-shaped.Maleandjuvenileschieflygreenishaboveandyellowbelow,adultfemalesredorangebelow.Growsto3in.(Gosner,1999)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
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Anomiasimplex,JingleShellValvesdissimilar.Uppervalvevariableinshapeandcolor;oftenirregular,thin,translucent,andglossy.Lowervalveflat,fragile,withalargehole.Colorsanbe:white,silvery,yellow,orange,brownish,orstainedblack.Growsto3in.(Gosner,1999)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
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Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
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Mercenariamercenaria,QuahogShellsthickandstrong,broadlyoval,withbeaksshiftedforward.Outsidedullandwhitish(oftenstained);insidewhitewithapurplestaintowardstherear.Youngclamshavesharplyraisedconcentricridges,olderclamsarerelativelysmooth.Growsto4in.(Gosner,1999)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
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Limuluspolyphemus,AtlanticHorseshoeCrabTheshapeofahorseshoewithatailextendingout.Fourpairsoflegs;firstlegslargest,decreasinginsizetowardstheback.Hasalongtailspike.Femalesreach2ft;malesslightlysmaller.(Gosner,1999)
Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
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Modiolusdemissus,RibbedMusselAsaltmarshmusselwithsubterminalbeaksandroughradialribs.Outsidesilverincolor,insideglossedwithmotherofpearl.Periostracumgreenishoryellowishbrown.Growsto2in.(Gosner,1999)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
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Ucapugilator,SandFiddlerCrabShellsaresquareandtapertotheback.Nomarginalnotch.Spacebetweeneyesmuchshorterthaneyestalks.Maleshaveoneverylargeclaw;femaleshaveclawsofequalsize(small).Innerpalmofmajorclawsmooth.Growsto1in.(Gosner,1999)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
Photocredit:JaimeConroy
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Terrapenecarolinacarolina,EasternBoxTurtle
− Theseturtleshaveahigh,dome-shapedcarapaceandahingedplastron.Shellandbodyaredarkbrownwithbrightorangeoryellowpatterns.Maleshaveredeyesandfemaleshaveyellowishbrowneyes.Afemaleisshownhere.Canbefoundinforestsormeadowswherethereismoisture.Growto8in.(Moran,2004)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
Photocredit:JaimeConroy
Photocredit:JaimeConroy
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Palaemonetesvulgaris,CommonshoreshrimpSmallshrimpwithdistinctclawson1stand2ndpairsoflegs;2ndpairlongestandstrongest.2teethoncrestofcarapacebehindbaseofeyestalks.Moveablefingerofsecondclawhastwosmallteethatbase.Lighttotransparentwithdarkstreaks.Growsto2in.(Gosner,1999)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
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Crassostreavirginica,CommonOysterExtremelyvariableinshape.Shellsmassive,rough,andunequal.Lowervalvecementedtoanyhardobjectavailable;uppervalvesmallerandflatter.Ontheinsidethereisasinglevioletmusclescar.Growsto10in.(Gosner,1999)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
Photocredit:CollinBatchelor
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Rosarugosa,BeachRoseAfloweringplantthatgrowsinlargeshrubgroupings,oftenformingthickhedges.Branchstemsaredenseandcoarse.Stemsandbranchesaredenselycoveredinthinsharpthorns.Stemsarelightgreenwhilecompoundleavesareashinydarkgreen.Flowerbudsareredbulbs.Flowersarepinkwithfivepetals.Growsto6ft.(Massie,1998)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Sphaerotrichiadivaricata,SlipperyTangleWeedAslender,bushyweedfinelybranchedwithultimatebranchlets(wide-angled);texturesoftandslimy.Branchesareverysmall.Darkgreentobrownincolor.Growsto20in.(Gosner,1999)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
