Law 1 - Obligations and Contracts

8/4/2019 Law 1 - Obligations and Contracts

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Title. I. - OBLIGATIONS

CHAPTER 1GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 1156. An obligation i a !"ri#i$al ne$eit% to gi&e' to#o or not to #o. (n)

Art. 115*. Obligation arie +ro,

(1) La/

(0) Contra$t/

() 2"ai-$ontra$t/

(3) A$t or o,iion 4"nie# b% la/ an#

(5) 2"ai-#eli$t. (178a)

Art. 1157. Obligation #eri&e# +ro, la are not 4re",e#.Onl% toe e94rel% #eter,ine# in ti Co#e or in 4e$ialla are #e,an#able' an# all be reg"late# b% te4re$e4t o+ te la i$ etablie te,/ an# a toat a not been +oreeen' b% te 4ro&iion o+ tiBoo:. (18)

Art. 1158. Obligation ariing +ro, $ontra$t a&e te+or$e o+ la beteen te $ontra$ting 4artie an# o"l#be $o,4lie# it in goo# +ait. (181a)

Art. 116. Obligation #eri&e# +ro, ;"ai-$ontra$t allbe "b!e$t to te 4ro&iion o+ Ca4ter 1' Title E??ECT O? OBLIGATIONS

Art. 116. E&er% 4eron oblige# to gi&e o,eting i aloblige# to ta:e $are o+ it it te 4ro4er #iligen$e o+ goo# +ater o+ a +a,il%' "nle te la or te ti4"latioo+ te 4artie re;"ire anoter tan#ar# o+ $are. (183a)

Art. 1163. Te $re#itor a a rigt to te +r"it o+ tting +ro, te ti,e te obligation to #eli&er it arieHoe&er' e all a$;"ire no real rigt o&er it "ntil ta,e a been #eli&ere# to i,. (185)

Art. 1165. @en at i to be #eli&ere# i a #eter,inatting' te $re#itor' in a##ition to te rigt grante# i, bArti$le 11*' ,a% $o,4el te #ebtor to ,a:e te #eli&er%

I+ te ting i in#eter,inate or generi$' e ,a% a: tate obligation be $o,4lie# it at te e94ene o+ t

#ebtor.

I+ te obligor #ela%' or a 4ro,ie# to #eli&er te a,ting to to or ,ore 4eron o #o not a&e te a,


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interet' e all be re4onible +or an% +ort"ito" e&ent"ntil e a e++e$te# te #eli&er%. (186)

Art. 1166. Te obligation to gi&e a #eter,inate tingin$l"#e tat o+ #eli&ering all it a$$eion an#a$$eorie' e&en to"g te% ,a% not a&e been,entione#. (18*a)

Art. 116*. I+ a 4eron oblige# to #o o,eting +ail to #oit' te a,e all be e9e$"te# at i $ot.

Ti a,e r"le all be ober&e# i+ e #oe it in$ontra&ention o+ te tenor o+ te obligation. ?"rter,ore'it ,a% be #e$ree# tat at a been 4oorl% #one be"n#one. (187)

Art. 1167. @en te obligation $onit in not #oing' an#te obligor #oe at a been +orbi##en i,' it all

alo be "n#one at i e94ene. (188a)

Art. 1168. Toe oblige# to #eli&er or to #o o,etingin$"r in #ela% +ro, te ti,e te obligee !"#i$iall% ore9tra!"#i$iall% #e,an# +ro, te, te +"l+ill,ent o+ teirobligation.

Hoe&er' te #e,an# b% te $re#itor all not bene$ear% in or#er tat #ela% ,a% e9it

(1) @en te obligation or te la e94rel% o#e$lare/ or

(0) @en +ro, te nat"re an# te $ir$",tan$e o+te obligation it a44ear tat te #eignation o+ teti,e en te ting i to be #eli&ere# or te er&i$e

i to be ren#ere# a a $ontrolling ,oti&e +or tetabli,ent o+ te $ontra$t/ or

() @en #e,an# o"l# be "ele' a en tobligor a ren#ere# it be%on# i 4oer to 4er+or,

In re$i4ro$al obligation' neiter 4art% in$"r in #ela%

te oter #oe not $o,4l% or i not rea#% to $o,4l% in 4ro4er ,anner it at i in$",bent "4on i,. ?rote ,o,ent one o+ te 4artie +"l+ill i obligation' #elab% te oter begin. (11a)

Art. 11*. Toe o in te 4er+or,an$e o+ teobligation are g"ilt% o+ +ra"#' negligen$e' or #ela%' antoe o in an% ,anner $ontra&ene te tenor tereoare liable +or #a,age. (111)

Art. 11*1. Re4onibilit% ariing +ro, +ra"# i #e,an#ab

in all obligation. An% ai&er o+ an a$tion +or +"t"re +ra"i &oi#. (110a)

Art. 11*0. Re4onibilit% ariing +ro, negligen$e in t4er+or,an$e o+ e&er% :in# o+ obligation i al#e,an#able' b"t "$ liabilit% ,a% be reg"late# b% t$o"rt' a$$or#ing to te $ir$",tan$e. (11)

Art. 11*. Te +a"lt or negligen$e o+ te obligor $onitin te o,iion o+ tat #iligen$e i$ i re;"ire# b% tnat"re o+ te obligation an# $orre4on# it t$ir$",tan$e o+ te 4eron' o+ te ti,e an# o+ t

4la$e. @en negligen$e o ba# +ait' te 4ro&iion Arti$le 11*1 an# 001' 4aragra4 0' all a44l%.


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I+ te la or $ontra$t #oe not tate te #iligen$e i$ ito be ober&e# in te 4er+or,an$e' tat i$ i e94e$te#o+ a goo# +ater o+ a +a,il% all be re;"ire#. (113a)

Art. 11*3. E9$e4t in $ae e94rel% 4e$i+ie# b% te la'or en it i oterie #e$lare# b% ti4"lation' or ente nat"re o+ te obligation re;"ire te a",4tion o+

ri:' no 4eron all be re4onible +or toe e&enti$ $o"l# not be +oreeen' or i$' to"g +oreeen'ere ine&itable. (115a)

Art. 11*5. ="rio" trana$tion all be go&erne# b%4e$ial la. (n)

Art. 11*6. Te re$ei4t o+ te 4rin$i4al b% te $re#itorito"t reer&ation it re4e$t to te interet' all gi&erie to te 4re",4tion tat ai# interet a been 4ai#.

Te re$ei4t o+ a later intall,ent o+ a #ebt ito"treer&ation a to 4rior intall,ent' all li:eie raiete 4re",4tion tat "$ intall,ent a&e been 4ai#.(111a)

Art. 11**. Te $re#itor' a+ter a&ing 4"r"e# te4ro4ert% in 4oeion o+ te #ebtor to ati+% teir$lai,' ,a% e9er$ie all te rigt an# bring all tea$tion o+ te latter +or te a,e 4"r4oe' a&e toei$ are inerent in i 4eron/ te% ,a% alo i,4"gnte a$t i$ te #ebtor ,a% a&e #one to #e+ra"#te,. (1111)

Art. 11*7. S"b!e$t to te la' all rigt a$;"ire# in &irt"eo+ an obligation are tran,iible' i+ tere a been no

ti4"lation to te $ontrar%. (1110)

CHAPTER >I??ERENT IN>S O? OBLIGATIONS

SECTION 1. - P"re an# Con#itional Obligation

Art. 11*8. E&er% obligation oe 4er+or,an$e #oe no#e4en# "4on a +"t"re or "n$ertain e&ent' or "4on a 4ae&ent "n:non to te 4artie' i #e,an#able at on$e.

E&er% obligation i$ $ontain a reol"tor% $on#itioall alo be #e,an#able' ito"t 4re!"#i$e to te e++e$o+ te a44ening o+ te e&ent. (111)

Art. 117. @en te #ebtor bin# i,el+ to 4a% en ,ean 4er,it i, to #o o' te obligation all b

#ee,e# to be one it a 4erio#' "b!e$t to te 4ro&iiono+ Arti$le 118*. (n)

Art. 1171. In $on#itional obligation' te a$;"iition rigt' a ell a te e9ting"i,ent or lo o+ toalrea#% a$;"ire#' all #e4en# "4on te a44ening o+ te&ent i$ $ontit"te te $on#ition. (1113)

Art. 1170. @en te +"l+ill,ent o+ te $on#ition #e4en#"4on te ole ill o+ te #ebtor' te $on#itional obligatioall be &oi#. I+ it #e4en# "4on $an$e or "4on te o+ a tir# 4eron' te obligation all ta:e e++e$t

$on+or,it% it te 4ro&iion o+ ti Co#e. (1115)

Art. 117. I,4oible $on#ition' toe $ontrar% to goo$"to, or 4"bli$ 4oli$% an# toe 4roibite# b% la a


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ann"l te obligation i$ #e4en# "4on te,. I+ teobligation i #i&iible' tat 4art tereo+ i$ i nota++e$te# b% te i,4oible or "nla+"l $on#ition all be&ali#.

Te $on#ition not to #o an i,4oible ting all be$oni#ere# a not a&ing been agree# "4on. (1116a)

Art. 1173. Te $on#ition tat o,e e&ent a44en at a#eter,inate ti,e all e9ting"i te obligation a oona te ti,e e94ire or i+ it a be$o,e in#"bitable tatte e&ent ill not ta:e 4la$e. (111*)

Art. 1175. Te $on#ition tat o,e e&ent ill not a44enat a #eter,inate ti,e all ren#er te obligation e++e$ti&e+ro, te ,o,ent te ti,e in#i$ate# a ela4e#' or i+ ita be$o,e e&i#ent tat te e&ent $annot o$$"r.

I+ no ti,e a been +i9e#' te $on#ition all be #ee,e#+"l+ille# at "$ ti,e a ,a% a&e 4robabl% been$onte,4late#' bearing in ,in# te nat"re o+ teobligation. (1117)

Art. 1176. Te $on#ition all be #ee,e# +"l+ille# ente obligor &ol"ntaril% 4re&ent it +"l+ill,ent. (1118)

Art. 117*. Te e++e$t o+ a $on#itional obligation to gi&e'on$e te $on#ition a been +"l+ille#' all retroa$t to te#a% o+ te $ontit"tion o+ te obligation. Ne&ertele'en te obligation i,4oe re$i4ro$al 4retation "4on

te 4artie' te +r"it an# interet #"ring te 4en#en$%o+ te $on#ition all be #ee,e# to a&e been ,"t"all%$o,4enate#. I+ te obligation i "nilateral' te #ebtorall a44ro4riate te +r"it an# interet re$ei&e#' "nle

+ro, te nat"re an# $ir$",tan$e o+ te obligation o"l# be in+erre# tat te intention o+ te 4ero$ontit"ting te a,e a #i++erent.