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Suaedamaritima,herbaceousseepweedShrubwithfleshy,succulentgreenleavesandgreenflowers.Stemsareyellowish-green.Growsto3ft.(Dum)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
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Salicorniaeuropaea,CommonGlasswortGlasswortisasmooth,fleshy,salt-tolerantplant.Stemsaresucculentandjointed.Stemsareplump.Rangesincolorfrombrightgreentodarkred.Leavesarescale-likeformationsalongthesegmentsofthestem.Grows4-20in.(Massie,1998)
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Ivaannua,RoughMarshElderTheflowerheadhastubulardiskflowersinthecenter,andstrap-shapedrayflowersaroundtheperiphery.Flowerbudsarespherical.Leavesaresimpleandlobed.Edgeofleaveshaveteeth.Greenincolorwithabrownishgreenstem.(Society)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
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Suaedacalceoliformis,AmericanSea-bliteTallwithsmall,linearleaves,andlow,spreadingstemswithmoreerectfloweringtips.Tiny(2mm)five-partedflowersarearrangedin5-10cmascendingspikes.Eachspikeissubtendedbyaleaf-likebract.Growsto1ft.(Sorrie,2015)
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Solidagosempervirens,SeasideGoldenrodLightgreenstemwithmediumtodarkgreenleaves.Leavesaresomewhatsucculent,oblong,andlance-shaped.Leavesatthebasearelargest,decreasinginsizetowardsthetopoftheplant.Flowerheadsaredense,clusteredspikesofbrightyellowflowers.Growsto6ft.(TWCStaff,2013)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
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Limoniumcarolinianum,SeaLavenderStemsarethin,lightgreen,withleavesgrowingonlyatthebaseoftheplant.Leavesareverysimple,noteeth.Flowersaresmallwithfivepetals.Theflowersarefusedintosmalltubes.Flowercolorrangesfrombluetopurple,withtheoccasionalwhite.Sizevariesdependentongrowingconditions.(Britt)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
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Ulvalactuca,SeaLettuceThallusisatranslucentbrightgreensheet,oftenlobedorruffledatedges.Initiallyattachedbyashortmarginalstalkbutlaterdriftsfreely.Averycommonshallowwaterseaweedfoundinplacesrangingfromexposedrockstoquiet,semistagnant,brackishpools.Growsto3ft.(Gosner,1999)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
Photocredit:ChandlerOpachinski
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Blidingiaminima,HollowGreenWeedConsistsoffine,branchedorunbranched,hollowgreentubes.Groupsoftubesarisefromtheraisedcentreofasmallflatteneddisc-shapedholdfast.Identifiedmainlybyitssmaller,moredelicateandsometimesbranchingtubes.(Avant,2008)Location:SqueteagueHarbor
Photocredit:Groupdrive
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DifferencesintheecologyofLawrenceIsland
LawrenceIslandisasmallislandlocatedonthesouthsideofCapeCodinBourne,
MA.ItactsasabarrierislandtoSqueteagueHarbor.Thesouthsideoftheislandborders
MegansettHarbor.ItisalargerbayandthissideofLawrenceislandisfoundtobeasandy
beach.ThenorthsideoftheislandbordersSqueteagueHarbor.Thisharborisextremely
shelteredandsmallercomparedtoMegansett.TheSqueteaguesideofLawrenceisland
appearstobeasaltmarsh.Bothsidesoftheislandaredifferentincomparisontoeach
other.