In obligation to #o an# not to #o' te $o"rt a#eter,ine' in ea$ $ae' te retroa$ti&e e++e$t o+ t$on#ition tat a been $o,4lie# it. (110)

Art. 1177. Te $re#itor ,a%' be+ore te +"l+ill,ent o+ t$on#ition' bring te a44ro4riate a$tion +or t4reer&ation o+ i rigt.

Te #ebtor ,a% re$o&er at #"ring te a,e ti,e e a4ai# b% ,ita:e in $ae o+ a "4eni&e $on#itio(1101a)

Art. 1178. @en te $on#ition a&e been i,4oe# itte intention o+ "4en#ing te e++i$a$% o+ an obligation tgi&e' te +olloing r"le all be ober&e# in $ae o+ ti,4ro&e,ent' lo or #eterioration o+ te ting #"ring t4en#en$% o+ te $on#ition

(1) I+ te ting i lot ito"t te +a"lt o+ t#ebtor' te obligation all be e9ting"ie#/

(0) I+ te ting i lot tro"g te +a"lt o+ t#ebtor' e all be oblige# to 4a% #a,age/ it "n#ertoo# tat te ting i lot en it 4erie' ogoe o"t o+ $o,,er$e' or #ia44ear in "$ a atat it e9iten$e i "n:non or it $annot b

re$o&ere#/


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() @en te ting #eteriorate ito"t te +a"lt o+te #ebtor' te i,4air,ent i to be borne b% te$re#itor/

(3) I+ it #eteriorate tro"g te +a"lt o+ te #ebtor'te $re#itor ,a% $ooe beteen te re$iion o+te obligation an# it +"l+ill,ent' it in#e,nit% +or

#a,age in eiter $ae/

(5) I+ te ting i i,4ro&e# b% it nat"re' or b% ti,e'te i,4ro&e,ent all in"re to te bene+it o+ te$re#itor/

(6) I+ it i i,4ro&e# at te e94ene o+ te #ebtor' eall a&e no oter rigt tan tat grante# to te""+r"$t"ar%. (1100)

Art. 118. @en te $on#ition a&e +or teir 4"r4oe tee9ting"i,ent o+ an obligation to gi&e' te 4artie' "4onte +"l+ill,ent o+ ai# $on#ition' all ret"rn to ea$oter at te% a&e re$ei&e#.

In $ae o+ te lo' #eterioration or i,4ro&e,ent o+ teting' te 4ro&iion i$' it re4e$t to te #ebtor'are lai# #on in te 4re$e#ing arti$le all be a44lie# tote 4art% o i bo"n# to ret"rn.

A +or te obligation to #o an# not to #o' te 4ro&iiono+ te e$on# 4aragra4 o+ Arti$le 117* all be ober&e#a regar# te e++e$t o+ te e9ting"i,ent o+ te

obligation. (110)

Art. 1181. Te 4oer to re$in# obligation i i,4lie# re$i4ro$al one' in $ae one o+ te obligor o"l# n$o,4l% it at i in$",bent "4on i,.

Te in!"re# 4art% ,a% $ooe beteen te +"l+ill,ent ante re$iion o+ te obligation' it te 4a%,ent #a,age in eiter $ae. He ,a% alo ee: re$iion' e&e

a+ter e a $oen +"l+ill,ent' i+ te latter o"be$o,e i,4oible.

Te $o"rt all #e$ree te re$iion $lai,e#' "nle terbe !"t $a"e a"toriing te +i9ing o+ a 4erio#.

Ti i "n#ertoo# to be ito"t 4re!"#i$e to te rigt tir# 4eron o a&e a$;"ire# te ting' in a$$or#an$it Arti$le 175 an# 177 an# te ortgage La(1103)

Art. 1180. In $ae bot 4artie a&e $o,,itte# a brea$o+ te obligation' te liabilit% o+ te +irt in+ra$tor all be;"itabl% te,4ere# b% te $o"rt. I+ it $annot b#eter,ine# i$ o+ te 4artie +irt &iolate# t$ontra$t' te a,e all be #ee,e# e9ting"ie#' anea$ all bear i on #a,age. (n)

SECTION 0. - Obligation it a Perio#

Art. 118. Obligation +or oe +"l+ill,ent a #a% $ertaa been +i9e#' all be #e,an#able onl% en tat #a

$o,e.

Obligation it a reol"tor% 4erio# ta:e e++e$t at on$b"t ter,inate "4on arri&al o+ te #a% $ertain.


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A #a% $ertain i "n#ertoo# to be tat i$ ,"tne$earil% $o,e' alto"g it ,a% not be :non en.

I+ te "n$ertaint% $onit in eter te #a% ill $o,eor not' te obligation i $on#itional' an# it all bereg"late# b% te r"le o+ te 4re$e#ing Se$tion. (1105a)

Art. 1183. In $ae o+ lo' #eterioration or i,4ro&e,ent o+te ting be+ore te arri&al o+ te #a% $ertain' te r"le inArti$le 1178 all be ober&e#. (n)

Art. 1185. An%ting 4ai# or #eli&ere# be+ore te arri&al o+te 4erio#' te obligor being "naare o+ te 4erio# orbelie&ing tat te obligation a be$o,e #"e an##e,an#able' ,a% be re$o&ere#' it te +r"it an#interet. (1106a)

Art. 1186. @ene&er in an obligation a 4erio# i#eignate#' it i 4re",e# to a&e been etablie# +orte bene+it o+ bot te $re#itor an# te #ebtor' "nle+ro, te tenor o+ te a,e or oter $ir$",tan$e ito"l# a44ear tat te 4erio# a been etablie# in+a&or o+ one or o+ te oter. (110*)

Art. 118*. I+ te obligation #oe not +i9 a 4erio#' b"t +ro,it nat"re an# te $ir$",tan$e it $an be in+erre# tat a4erio# a inten#e#' te $o"rt ,a% +i9 te #"rationtereo+.

Te $o"rt all alo +i9 te #"ration o+ te 4erio# en it

#e4en# "4on te ill o+ te #ebtor.

In e&er% $ae' te $o"rt all #eter,ine "$ 4erio# a,a% "n#er te $ir$",tan$e a&e been 4robabl%

$onte,4late# b% te 4artie. On$e +i9e# b% te $o"rt' t4erio# $annot be $ange# b% te,. (1107a)

Art. 1187. Te #ebtor all loe e&er% rigt to ,a:e "e ote 4erio#

(1) @en a+ter te obligation a been $ontra$te#'

be$o,e inol&ent' "nle e gi&e a g"arant% or e$"ri+or te #ebt/

(0) @en e #oe not +"rni to te $re#itor tg"arantie or e$"ritie i$ e a 4ro,ie#/

() @en b% i on a$t e a i,4aire# ai# g"arantieor e$"ritie a+ter teir etabli,ent' an# en tro"ga +ort"ito" e&ent te% #ia44ear' "nle e i,,e#iategi&e ne one e;"all% ati+a$tor%/

(3) @en te #ebtor &iolate an% "n#erta:ing' $oni#eration o+ i$ te $re#itor agree# to te 4erio#/

(5) @en te #ebtor atte,4t to ab$on#. (1108a)

SECTION . - Alternati&e Obligation

Art. 1188. A 4eron alternati&el% bo"n# b% #i++ere4retation all $o,4letel% 4er+or, one o+ te,.

Te $re#itor $annot be $o,4elle# to re$ei&e 4art o+ on

an# 4art o+ te oter "n#erta:ing. (111)

Art. 10. Te rigt o+ $oi$e belong to te #ebto"nle it a been e94rel% grante# to te $re#itor.


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Te #ebtor all a&e no rigt to $ooe toe 4retationi$ are i,4oible' "nla+"l or i$ $o"l# not a&ebeen te ob!e$t o+ te obligation. (110)

Art. 101. Te $oi$e all 4ro#"$e no e++e$t e9$e4t +ro,te ti,e it a been $o,,"ni$ate#. (11)

Art. 100. Te #ebtor all loe te rigt o+ $oi$e ena,ong te 4retation ereb% e i alternati&el% bo"n#'onl% one i 4ra$ti$able. (113)

Art. 10. I+ tro"g te $re#itorD a$t te #ebtor $annot,a:e a $oi$e a$$or#ing to te ter, o+ te obligation'te latter ,a% re$in# te $ontra$t it #a,age. (n)

Art. 103. Te $re#itor all a&e a rigt to in#e,nit% +or#a,age en' tro"g te +a"lt o+ te #ebtor' all teting i$ are alternati&el% te ob!e$t o+ te obligationa&e been lot' or te $o,4lian$e o+ te obligation abe$o,e i,4oible.

Te in#e,nit% all be +i9e# ta:ing a a bai te &al"e o+te lat ting i$ #ia44eare#' or tat o+ te er&i$ei$ lat be$a,e i,4oible.

>a,age oter tan te &al"e o+ te lat ting or er&i$e,a% alo be aar#e#. (115a)

Art. 105. @en te $oi$e a been e94rel% gi&en tote $re#itor' te obligation all $eae to be alternati&e

+ro, te #a% en te ele$tion a been $o,,"ni$ate#to te #ebtor.

=ntil ten te re4onibilit% o+ te #ebtor all bgo&erne# b% te +olloing r"le

(1) I+ one o+ te ting i lot tro"g a +ort"ito"e&ent' e all 4er+or, te obligation b% #eli&erintat i$ te $re#itor o"l# $ooe +ro, a,onte re,ain#er' or tat i$ re,ain i+ onl% on

"bit/

(0) I+ te lo o+ one o+ te ting o$$"r tro"gte +a"lt o+ te #ebtor' te $re#itor ,a% $lai, an% toe "biting' or te 4ri$e o+ tat i$' tro"gte +a"lt o+ te +or,er' a #ia44eare#' it a rigto #a,age/

() I+ all te ting are lot tro"g te +a"lt o+ t#ebtor' te $oi$e b% te $re#itor all +all "4on t4ri$e o+ an% one o+ te,' alo it in#e,nit% +#a,age.

Te a,e r"le all be a44lie# to obligation to #o or nto #o in $ae one' o,e or all o+ te 4retation o"be$o,e i,4oible. (116a)

Art. 106. @en onl% one 4retation a been agree"4on' b"t te obligor ,a% ren#er anoter in "btit"tiote obligation i $alle# +a$"ltati&e.

Te lo or #eterioration o+ te ting inten#e# a "btit"te' tro"g te negligen$e o+ te obligor' #oe no

ren#er i, liable. B"t on$e te "btit"tion a bee,a#e' te obligor i liable +or te lo o+ te "btit"te oa$$o"nt o+ i #ela%' negligen$e or +ra"#. (n)


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SECTION 3. - oint an# Soli#ar% Obligation

Art. 10*. Te $on$"rren$e o+ to or ,ore $re#itor or o+to or ,ore #ebtor in one an# te a,e obligation #oenot i,4l% tat ea$ one o+ te +or,er a a rigt to#e,an#' or tat ea$ one o+ te latter i bo"n# to ren#er'entire $o,4lian$e it te 4retation. Tere i a oli#ar%

liabilit% onl% en te obligation e94rel% o tate' oren te la or te nat"re o+ te obligation re;"ireoli#arit%. (11*a)

Art. 107. I+ +ro, te la' or te nat"re or te or#ing o+te obligation to i$ te 4re$e#ing arti$le re+er te$ontrar% #oe not a44ear' te $re#it or #ebt all be4re",e# to be #i&i#e# into a ,an% are a tere are$re#itor or #ebtor' te $re#it or #ebt being $oni#ere##itin$t +ro, one anoter' "b!e$t to te R"le o+ Co"rtgo&erning te ,"lti4li$it% o+ "it. (117a)

Art. 108. I+ te #i&iion i i,4oible' te rigt o+ te$re#itor ,a% be 4re!"#i$e# onl% b% teir $olle$ti&e a$t'an# te #ebt $an be en+or$e# onl% b% 4ro$ee#ing againtall te #ebtor. I+ one o+ te latter o"l# be inol&ent'te oter all not be liable +or i are. (118)

Art. 101. Te in#i&iibilit% o+ an obligation #oe notne$earil% gi&e rie to oli#arit%. Nor #oe oli#arit% o+itel+ i,4l% in#i&iibilit%. (n)

Art. 1011. Soli#arit% ,a% e9it alto"g te $re#itor an#

te #ebtor ,a% not be bo"n# in te a,e ,anner an# b%te a,e 4erio# an# $on#ition. (113)

Art. 1010. Ea$ one o+ te oli#ar% $re#itor ,a% #ate&er ,a% be "e+"l to te oter' b"t not an%tini$ ,a% be 4re!"#i$ial to te latter. (1131a)

Art. 101. A oli#ar% $re#itor $annot aign i rigito"t te $onent o+ te oter. (n)

Art. 1013. Te #ebtor ,a% 4a% an% one o+ te oli#ar$re#itor/ b"t i+ an% #e,an#' !"#i$ial or e9tra!"#i$ial' abeen ,a#e b% one o+ te,' 4a%,ent o"l# be ,a#e ti,. (1130a)

Art. 1015. No&ation' $o,4enation' $on+"ion ore,iion o+ te #ebt' ,a#e b% an% o+ te oli#a$re#itor or it an% o+ te oli#ar% #ebtor' ae9ting"i te obligation' ito"t 4re!"#i$e to t4ro&iion o+ Arti$le 1018.

Te $re#itor o ,a% a&e e9e$"te# an% o+ tee a$t' aell a e o $olle$t te #ebt' all be liable to toter +or te are in te obligation $orre4on#ing tte,. (113)

Art. 1016. Te $re#itor ,a% 4ro$ee# againt an% one ote oli#ar% #ebtor or o,e or all o+ tei,"ltaneo"l%. Te #e,an# ,a#e againt one o+ teall not be an obta$le to toe i$ ,a% "be;"entbe #ire$te# againt te oter' o long a te #ebt a nobeen +"ll% $olle$te#. (1133a)

Art. 101*. Pa%,ent ,a#e b% one o+ te oli#ar% #ebtoe9ting"ie te obligation. I+ to or ,ore oli#a#ebtor o++er to 4a%' te $re#itor ,a% $ooe i$ o++eto a$$e4t.


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He o ,a#e te 4a%,ent ,a% $lai, +ro, i $o-#ebtoronl% te are i$ $orre4on# to ea$' it teinteret +or te 4a%,ent alrea#% ,a#e. I+ te 4a%,ent i,a#e be+ore te #ebt i #"e' no interet +or teinter&ening 4erio# ,a% be #e,an#e#.

@en one o+ te oli#ar% #ebtor $annot' be$a"e o+ i

inol&en$%' rei,b"re i are to te #ebtor 4a%ing teobligation' "$ are all be borne b% all i $o-#ebtor'in 4ro4ortion to te #ebt o+ ea$. (1135a)

Art. 1017. Pa%,ent b% a oli#ar% #ebtor all not entitlei, to rei,b"re,ent +ro, i $o-#ebtor i+ "$4a%,ent i ,a#e a+ter te obligation a 4re$ribe# orbe$o,e illegal. (n)

Art. 1018. Te re,iion ,a#e b% te $re#itor o+ teare i$ a++e$t one o+ te oli#ar% #ebtor #oe notreleae te latter +ro, i re4onibilit% toar# te $o-#ebtor' in $ae te #ebt a# been totall% 4ai# b% an%oneo+ te, be+ore te re,iion a e++e$te#. (1136a)

Art. 100. Te re,iion o+ te ole obligation' obtaine#b% one o+ te oli#ar% #ebtor' #oe not entitle i, torei,b"re,ent +ro, i $o-#ebtor. (n)

Art. 1001. I+ te ting a been lot or i+ te 4retationa be$o,e i,4oible ito"t te +a"lt o+ te oli#ar%#ebtor' te obligation all be e9ting"ie#.

I+ tere a +a"lt on te 4art o+ an% one o+ te,' all allbe re4onible to te $re#itor' +or te 4ri$e an# te4a%,ent o+ #a,age an# interet' ito"t 4re!"#i$e toteir a$tion againt te g"ilt% or negligent #ebtor.

I+ tro"g a +ort"ito" e&ent' te ting i lot or t4er+or,an$e a be$o,e i,4oible a+ter one o+ toli#ar% #ebtor a in$"rre# in #ela% tro"g te !"#i$ior e9tra!"#i$ial #e,an# "4on i, b% te $re#itor' t4ro&iion o+ te 4re$e#ing 4aragra4 all a44l(113*a)

Art. 1000. A oli#ar% #ebtor ,a%' in a$tion +ile# b% t$re#itor' a&ail i,el+ o+ all #e+ene i$ are #eri&e+ro, te nat"re o+ te obligation an# o+ toe i$ ar4eronal to i,' or 4ertain to i on are. @it re4eto toe i$ 4eronall% belong to te oter' e ,aa&ail i,el+ tereo+ onl% a regar# tat 4art o+ te #eb+or i$ te latter are re4onible. (1137a)

SECTION 5. - >i&iible an# In#i&iible Obligation

Art. 100. Te #i&iibilit% or in#i&iibilit% o+ te tingtat are te ob!e$t o+ obligation in i$ tere i onone #ebtor an# onl% one $re#itor #oe not alter or ,o#ite 4ro&iion o+ Ca4ter 0 o+ ti Title. (1138)

Art. 1003. A !oint in#i&iible obligation gi&e rie in#e,nit% +or #a,age +ro, te ti,e an%one o+ t#ebtor #oe not $o,4l% it i "n#erta:ing. T#ebtor o ,a% a&e been rea#% to +"l+ill teir 4ro,ieall not $ontrib"te to te in#e,nit% be%on# t$orre4on#ing 4ortion o+ te 4ri$e o+ te ting or o+ t&al"e o+ te er&i$e in i$ te obligation $onit

(115)

Art. 1005. ?or te 4"r4oe o+ te 4re$e#ing arti$leobligation to gi&e #e+inite ting an# toe i$ are n


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"$e4tible o+ 4artial 4er+or,an$e all be #ee,e# to bein#i&iible.

@en te obligation a +or it ob!e$t te e9e$"tion o+ a$ertain n",ber o+ #a% o+ or:' te a$$o,4li,ent o+or: b% ,etri$al "nit' or analogo" ting i$ b% teirnat"re are "$e4tible o+ 4artial 4er+or,an$e' it all be

#i&iible.

Hoe&er' e&en to"g te ob!e$t or er&i$e ,a% be4%i$all% #i&iible' an obligation i in#i&iible i+ o4ro&i#e# b% la or inten#e# b% te 4artie.

In obligation not to #o' #i&iibilit% or in#i&iibilit% allbe #eter,ine# b% te $ara$ter o+ te 4retation in ea$4arti$"lar $ae. (1151a)

SECTION 6. - Obligation it a Penal Cla"e

Art. 1006. In obligation it a 4enal $la"e' te 4enalt%all "btit"te te in#e,nit% +or #a,age an# te4a%,ent o+ interet in $ae o+ non$o,4lian$e' i+ tere ino ti4"lation to te $ontrar%. Ne&ertele' #a,ageall be 4ai# i+ te obligor re+"e to 4a% te 4enalt% or ig"ilt% o+ +ra"# in te +"l+ill,ent o+ te obligation.

Te 4enalt% ,a% be en+or$e# onl% en it i #e,an#ablein a$$or#an$e it te 4ro&iion o+ ti Co#e. (1150a)

Art. 100*. Te #ebtor $annot e9e,4t i,el+ +ro, te4er+or,an$e o+ te obligation b% 4a%ing te 4enalt%' a&ein te $ae ere ti rigt a been e94rel% reer&e#+or i,. Neiter $an te $re#itor #e,an# te +"l+ill,ent o+

te obligation an# te ati+a$tion o+ te 4enalt% at ta,e ti,e' "nle ti rigt a been $learl% grante# i,Hoe&er' i+ a+ter te $re#itor a #e$i#e# to re;"ire t+"l+ill,ent o+ te obligation' te 4er+or,an$e tereo"l# be$o,e i,4oible ito"t i +a"lt' te 4enal,a% be en+or$e#. (115a)

Art. 1007. Proo+ o+ a$t"al #a,age "++ere# b% t$re#itor i not ne$ear% in or#er tat te 4enalt% ,a% b#e,an#e#. (n)

Art. 1008. Te !"#ge all e;"itabl% re#"$e te 4enalen te 4rin$i4al obligation a been 4artl% irreg"larl% $o,4lie# it b% te #ebtor. E&en i+ tere abeen no 4er+or,an$e' te 4enalt% ,a% alo be re#"$e# bte $o"rt i+ it i ini;"ito" or "n$on$ionable. (1153a)

Art. 10. Te n"llit% o+ te 4enal $la"e #oe not $arrit it tat o+ te 4rin$i4al obligation.

Te n"llit% o+ te 4rin$i4al obligation $arrie it it to+ te 4enal $la"e. (1155)

CHAPTER 3E


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() B% te $on#onation or re,iion o+ te #ebt/

(3) B% te $on+"ion or ,erger o+ te rigt o+$re#itor an# #ebtor/

(5) B% $o,4enation/

(6) B% no&ation.