TheMegansettsideofLawrenceIslandisasandybeachenvironment.Thereare
sediments,smallrocks,andsandgrainsthatmakeupthebeachandthedeclineintothe
oceanisgradual.AnimalspeciesfoundontheMegansettsideinclude:thechanneledwhelk,
thecommonperiwinkle,themuddogwhelk,thecommonslippershell,afewspeciesof
fish,andafewspeciesofshellfish.Typicallyinasedimentarycoastalenvironment,animals
foundaremobilewithburrowingcharacteristics.Gastropodsmovealongthebottomzone
lookingforsolidstructurestoattachto,allthewhilestirringupsediments.Theshellfishin
Megansettbayareseeded;theywereoncenaturallyoccurringbuttomakeupforthe
shellfishindustry,moreshellfishareputintotheharbor.Theseshellfishburrowdowninto
thesediments,occasionallymovingaroundandfeedingwhichstirsupandaeratesthe
sediments.SmallbaitfishandstripedbassarepresentbecauseMegansettconnectsrightto
theoceananditisacalmenvironmentforfishtofeedandbreed.Plantsfoundonthe
Megansettsideareabletosurviveinpoorsoilqualitybecauseitismainlysediments,not
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nutrientrichsoils.Seaweedsfoundonthissidearefromdeeperdepthsandgrowinareas
withslightlymoredisturbancelikewaves,boattraffic,andcurrents.
TheSqueteaguesideofLawrenceIslandisasaltmarsh.Saltmarshesareextremely
tidal,andthebottomoftheharborhasaverynutrientrichmud.Someplantspeciesfound
onSqueteagueare:herbaceousseepweed,commonglasswort,Americansea-blite,sea
lavender,seasidegoldenrod,andbeachrose.Seepweed,glasswort,andsea-bliteare
speciesfoundinthecactifamily.Theyareverysalttolerantandknownfortheirsucculent
leavesandstems.Glasswortforexample,isastemsplitintojuicysections.Theyareedible
andwhenyoubiteintothem,theyarejuicyandextremelysalty.Abithigheruponthe
marsh,speciessuchassealavenderandseasidegoldenrodarefound.Theseareslightly
lesssalttolerantandabletosurviveinareaswithlessnutrients.Thefartherupthedunes,
thelessnutrientrichthemudisanditevenchangestosediments.Afewseaweedsare
foundalongtheshoreaswell.Theseseaweedsgrowinverycalmintertidalzones.
SqueteagueHarborisprotectedbyLawrenceIsland,creatingacalmenvironment.
AnimalsfoundontheSqueteaguesidearespeciesthatprefercalmwatersandcan
withstandthechangingtidesandsaltconcentration.Smallshoreshrimpsandjuvenilefish
preferthecalmwatersanditisanicehabitattogrowin.Manyclamsburrowinthemud
suchasoystersandQuahogs.Animalsthatburrowinthemudwerealsofoundonthisside.
Sandfiddlercrabholeswereeverywhere,andmanygreencrabsroamedthetidelineand
hidbeneathrocks.Horseshoecrabsburythemselvesinthemudunderwater.AnEastern
BoxTurtlewasburrowedinthemudaswell.Theseturtlespreferareaswithalotof
moisture.Theyarethreatenedsoitwasararefind.
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Somesimilaritiesbetweenthetwosideswouldbetheabundanceofshellfishand
fish.Differentshellspecieswereonaspecificsideoftheisland,butoccasionallythere
wouldbeashellfromtheMegansettsideontheSqueteagueside,andviseversa.Small
baitfishcanbefoundonbothsidesneartheshorelinebecausethewaterisrelativelycalm.
Squeteagueharborisagoodbreedinggroundforfishandagoodareaforjuvenilestogrow.
ItisnotsurprisingtheywerespottedonbothsidesoftheislandbecauseMegansettharbor
connectstotheoceanandiswherethejuvenilesgowhentheyareoldenoughtosurvive.
MegansettharborsideismuchmoreexposedthanSqueteagueharbor,causingthere
tobemoresediments,lessnutrients,anddifferentspeciesalltogether.Watertemperatures
differ,environmentsdiffer,salinitydiffers,andspeciesdiffer.Thoughtheislandisvery
smallandlocatedalongthesamewater,thesidestouchingdifferentharborsarevery
differentfromoneanother.
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References
Avant, P. (2008). Blidingia minima. A green seaweed. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Retrieved from http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=2777.
Britt, W. Limonium carolinianum: Carolina sea-lavender. (n.d.) Retrieved from
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