Oter $a"e o+ e9ting"i,ent o+ obligation' "$ aann"l,ent' re$iion' +"l+ill,ent o+ a reol"tor%$on#ition' an# 4re$ri4tion' are go&erne# eleere inti Co#e. (1156a)

SECTION 1. - Pa%,ent or Per+or,an$e

Art. 100. Pa%,ent ,ean not onl% te #eli&er% o+ ,one%b"t alo te 4er+or,an$e' in an% oter ,anner' o+ anobligation. (n)

Art. 10. A #ebt all not be "n#ertoo# to a&e been4ai# "nle te ting or er&i$e in i$ te obligation$onit a been $o,4letel% #eli&ere# or ren#ere#' ate $ae ,a% be. (115*)

Art. 103. I+ te obligation a been "btantiall%4er+or,e# in goo# +ait' te obligor ,a% re$o&er ato"g tere a# been a tri$t an# $o,4lete +"l+ill,ent'le #a,age "++ere# b% te obligee. (n)

Art. 105. @en te obligee a$$e4t te 4er+or,an$e':noing it in$o,4letene or irreg"larit%' an# ito"te94reing an% 4rotet or ob!e$tion' te obligation i#ee,e# +"ll% $o,4lie# it. (n)

Art. 106. Te $re#itor i not bo"n# to a$$e4t 4a%,ent o4er+or,an$e b% a tir# 4eron o a no interet in t+"l+ill,ent o+ te obligation' "nle tere i a ti4"latioto te $ontrar%.

@oe&er 4a% +or anoter ,a% #e,an# +ro, te #ebtoat e a 4ai#' e9$e4t tat i+ e 4ai# ito"t t

:nole#ge or againt te ill o+ te #ebtor' e $are$o&er onl% ino+ar a te 4a%,ent a been bene+i$ial tte #ebtor. (1157a)

Art. 10*. @oe&er 4a% on beal+ o+ te #ebtor itote :nole#ge or againt te ill o+ te latter' $anno$o,4el te $re#itor to "brogate i, in i rigt' "$ atoe ariing +ro, a ,ortgage' g"arant%' or 4enalt(1158a)

Art. 107. Pa%,ent ,a#e b% a tir# 4eron o #oe nointen# to be rei,b"re# b% te #ebtor i #ee,e# to be#onation' i$ re;"ire te #ebtorD $onent. B"t t4a%,ent i in an% $ae &ali# a to te $re#itor o aa$$e4te# it. (n)

Art. 108. In obligation to gi&e' 4a%,ent ,a#e b% ono #oe not a&e te +ree #i4oal o+ te ting #"e an$a4a$it% to alienate it all not be &ali#' ito"t 4re!"#i$to te 4ro&iion o+ Arti$le 130* "n#er te Title oFNatural Obligations.F (116a)

Art. 103. Pa%,ent all be ,a#e to te 4eron in o

+a&or te obligation a been $ontit"te#' or i "$$eoin interet' or an% 4eron a"torie# to re$ei&e it. (1160a


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Art. 1031. Pa%,ent to a 4eron o i in$a4a$itate# toa#,initer i 4ro4ert% all be &ali# i+ e a :e4t teting #eli&ere#' or ino+ar a te 4a%,ent a beenbene+i$ial to i,.

Pa%,ent ,a#e to a tir# 4eron all alo be &ali# ino+ara it a re#o"n#e# to te bene+it o+ te $re#itor. S"$

bene+it to te $re#itor nee# not be 4ro&e# in te +olloing$ae

(1) I+ a+ter te 4a%,ent' te tir# 4eron a$;"irete $re#itorD rigt/

(0) I+ te $re#itor rati+ie te 4a%,ent to te tir#4eron/

() I+ b% te $re#itorD $on#"$t' te #ebtor a beenle# to belie&e tat te tir# 4eron a# a"torit% tore$ei&e te 4a%,ent. (116a)

Art. 1030. Pa%,ent ,a#e in goo# +ait to an% 4eronin 4oeion o+ te $re#it all releae te #ebtor.(1163)

Art. 103. Pa%,ent ,a#e to te $re#itor b% te #ebtora+ter te latter a been !"#i$iall% or#ere# to retain te#ebt all not be &ali#. (1165)

Art. 1033. Te #ebtor o+ a ting $annot $o,4el te$re#itor to re$ei&e a #i++erent one' alto"g te latter ,a%

be o+ te a,e &al"e a' or ,ore &al"able tan tat i$i #"e.

In obligation to #o or not to #o' an a$t or +orbearan$$annot be "btit"te# b% anoter a$t or +orbearan$againt te obligeeD ill. (1166a)

Art. 1035. >ation in 4a%,ent' ereb% 4ro4ert% alienate# to te $re#itor in ati+a$tion o+ a #ebt ,one%' all be go&erne# b% te la o+ ale. (n)

Art. 1036. @en te obligation $onit in te #eli&er% an in#eter,inate or generi$ ting' oe ;"alit% an$ir$",tan$e a&e not been tate#' te $re#itor $anno#e,an# a ting o+ "4erior ;"alit%. Neiter $an te #ebto#eli&er a ting o+ in+erior ;"alit%. Te 4"r4oe o+ tobligation an# oter $ir$",tan$e all be ta:en in$oni#eration. (116*a)

Art. 103*. =nle it i oterie ti4"late#' te9tra!"#i$ial e94ene re;"ire# b% te 4a%,ent all b+or te a$$o"nt o+ te #ebtor. @it regar# to !"#i$i

$ot' te R"le o+ Co"rt all go&ern. (1167a)

Art. 1037. =nle tere i an e94re ti4"lation to tae++e$t' te $re#itor $annot be $o,4elle# 4artiall% re$ei&e te 4retation in i$ te obligation $onitNeiter ,a% te #ebtor be re;"ire# to ,a:e 4arti4a%,ent.

Hoe&er' en te #ebt i in 4art li;"i#ate# an# in 4a"nli;"i#ate#' te $re#itor ,a% #e,an# an# te #ebt,a% e++e$t te 4a%,ent o+ te +or,er ito"t aiting +o

te li;"i#ation o+ te latter. (1168a)

Art. 1038. Te 4a%,ent o+ #ebt in ,one% all be ,a#in te $"rren$% ti4"late#' an# i+ it i not 4oible


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#eli&er "$ $"rren$%' ten in te $"rren$% i$ i legalten#er in te Pili44ine.

Te #eli&er% o+ 4ro,ior% note 4a%able to or#er' or billo+ e9$ange or oter ,er$antile #o$",ent all 4ro#"$ete e++e$t o+ 4a%,ent onl% en te% a&e been $ae#'or en tro"g te +a"lt o+ te $re#itor te% a&e been

i,4aire#.

In te ,eanti,e' te a$tion #eri&e# +ro, te originalobligation all be el# in te abe%an$e. (11*)

Art. 105. In $ae an e9traor#inar% in+lation or #e+lationo+ te $"rren$% ti4"late# o"l# "4er&ene' te &al"e o+te $"rren$% at te ti,e o+ te etabli,ent o+ teobligation all be te bai o+ 4a%,ent' "nle tere ian agree,ent to te $ontrar%. (n)

Art. 1051. Pa%,ent all be ,a#e in te 4la$e #eignate#

in te obligation.

Tere being no e94re ti4"lation an# i+ te "n#erta:ingi to #eli&er a #eter,inate ting' te 4a%,ent all be,a#e ere&er te ting ,igt be at te ,o,ent teobligation a $ontit"te#.

In an% oter $ae te 4la$e o+ 4a%,ent all be te#o,i$ile o+ te #ebtor.

I+ te #ebtor $ange i #o,i$ile in ba# +ait or a+ter e

a in$"rre# in #ela%' te a##itional e94ene all beborne b% i,.

Tee 4ro&iion are ito"t 4re!"#i$e to &en"e "n#er tR"le o+ Co"rt. (11*1a)

S=BSECTION 1. - A44li$ation o+ Pa%,ent

Art. 1050. He o a &ario" #ebt o+ te a,e :in# i

+a&or o+ one an# te a,e $re#itor' ,a% #e$lare at tti,e o+ ,a:ing te 4a%,ent' to i$ o+ te, te a,,"t be a44lie#. =nle te 4artie o ti4"late' or ete a44li$ation o+ 4a%,ent i ,a#e b% te 4art% +or obene+it te ter, a been $ontit"te#' a44li$ation anot be ,a#e a to #ebt i$ are not %et #"e.

I+ te #ebtor a$$e4t +ro, te $re#itor a re$ei4t in i$an a44li$ation o+ te 4a%,ent i ,a#e' te +or,er $anno$o,4lain o+ te a,e' "nle tere i a $a"e +in&ali#ating te $ontra$t. (11*0a)

Art. 105. I+ te #ebt 4ro#"$e interet' 4a%,ent o+ t4rin$i4al all not be #ee,e# to a&e been ,a#e "ntil tinteret a&e been $o&ere#. (11*)

Art. 1053. @en te 4a%,ent $annot be a44lie# a$$or#an$e it te 4re$e#ing r"le' or i+ a44li$ation $anot be in+erre# +ro, oter $ir$",tan$e' te #ebt i$i ,ot onero" to te #ebtor' a,ong toe #"e' all b#ee,e# to a&e been ati+ie#.

I+ te #ebt #"e are o+ te a,e nat"re an# b"r#en' t

4a%,ent all be a44lie# to all o+ te, 4ro4ortionatel(11*3a)


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S=BSECTION 0. - Pa%,ent b% Ceion

Art. 1055. Te #ebtor ,a% $e#e or aign i 4ro4ert% toi $re#itor in 4a%,ent o+ i #ebt. Ti $eion' "nletere i ti4"lation to te $ontrar%' all onl% releae te#ebtor +ro, re4onibilit% +or te net 4ro$ee# o+ teting aigne#. Te agree,ent i$' on te e++e$t o+

te $eion' are ,a#e beteen te #ebtor an# i$re#itor all be go&erne# b% 4e$ial la. (11*5a)

S=BSECTION . - Ten#er o+ Pa%,ent an# Conignation

Art. 1056. I+ te $re#itor to o, ten#er o+ 4a%,ent abeen ,a#e re+"e ito"t !"t $a"e to a$$e4t it' te#ebtor all be releae# +ro, re4onibilit% b% te$onignation o+ te ting or ", #"e.

Conignation alone all 4ro#"$e te a,e e++e$t in te+olloing $ae

(1) @en te $re#itor i abent or "n:non' or #oenot a44ear at te 4la$e o+ 4a%,ent/

(0) @en e i in$a4a$itate# to re$ei&e te 4a%,entat te ti,e it i #"e/

() @en' ito"t !"t $a"e' e re+"e to gi&e are$ei4t/

(3) @en to or ,ore 4eron $lai, te a,e rigt

to $olle$t/

(5) @en te title o+ te obligation a been lot.(11*6a)

Art. 105*. In or#er tat te $onignation o+ te ting #",a% releae te obligor' it ,"t +irt be anno"n$e# to t4eron interete# in te +"l+ill,ent o+ te obligation.

Te $onignation all be ine++e$t"al i+ it i not ,a#tri$tl% in $ononan$e it te 4ro&iion i$ reg"la4a%,ent. (11**)

Art. 1057. Conignation all be ,a#e b% #e4oiting tting #"e at te #i4oal o+ !"#i$ial a"torit%' be+oo, te ten#er o+ 4a%,ent all be 4ro&e#' in a 4ro4e$ae' an# te anno"n$e,ent o+ te $onignation in ote$ae.

Te $onignation a&ing been ,a#e' te interete4artie all alo be noti+ie# tereo+. (11*7)

Art. 1058. Te e94ene o+ $onignation' en 4ro4er,a#e' all be $arge# againt te $re#itor. (11*7)

Art. 106. On$e te $onignation a been #"l% ,a#e' t#ebtor ,a% a: te !"#ge to or#er te $an$ellation o+ tobligation.

Be+ore te $re#itor a a$$e4te# te $onignation' obe+ore a !"#i$ial #e$laration tat te $onignation abeen 4ro4erl% ,a#e' te #ebtor ,a% it#ra te tinor te ", #e4oite#' alloing te obligation to re,ain +or$e. (117)

Art. 1061. I+' te $onignation a&ing been ,a#e' t$re#itor o"l# a"torie te #ebtor to it#ra ta,e' e all loe e&er% 4re+eren$e i$ e ,a% a&o&er te ting. Te $o-#ebtor' g"arantor an# "retie


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all be releae#. (1171a)

SECTION 0. - Lo o+ te Ting >"e

Art. 1060. An obligation i$ $onit in te #eli&er% o+ a#eter,inate ting all be e9ting"ie# i+ it o"l# be lot

or #etro%e# ito"t te +a"lt o+ te #ebtor' an# be+oree a in$"rre# in #ela%.

@en b% la or ti4"lation' te obligor i liable e&en +or+ort"ito" e&ent' te lo o+ te ting #oe note9ting"i te obligation' an# e all be re4onible +or#a,age. Te a,e r"le a44lie en te nat"re o+ teobligation re;"ire te a",4tion o+ ri:. (1170a)

Art. 106. In an obligation to #eli&er a generi$ ting' telo or #etr"$tion o+ an%ting o+ te a,e :in# #oe note9ting"i te obligation. (n)

Art. 1063. Te $o"rt all #eter,ine eter' "n#er te$ir$",tan$e' te 4artial lo o+ te ob!e$t o+ teobligation i o i,4ortant a to e9ting"i te obligation.(n)

Art. 1065. @ene&er te ting i lot in te 4oeion o+te #ebtor' it all be 4re",e# tat te lo a #"e toi +a"lt' "nle tere i 4roo+ to te $ontrar%' an#ito"t 4re!"#i$e to te 4ro&iion o+ arti$le 1165. Ti4re",4tion #oe not a44l% in $ae o+ eart;"a:e' +loo#'

tor,' or oter nat"ral $ala,it%. (117a)

Art. 1066. Te #ebtor in obligation to #o all alo bereleae# en te 4retation be$o,e legall% or

4%i$all% i,4oible ito"t te +a"lt o+ te obligo(1173a)

Art. 106*. @en te er&i$e a be$o,e o #i++i$"lt a tbe ,ani+etl% be%on# te $onte,4lation o+ te 4artiete obligor ,a% alo be releae# tere+ro,' in ole or 4art. (n)

Art. 1067. @en te #ebt o+ a ting $ertain an#eter,inate 4ro$ee# +ro, a $ri,inal o++ene' te #ebtoall not be e9e,4te# +ro, te 4a%,ent o+ it 4ri$ate&er ,a% be te $a"e +or te lo' "nle te tina&ing been o++ere# b% i, to te 4eron o o"re$ei&e it' te latter re+"e# ito"t !"ti+i$ation to a$$eit. (1175)

Art. 1068. Te obligation a&ing been e9ting"ie# b% tlo o+ te ting' te $re#itor all a&e all te rigt oa$tion i$ te #ebtor ,a% a&e againt tir# 4eron

b% reaon o+ te lo. (1176)

SECTION . - Con#onation or Re,iion o+ te >ebt

Art. 10*. Con#onation or re,iion i eentialgrat"ito"' an# re;"ire te a$$e4tan$e b% te obligor. ,a% be ,a#e e94rel% or i,4lie#l%.

One an# te oter :in# all be "b!e$t to te r"le i$go&ern ino++i$io" #onation. E94re $on#onation a

+"rter,ore' $o,4l% it te +or, o+ #onation. (117*)

Art. 10*1. Te #eli&er% o+ a 4ri&ate #o$",ent e&i#en$ina $re#it' ,a#e &ol"ntaril% b% te $re#itor to te #ebto


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i,4lie te ren"n$iation o+ te a$tion i$ te +or,era# againt te latter.

I+ in or#er to n"lli+% ti ai&er it o"l# be $lai,e# to beino++i$io"' te #ebtor an# i eir ,a% "4ol# it b%4ro&ing tat te #eli&er% o+ te #o$",ent a ,a#e in&irt"e o+ 4a%,ent o+ te #ebt. (1177)

Art. 10*0. @ene&er te 4ri&ate #o$",ent in i$ te#ebt a44ear i +o"n# in te 4oeion o+ te #ebtor' itall be 4re",e# tat te $re#itor #eli&ere# it&ol"ntaril%' "nle te $ontrar% i 4ro&e#. (1178)

Art. 10*. Te ren"n$iation o+ te 4rin$i4al #ebt alle9ting"i te a$$eor% obligation/ b"t te ai&er o+te latter all lea&e te +or,er in +or$e. (118)

Art. 10*3. It i 4re",e# tat te a$$eor% obligation o+4le#ge a been re,itte# en te ting 4le#ge#' a+ter

it #eli&er% to te $re#itor' i +o"n# in te 4oeion o+te #ebtor' or o+ a tir# 4eron o on te ting.(1181a)

SECTION 3. - Con+"ion or erger o+ Rigt

Art. 10*5. Te obligation i e9ting"ie# +ro, te ti,ete $ara$ter o+ $re#itor an# #ebtor are ,erge# in tea,e 4eron. (1180a)

Art. 10*6. erger i$ ta:e 4la$e in te 4eron o+ te4rin$i4al #ebtor or $re#itor bene+it te g"arantor.Con+"ion i$ ta:e 4la$e in te 4eron o+ an% o+ telatter #oe not e9ting"i te obligation. (118)

Art. 10**. Con+"ion #oe not e9ting"i a !oint obligatioe9$e4t a regar# te are $orre4on#ing to te $re#itoor #ebtor in o, te to $ara$ter $on$"r. (1183

SECTION 5. - Co,4enation

Art. 10*7. Co,4enation all ta:e 4la$e en t4eron' in teir on rigt' are $re#itor an# #ebtor ea$ oter. (1185)

Art. 10*8. In or#er tat $o,4enation ,a% be 4ro4er' it ne$ear%

(1) Tat ea$ one o+ te obligor be bo"n4rin$i4all%' an# tat e be at te a,e ti,e 4rin$i4al $re#itor o+ te oter/

(0) Tat bot #ebt $onit in a ", o+ ,one%' or

te ting #"e are $on",able' te% be o+ te a,:in#' an# alo o+ te a,e ;"alit% i+ te latter abeen tate#/

() Tat te to #ebt be #"e/

(3) Tat te% be li;"i#ate# an# #e,an#able/

(5) Tat o&er neiter o+ te, tere be an% retentioor $ontro&er%' $o,,en$e# b% tir# 4eron an$o,,"ni$ate# in #"e ti,e to te #ebtor. (1186)

Art. 107. Notittan#ing te 4ro&iion o+ t4re$e#ing arti$le' te g"arantor ,a% et "4 $o,4enatio


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a regar# at te $re#itor ,a% oe te 4rin$i4al#ebtor. (118*)

Art. 1071. Co,4enation ,a% be total or 4artial. @en teto #ebt are o+ te a,e a,o"nt' tere i a total$o,4enation. (n)

Art. 1070. Te 4artie ,a% agree "4on te $o,4enationo+ #ebt i$ are not %et #"e. (n)

Art. 107. I+ one o+ te 4artie to a "it o&er an obligationa a $lai, +or #a,age againt te oter' te +or,er,a% et it o++ b% 4ro&ing i rigt to ai# #a,age an# tea,o"nt tereo+. (n)

Art. 1073. @en one or bot #ebt are re$iible or&oi#able' te% ,a% be $o,4enate# againt ea$ oterbe+ore te% are !"#i$iall% re$in#e# or a&oi#e#. (n)

Art. 1075. Te #ebtor o a $onente# to teaign,ent o+ rigt ,a#e b% a $re#itor in +a&or o+ a tir#4eron' $annot et "4 againt te aignee te$o,4enation i$ o"l# 4ertain to i, againt teaignor' "nle te aignor a noti+ie# b% te #ebtorat te ti,e e ga&e i $onent' tat e reer&e# i rigtto te $o,4enation.

I+ te $re#itor $o,,"ni$ate# te $eion to i, b"t te#ebtor #i# not $onent tereto' te latter ,a% et "4 te$o,4enation o+ #ebt 4re&io" to te $eion' b"t not o+

"be;"ent one.

I+ te aign,ent i ,a#e ito"t te :nole#ge o+ te#ebtor' e ,a% et "4 te $o,4enation o+ all $re#it

4rior to te a,e an# alo later one "ntil e a:nole#ge o+ te aign,ent. (1187a)

Art. 1076. Co,4enation ta:e 4la$e b% o4eration o+ lae&en to"g te #ebt ,a% be 4a%able at #i++erent 4la$eb"t tere all be an in#e,nit% +or e94ene o+ e9$angor tran4ortation to te 4la$e o+ 4a%,ent. (1188a)

Art. 107*. Co,4enation all not be 4ro4er en one ote #ebt arie +ro, a #e4oit", or +ro, te obligationo+ a #e4oitar% or o+ a bailee in $o,,o#at",.

Neiter $an $o,4enation be et "4 againt a $re#ito a a $lai, +or "44ort #"e b% grat"ito" titlito"t 4re!"#i$e to te 4ro&iion o+ 4aragra4 0 Arti$le 1. (10a)

Art. 1077. Neiter all tere be $o,4enation i+ one te #ebt $onit in $i&il liabilit% ariing +ro, a 4en

o++ene. (n)

Art. 1078. I+ a 4eron o"l# a&e againt i, e&er#ebt i$ are "$e4tible o+ $o,4enation' te r"le ote a44li$ation o+ 4a%,ent all a44l% to te or#er o+ t$o,4enation. (101)

Art. 108. @en all te re;"iite ,entione# in Arti$10*8 are 4reent' $o,4enation ta:e e++e$t b% o4eratioo+ la' an# e9ting"ie bot #ebt to te $on$"rrea,o"nt' e&en to"g te $re#itor an# #ebtor are no

aare o+ te $o,4enation. (100a)

SECTION 6. - No&ation


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Art. 1081. Obligation ,a% be ,o#i+ie# b%(1) Canging teir ob!e$t or 4rin$i4al $on#ition/

(0) S"btit"ting te 4eron o+ te #ebtor/

() S"brogating a tir# 4eron in te rigt o+ te$re#itor. (10)

Art. 1080. In or#er tat an obligation ,a% be e9ting"ie#b% anoter i$ "btit"te te a,e' it i i,4erati&etat it be o #e$lare# in "ne;"i&o$al ter,' or tat te ol#an# te ne obligation be on e&er% 4oint in$o,4atibleit ea$ oter. (103)

Art. 108. No&ation i$ $onit in "btit"ting a ne#ebtor in te 4la$e o+ te original one' ,a% be ,a#e e&enito"t te :nole#ge or againt te ill o+ te latter'b"t not ito"t te $onent o+ te $re#itor. Pa%,ent b%

te ne #ebtor gi&e i, te rigt ,entione# in Arti$le106 an# 10*. (105a)

Art. 1083. I+ te "btit"tion i ito"t te :nole#ge oragaint te ill o+ te #ebtor' te ne #ebtorD inol&en$%or non-+"l+ill,ent o+ te obligation all not gi&e rie toan% liabilit% on te 4art o+ te original #ebtor. (n)

Art. 1085. Te inol&en$% o+ te ne #ebtor' o abeen 4ro4oe# b% te original #ebtor an# a$$e4te# b% te$re#itor' all not re&i&e te a$tion o+ te latter againt

te original obligor' e9$e4t en ai# inol&en$% aalrea#% e9iting an# o+ 4"bli$ :nole#ge' or :non to te#ebtor' en te #elegate# i #ebt. (106a)

Art. 1086. @en te 4rin$i4al obligation i e9ting"ie# $one;"en$e o+ a no&ation' a$$eor% obligation ,a"bit onl% ino+ar a te% ,a% bene+it tir# 4eron #i# not gi&e teir $onent. (10*)

Art. 108*. I+ te ne obligation i &oi#' te original onall "bit' "nle te 4artie inten#e# tat te +or,erelation o"l# be e9ting"ie# in an% e&ent. (n)

Art. 1087. Te no&ation i &oi# i+ te original obligatioa &oi#' e9$e4t en ann"l,ent ,a% be $lai,e# onl% bte #ebtor or en rati+i$ation &ali#ate a$t i$ ar&oi#able. (107a)

Art. 1088. I+ te original obligation a "b!e$t to "4eni&e or reol"tor% $on#ition' te ne obligatioall be "n#er te a,e $on#ition' "nle it i oteriti4"late#. (n)

Art. 1. S"brogation o+ a tir# 4eron in te rigt ote $re#itor i eiter legal or $on&entional. Te +or,er not 4re",e#' e9$e4t in $ae e94rel% ,entione# in tCo#e/ te latter ,"t be $learl% etablie# in or#er tait ,a% ta:e e++e$t. (108a)

Art. 11. Con&entional "brogation o+ a tir# 4erore;"ire te $onent o+ te original 4artie an# o+ ttir# 4eron. (n)

Art. 10. It i 4re",e# tat tere i legal "brogation

(1) @en a $re#itor 4a% anoter $re#itor o 4re+erre#' e&en ito"t te #ebtorD :nole#ge/


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(0) @en a tir# 4eron' not interete# in teobligation' 4a% it te e94re or ta$it a44ro&al o+te #ebtor/

() @en' e&en ito"t te :nole#ge o+ te#ebtor' a 4eron interete# in te +"l+ill,ent o+ teobligation 4a%' ito"t 4re!"#i$e to te e++e$t o+$on+"ion a to te latterD are. (101a)

Art. 1. S"brogation tran+er to te 4eron"brogate# te $re#it it all te rigt teretoa44ertaining' eiter againt te #ebtor or againt tir#4eron' be te% g"arantor or 4oeor o+ ,ortgage'"b!e$t to ti4"lation in a $on&entional "brogation.(1010a)

Art. 13. A $re#itor' to o, 4artial 4a%,ent a been,a#e' ,a% e9er$ie i rigt +or te re,ain#er' an# eall be 4re+erre# to te 4eron o a been "brogate#

in i 4la$e in &irt"e o+ te 4artial 4a%,ent o+ te a,e$re#it. (101)

Title II. - CONTRACTS

CHAPTER 1GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 15. A $ontra$t i a ,eeting o+ ,in# beteen to4eron ereb% one bin# i,el+' it re4e$t to te

oter' to gi&e o,eting or to ren#er o,e er&i$e.(1053a)

Art. 16. Te $ontra$ting 4artie ,a% etabli "$ti4"lation' $la"e' ter, an# $on#ition a te% ,a#ee, $on&enient' 4ro&i#e# te% are not $ontrar% to la,oral' goo# $"to,' 4"bli$ or#er' or 4"bli$ 4oli$(1055a)

Art. 1*. Inno,inate $ontra$t all be reg"late# b% tti4"lation o+ te 4artie' b% te 4ro&iion o+ Titlean# II o+ ti Boo:' b% te r"le go&erning te ,oanalogo" no,inate $ontra$t' an# b% te $"to, o+ t4la$e. (n)

Art. 17. Te $ontra$t ,"t bin# bot $ontra$tin4artie/ it &ali#it% or $o,4lian$e $annot be le+t to te o+ one o+ te,. (1056a)

Art. 18. Te #eter,ination o+ te 4er+or,an$e ,a% ble+t to a tir# 4eron' oe #e$iion all not be bin#in"ntil it a been ,a#e :non to bot $ontra$ting 4artie

(n)

Art. 11. Te #eter,ination all not be obligator% i+ it e&i#entl% ine;"itable. In "$ $ae' te $o"rt all #e$i#at i e;"itable "n#er te $ir$",tan$e. (n)

Art. 111. Contra$t ta:e e++e$t onl% beteen te 4artieteir aign an# eir' e9$e4t in $ae ere te rigtan# obligation ariing +ro, te $ontra$t are ntran,iible b% teir nat"re' or b% ti4"lation or b4ro&iion o+ la. Te eir i not liable be%on# te &al"e o

te 4ro4ert% e re$ei&e# +ro, te #e$e#ent.

I+ a $ontra$t o"l# $ontain o,e ti4"lation in +a&or o+ tir# 4eron' e ,a% #e,an# it +"l+ill,ent 4ro&i#e#


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$o,,"ni$ate# i a$$e4tan$e to te obligor be+ore itre&o$ation. A ,ere in$i#ental bene+it or interet o+ a4eron i not "++i$ient. Te $ontra$ting 4artie ,"t a&e$learl% an# #eliberatel% $on+erre# a +a&or "4on a tir#4eron. (105*a)

Art. 110. In $ontra$t $reating real rigt' tir# 4erono $o,e into 4oeion o+ te ob!e$t o+ te $ontra$tare bo"n# tereb%' "b!e$t to te 4ro&iion o+ teortgage La an# te Lan# Regitration La. (n)

Art. 11. Cre#itor are 4rote$te# in $ae o+ $ontra$tinten#e# to #e+ra"# te,. (n)

Art. 113. An% tir# 4eron o in#"$e anoter to&iolate i $ontra$t all be liable +or #a,age to teoter $ontra$ting 4art%. (n)

Art. 115. Contra$t are 4er+e$te# b% ,ere $onent' an#

+ro, tat ,o,ent te 4artie are bo"n# not onl% to te+"l+ill,ent o+ at a been e94rel% ti4"late# b"t aloto all te $one;"en$e i$' a$$or#ing to teir nat"re',a% be in :ee4ing it goo# +ait' "age an# la. (1057)

Art. 116. Real $ontra$t' "$ a #e4oit' 4le#ge an#Co,,o#at",' are not 4er+e$te# "ntil te #eli&er% o+ teob!e$t o+ te obligation. (n)

Art. 11*. No one ,a% $ontra$t in te na,e o+ anoterito"t being a"torie# b% te latter' or "nle e a

b% la a rigt to re4reent i,.

A $ontra$t entere# into in te na,e o+ anoter b% oneo a no a"torit% or legal re4reentation' or o a

a$te# be%on# i 4oer' all be "nen+or$eable' "nle i rati+ie#' e94rel% or i,4lie#l%' b% te 4eron on obeal+ it a been e9e$"te#' be+ore it i re&o:e# b% toter $ontra$ting 4art%. (1058a)

CHAPTER 0ESSENTIAL RE2=ISITES O? CONTRACTS

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 117. Tere i no $ontra$t "nle te +olloinre;"iite $on$"r

(1) Conent o+ te $ontra$ting 4artie/

(0) Ob!e$t $ertain i$ i te "b!e$t ,atter o+ t$ontra$t/

() Ca"e o+ te obligation i$ i etablie

(1061)

SECTION 1. - Conent

Art. 118. Conent i ,ani+ete# b% te ,eeting o+ to++er an# te a$$e4tan$e "4on te ting an# te $a"i$ are to $ontit"te te $ontra$t. Te o++er ,"t b$ertain an# te a$$e4tan$e abol"te. A ;"ali+iea$$e4tan$e $ontit"te a $o"nter-o++er.

A$$e4tan$e ,a#e b% letter or telegra, #oe not bin# t

o++erer e9$e4t +ro, te ti,e it $a,e to i :nole#gTe $ontra$t' in "$ a $ae' i 4re",e# to a&e beeentere# into in te 4la$e ere te o++er a ,a#(1060a)


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Art. 10. An a$$e4tan$e ,a% be e94re or i,4lie#. (n)

Art. 101. Te 4eron ,a:ing te o++er ,a% +i9 te ti,e'4la$e' an# ,anner o+ a$$e4tan$e' all o+ i$ ,"t be$o,4lie# it. (n)

Art. 100. An o++er ,a#e tro"g an agent i a$$e4te#+ro, te ti,e a$$e4tan$e i $o,,"ni$ate# to i,. (n)

Art. 10. An o++er be$o,e ine++e$ti&e "4on te #eat'$i&il inter#i$tion' inanit%' or inol&en$% o+ eiter 4art%be+ore a$$e4tan$e i $on&e%e#. (n)

Art. 103. @en te o++erer a alloe# te o++eree a$ertain 4erio# to a$$e4t' te o++er ,a% be it#ran atan% ti,e be+ore a$$e4tan$e b% $o,,"ni$ating "$it#raal' e9$e4t en te o4tion i +o"n#e# "4on a$oni#eration' a o,eting 4ai# or 4ro,ie#. (n)

Art. 105. =nle it a44ear oterie' b"inea#&ertie,ent o+ ting +or ale are not #e+inite o++er'b"t ,ere in&itation to ,a:e an o++er. (n)

Art. 106. A#&ertie,ent +or bi##er are i,4l%in&itation to ,a:e 4ro4oal' an# te a#&ertier i notbo"n# to a$$e4t te iget or loet bi##er' "nle te$ontrar% a44ear. (n)

Art. 10*. Te +olloing $annot gi&e $onent to a$ontra$t

(1) =ne,an$i4ate# ,inor/

(0) Inane or #e,ente# 4eron' an# #ea+-,"teo #o not :no o to rite. (106a)

Art. 107. Contra$t entere# into #"ring a l"$i# inter&are &ali#. Contra$t agree# to in a tate o+ #r"n:enne o#"ring a %4noti$ 4ell are &oi#able. (n)

Art. 108. Te in$a4a$it% #e$lare# in Arti$le 10* "b!e$t to te ,o#i+i$ation #eter,ine# b% la' an# "n#ertoo# to be ito"t 4re!"#i$e to 4e$i#i;"ali+i$ation etablie# in te la. (1063)

Art. 1. A $ontra$t ere $onent i gi&en tro"g,ita:e' &iolen$e' inti,i#ation' "n#"e in+l"en$e' or +ra"i &oi#able. (1065a)

Art. 11. In or#er tat ,ita:e ,a% in&ali#ate $onent' o"l# re+er to te "btan$e o+ te ting i$ i tob!e$t o+ te $ontra$t' or to toe $on#ition i$ a&

4rin$i4all% ,o&e# one or bot 4artie to enter into t$ontra$t.

ita:e a to te i#entit% or ;"ali+i$ation o+ one o+ t4artie ill &itiate $onent onl% en "$ i#entit% o;"ali+i$ation a&e been te 4rin$i4al $a"e o+ t$ontra$t.

A i,4le ,ita:e o+ a$$o"nt all gi&e rie to i$orre$tion. (1066a)

Art. 10. @en one o+ te 4artie i "nable to rea#' or te $ontra$t i in a lang"age not "n#ertoo# b% i,' an,ita:e or +ra"# i allege#' te 4eron en+or$ing t


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$ontra$t ,"t o tat te ter, tereo+ a&e been +"ll%e94laine# to te +or,er. (n)

Art. 1. Tere i no ,ita:e i+ te 4art% alleging it :nete #o"bt' $ontingen$% or ri: a++e$ting te ob!e$t o+ te$ontra$t. (n)

Art. 13. "t"al error a to te legal e++e$t o+ an

agree,ent en te real 4"r4oe o+ te 4artie i+r"trate#' ,a% &itiate $onent. (n)

Art. 15. Tere i &iolen$e en in or#er to ret$onent' erio" or irreitible +or$e i e,4lo%e#.

Tere i inti,i#ation en one o+ te $ontra$ting 4artiei $o,4elle# b% a reaonable an# ell-gro"n#e# +ear o+ ani,,inent an# gra&e e&il "4on i 4eron or 4ro4ert%' or"4on te 4eron or 4ro4ert% o+ i 4o"e' #e$en#ant ora$en#ant' to gi&e i $onent.

To #eter,ine te #egree o+ inti,i#ation' te age' e9 an#$on#ition o+ te 4eron all be borne in ,in#.

A treat to en+or$e oneD $lai, tro"g $o,4etenta"torit%' i+ te $lai, i !"t or legal' #oe not &itiate$onent. (106*a)

Art. 16. Violen$e or inti,i#ation all ann"l teobligation' alto"g it ,a% a&e been e,4lo%e# b% a tir#4eron o #i# not ta:e 4art in te $ontra$t. (1067)

Art. 1*. Tere i "n#"e in+l"en$e en a 4eron ta:ei,4ro4er a#&antage o+ i 4oer o&er te ill o+ anoter'#e4ri&ing te latter o+ a reaonable +ree#o, o+ $oi$e.

Te +olloing $ir$",tan$e all be $oni#ere# t$on+i#ential' +a,il%' 4irit"al an# oter relation beteete 4artie' or te +a$t tat te 4eron allege# to a&been "n#"l% in+l"en$e# a "++ering +ro, ,entea:ne' or a ignorant or in +inan$ial #itre. (n)

Art. 17. Tere i +ra"# en' tro"g ini#io" or#or ,a$ination o+ one o+ te $ontra$ting 4artie' toter i in#"$e# to enter into a $ontra$t i$' ito"te,' e o"l# not a&e agree# to. (1068)

Art. 18. ?ail"re to #i$loe +a$t' en tere i a #"t% tre&eal te,' a en te 4artie are bo"n# b$on+i#ential relation' $ontit"te +ra"#. (n)

Art. 13. Te ""al e9aggeration in tra#e' en toter 4art% a# an o44ort"nit% to :no te +a$t' are noin te,el&e +ra"#"lent. (n)

Art. 131. A ,ere e94reion o+ an o4inion #oe nigni+% +ra"#' "nle ,a#e b% an e94ert an# te ot4art% a relie# on te +or,erD 4e$ial :nole#ge. (n)

Art. 130. ire4reentation b% a tir# 4eron #oe no&itiate $onent' "nle "$ ,ire4reentation a$reate# "btantial ,ita:e an# te a,e i ,"t"al. (n)

Art. 13. ire4reentation ,a#e in goo# +ait i n+ra"#"lent b"t ,a% $ontit"te error. (n)

Art. 133. In or#er tat +ra"# ,a% ,a:e a $ontra&oi#able' it o"l# be erio" an# o"l# not a&e beee,4lo%e# b% bot $ontra$ting 4artie.


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In$i#ental +ra"# onl% oblige te 4eron e,4lo%ing it to4a% #a,age. (10*)

Art. 135. Si,"lation o+ a $ontra$t ,a% be abol"te orrelati&e. Te +or,er ta:e 4la$e en te 4artie #o notinten# to be bo"n# at all/ te latter' en te 4artie$on$eal teir tr"e agree,ent. (n)

Art. 136. An abol"tel% i,"late# or +i$titio" $ontra$t i&oi#. A relati&e i,"lation' en it #oe not 4re!"#i$e atir# 4eron an# i not inten#e# +or an% 4"r4oe $ontrar%to la' ,oral' goo# $"to,' 4"bli$ or#er or 4"bli$ 4oli$%bin# te 4artie to teir real agree,ent. (n)

SECTION 0. - Ob!e$t o+ Contra$t

Art. 13*. All ting i$ are not o"ti#e te $o,,er$eo+ ,en' in$l"#ing +"t"re ting' ,a% be te ob!e$t o+ a

$ontra$t. All rigt i$ are not intran,iible ,a% alobe te ob!e$t o+ $ontra$t.

No $ontra$t ,a% be entere# into "4on +"t"re ineritan$ee9$e4t in $ae e94rel% a"torie# b% la.

All er&i$e i$ are not $ontrar% to la' ,oral' goo#$"to,' 4"bli$ or#er or 4"bli$ 4oli$% ,a% li:eie be teob!e$t o+ a $ontra$t. (10*1a)

Art. 137. I,4oible ting or er&i$e $annot be te

ob!e$t o+ $ontra$t. (10*0)

Art. 138. Te ob!e$t o+ e&er% $ontra$t ,"t be#eter,inate a to it :in#. Te +a$t tat te ;"antit% i

not #eter,inate all not be an obta$le to te e9iten$o+ te $ontra$t' 4ro&i#e# it i 4oible to #eter,ine ta,e' ito"t te nee# o+ a ne $ontra$t beteen t4artie. (10*)

SECTION . - Ca"e o+ Contra$t

Art. 15. In onero" $ontra$t te $a"e i "n#ertoo# tbe' +or ea$ $ontra$ting 4art%' te 4retation or 4ro,io+ a ting or er&i$e b% te oter/ in re,"nerator% onete er&i$e or bene+it i$ i re,"nerate#/ an# $ontra$t o+ 4"re bene+i$en$e' te ,ere liberalit% o+ tbene+a$tor. (10*3)

Art. 151. Te 4arti$"lar ,oti&e o+ te 4artie entering into a $ontra$t are #i++erent +ro, te $a"tereo+. (n)

Art. 150. Contra$t ito"t $a"e' or it "nla+$a"e' 4ro#"$e no e++e$t ate&er. Te $a"e i "nla+i+ it i $ontrar% to la' ,oral' goo# $"to,' 4"bli$ or#or 4"bli$ 4oli$%. (10*5a)

Art. 15. Te tate,ent o+ a +ale $a"e in $ontra$all ren#er te, &oi#' i+ it o"l# not be 4ro&e# tat teere +o"n#e# "4on anoter $a"e i$ i tr"e anla+"l. (10*6)

Art. 153. Alto"g te $a"e i not tate# in t

$ontra$t' it i 4re",e# tat it e9it an# i la+"l' "nlete #ebtor 4ro&e te $ontrar%. (10**)


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Art. 155. E9$e4t in $ae 4e$i+ie# b% la' leion orina#e;"a$% o+ $a"e all not in&ali#ate a $ontra$t' "nletere a been +ra"#' ,ita:e or "n#"e in+l"en$e. (n)

CHAPTER ?OR O? CONTRACTS

Art. 156. Contra$t all be obligator%' in ate&er +or,te% ,a% a&e been entere# into' 4ro&i#e# all teeential re;"iite +or teir &ali#it% are 4reent.Hoe&er' en te la re;"ire tat a $ontra$t be ino,e +or, in or#er tat it ,a% be &ali# or en+or$eable' ortat a $ontra$t be 4ro&e# in a $ertain a%' tatre;"ire,ent i abol"te an# in#i4enable. In "$ $ae'te rigt o+ te 4artie tate# in te +olloing arti$le$annot be e9er$ie#. (10*7a)

Art. 15*. I+ te la re;"ire a #o$",ent or oter 4e$ial

+or,' a in te a$t an# $ontra$t en",erate# in te+olloing arti$le' te $ontra$ting 4artie ,a% $o,4el ea$oter to ober&e tat +or,' on$e te $ontra$t a been4er+e$te#. Ti rigt ,a% be e9er$ie# i,"ltaneo"l%it te a$tion "4on te $ontra$t. (10*8a)

Art. 157. Te +olloing ,"t a44ear in a 4"bli$#o$",ent

(1) A$t an# $ontra$t i$ a&e +or teir ob!e$tte $reation' tran,iion' ,o#i+i$ation or

e9ting"i,ent o+ real rigt o&er i,,o&able4ro4ert%/ ale o+ real 4ro4ert% or o+ an interetterein a go&erne# b% Arti$le 13' No. 0' an#135/

(0) Te $eion' re4"#iation or ren"n$iation ere#itar% rigt or o+ toe o+ te $on!"g4artneri4 o+ gain/

() Te 4oer to a#,initer 4ro4ert%' or an% ote4oer i$ a +or it ob!e$t an a$t a44earing oi$ o"l# a44ear in a 4"bli$ #o$",ent' or o"4re!"#i$e a tir# 4eron/

(3) Te $eion o+ a$tion or rigt 4ro$ee#ing +roan a$t a44earing in a 4"bli$ #o$",ent.

All oter $ontra$t ere te a,o"nt in&ol&e# e9$ee#+i&e "n#re# 4eo ,"t a44ear in riting' e&en a 4ri&aone. B"t ale o+ goo#' $attel or ting in a$tion argo&erne# b% Arti$le' 13' No. 0 an# 135. (107a)

CHAPTER 3RE?ORATION O? INSTR=ENTS (n)

Art. 158. @en' tere a&ing been a ,eeting o+ t,in# o+ te 4artie to a $ontra$t' teir tr"e intention not e94ree# in te intr",ent 4"r4orting to e,bo#% tagree,ent' b% reaon o+ ,ita:e' +ra"#' ine;"itab$on#"$t or a$$i#ent' one o+ te 4artie ,a% a: +or tre+or,ation o+ te intr",ent to te en# tat "$ tr"intention ,a% be e94ree#.

I+ ,ita:e' +ra"#' ine;"itable $on#"$t' or a$$i#ent a4re&ente# a ,eeting o+ te ,in# o+ te 4artie' t

4ro4er re,e#% i not re+or,ation o+ te intr",ent b"ann"l,ent o+ te $ontra$t.


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Art. 16. Te 4rin$i4le o+ te general la on tere+or,ation o+ intr",ent are ereb% a#o4te# ino+ar ate% are not in $on+li$t it te 4ro&iion o+ ti Co#e.

Art. 161. @en a ,"t"al ,ita:e o+ te 4artie $a"ete +ail"re o+ te intr",ent to #i$loe teir realagree,ent' ai# intr",ent ,a% be re+or,e#.

Art. 160. I+ one 4art% a ,ita:en an# te oter a$te#+ra"#"lentl% or ine;"itabl% in "$ a a% tat teintr",ent #oe not o teir tr"e intention' te +or,er,a% a: +or te re+or,ation o+ te intr",ent.

Art. 16. @en one 4art% a ,ita:en an# te oter:ne or belie&e# tat te intr",ent #i# not tate teirreal agree,ent' b"t $on$eale# tat +a$t +ro, te +or,er'te intr",ent ,a% be re+or,e#.

Art. 163. @en tro"g te ignoran$e' la$: o+ :ill'

negligen$e or ba# +ait on te 4art o+ te 4eron #ra+tingte intr",ent or o+ te $ler: or t%4it' te intr",ent#oe not e94re te tr"e intention o+ te 4artie' te$o"rt ,a% or#er tat te intr",ent be re+or,e#.

Art. 165. I+ to 4artie agree "4on te ,ortgage or4le#ge o+ real or 4eronal 4ro4ert%' b"t te intr",enttate tat te 4ro4ert% i ol# abol"tel% or it a rigto+ re4"r$ae' re+or,ation o+ te intr",ent i 4ro4er.

Art. 166. Tere all be no re+or,ation in te +olloing

$ae

(1) Si,4le #onation inter &i&o erein no$on#ition i i,4oe#/

(0) @ill/

() @en te real agree,ent i &oi#.

Art. 16*. @en one o+ te 4artie a bro"gt an a$tioto en+or$e te intr",ent' e $annot "be;"entl% a: +oit re+or,ation.

Art. 167. Re+or,ation ,a% be or#ere# at te intan$e eiter 4art% or i "$$eor in interet' i+ te ,ita:a ,"t"al/ oterie' "4on 4etition o+ te in!"re# 4artor i eir an# aign.

Art. 168. Te 4ro$e#"re +or te re+or,ation intr",ent all be go&erne# b% r"le o+ $o"rt to b4ro,"lgate# b% te S"4re,e Co"rt.

CHAPTER 5

INTERPRETATION O? CONTRACTS

Art. 1*. I+ te ter, o+ a $ontra$t are $lear an# lea&e n#o"bt "4on te intention o+ te $ontra$ting 4artie' tliteral ,eaning o+ it ti4"lation all $ontrol.

I+ te or# a44ear to be $ontrar% to te e&i#eintention o+ te 4artie' te latter all 4re&ail o&er t+or,er. (1071)

Art. 1*1. In or#er to !"#ge te intention o+ t$ontra$ting 4artie' teir $onte,4oraneo" an"be;"ent a$t all be 4rin$i4all% $oni#ere#. (1070)


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Art. 1*0. Hoe&er general te ter, o+ a $ontra$t ,a%be' te% all not be "n#ertoo# to $o,4reen# tingtat are #itin$t an# $ae tat are #i++erent +ro, toe"4on i$ te 4artie inten#e# to agree. (107)

Art. 1*. I+ o,e ti4"lation o+ an% $ontra$t o"l#a#,it o+ e&eral ,eaning' it all be "n#ertoo# abearing tat i,4ort i$ i ,ot a#e;"ate to ren#er it

e++e$t"al. (1073)

Art. 1*3. Te &ario" ti4"lation o+ a $ontra$t all beinter4rete# togeter' attrib"ting to te #o"bt+"l one tatene i$ ,a% re"lt +ro, all o+ te, ta:en !ointl%.(1075)

Art. 1*5. @or# i$ ,a% a&e #i++erent igni+i$ationall be "n#ertoo# in tat i$ i ,ot in :ee4ing itte nat"re an# ob!e$t o+ te $ontra$t. (1076)

Art. 1*6. Te "age or $"to, o+ te 4la$e all be bornein ,in# in te inter4retation o+ te a,big"itie o+ a$ontra$t' an# all +ill te o,iion o+ ti4"lation i$are or#inaril% etablie#. (107*)

Art. 1**. Te inter4retation o+ ob$"re or# orti4"lation in a $ontra$t all not +a&or te 4art% o$a"e# te ob$"rit%. (1077)

Art. 1*7. @en it i abol"tel% i,4oible to ett#o"bt b% te r"le etablie# in te 4re$e#ing arti$lean# te #o"bt re+er to in$i#ental $ir$",tan$e o+ grat"ito" $ontra$t' te leat tran,iion o+ rigt aninteret all 4re&ail. I+ te $ontra$t i onero"' t#o"bt all be ettle# in +a&or o+ te greatet re$i4ro$io+ interet.

I+ te #o"bt are $at "4on te 4rin$i4al ob!e$t o+ t$ontra$t in "$ a a% tat it $annot be :non at ,aa&e been te intention or ill o+ te 4artie' te $ontraall be n"ll an# &oi#. (1078)

Art. 1*8. Te 4rin$i4le o+ inter4retation tate# in R"10 o+ te R"le o+ Co"rt all li:eie be ober&e# in t$ontr"$tion o+ $ontra$t. (n)

CHAPTER 6

RESCISSIBLE CONTRACTS

Art. 17. Contra$t &ali#l% agree# "4on ,a% bre$in#e# in te $ae etablie# b% la. (108)

Art. 171. Te +olloing $ontra$t are re$iible

(1) Toe i$ are entere# into b% g"ar#ianene&er te ar# o, te% re4reent "++leion b% ,ore tan one-+o"rt o+ te &al"e o+ tting i$ are te ob!e$t tereo+/

(0) Toe agree# "4on in re4reentation abentee' i+ te latter "++er te leion tate# in t4re$e#ing n",ber/


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() Toe "n#erta:en in +ra"# o+ $re#itor en telatter $annot in an% oter ,anner $olle$t te $lai,#"e te,/

(3) Toe i$ re+er to ting "n#er litigation i+te% a&e been entere# into b% te #e+en#antito"t te :nole#ge an# a44ro&al o+ te litigantor o+ $o,4etent !"#i$ial a"torit%/

(5) All oter $ontra$t 4e$iall% #e$lare# b% la tobe "b!e$t to re$iion. (1081a)

Art. 170. Pa%,ent ,a#e in a tate o+ inol&en$% +orobligation to oe +"l+ill,ent te #ebtor $o"l# not be$o,4elle# at te ti,e te% ere e++e$te#' are alore$iible. (1080)

Art. 17. Te a$tion +or re$iion i "bi#iar%/ it $annotbe intit"te# e9$e4t en te 4art% "++ering #a,age a

no oter legal ,ean to obtain re4aration +or te a,e.(1083)

Art. 173. Re$iion all be onl% to te e9tent ne$ear%to $o&er te #a,age $a"e#. (n)

Art. 175. Re$iion $reate te obligation to ret"rn teting i$ ere te ob!e$t o+ te $ontra$t' togeterit teir +r"it' an# te 4ri$e it it interet/$one;"entl%' it $an be $arrie# o"t onl% en e o#e,an# re$iion $an ret"rn ate&er e ,a% beoblige# to retore.

Neiter all re$iion ta:e 4la$e en te ting i$are te ob!e$t o+ te $ontra$t are legall% in te 4oeioo+ tir# 4eron o #i# not a$t in ba# +ait.

In ti $ae' in#e,nit% +or #a,age ,a% be #e,an#e+ro, te 4eron $a"ing te lo. (1085)

Art. 176. Re$iion re+erre# to in No. 1 an# 0 o+ Arti$

171 all not ta:e 4la$e it re4e$t to $ontra$a44ro&e# b% te $o"rt. (1086a)

Art. 17*. All $ontra$t b% &irt"e o+ i$ te #ebtalienate 4ro4ert% b% grat"ito" title are 4re",e# a&e been entere# into in +ra"# o+ $re#itor' en t#onor #i# not reer&e "++i$ient 4ro4ert% to 4a% all #ebt$ontra$te# be+ore te #onation.

Alienation b% onero" title are alo 4re",e# +ra"#"lenen ,a#e b% 4eron againt o, o,e !"#g,ent a

been i"e#. Te #e$iion or atta$,ent nee# not re+er tte 4ro4ert% alienate#' an# nee# not a&e been obtaineb% te 4art% ee:ing te re$iion.

In a##ition to tee 4re",4tion' te #eign to #e+ra"$re#itor ,a% be 4ro&e# in an% oter ,anner re$ognieb% te la o+ e&i#en$e. (108*a)

Art. 177. @oe&er a$;"ire in ba# +ait te tingalienate# in +ra"# o+ $re#itor' all in#e,ni+% te latt+or #a,age "++ere# b% te, on a$$o"nt o+ talienation' ene&er' #"e to an% $a"e' it o"l# bi,4oible +or i, to ret"rn te,.


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I+ tere are to or ,ore alienation' te +irt a$;"irerall be liable +irt' an# o on "$$ei&el%. (1087a)

Art. 178. Te a$tion to $lai, re$iion ,"t be$o,,en$e# itin +o"r %ear.

?or 4eron "n#er g"ar#iani4 an# +or abentee' te4erio# o+ +o"r %ear all not begin "ntil te ter,ination

o+ te +or,erD in$a4a$it%' or "ntil te #o,i$ile o+ telatter i :non. (1088)

CHAPTER *VOI>ABLE CONTRACTS

Art. 18. Te +olloing $ontra$t are &oi#able orann"llable' e&en to"g tere ,a% a&e been no #a,ageto te $ontra$ting 4artie

(1) Toe ere one o+ te 4artie i in$a4able o+

gi&ing $onent to a $ontra$t/

(0) Toe ere te $onent i &itiate# b% ,ita:e'&iolen$e' inti,i#ation' "n#"e in+l"en$e or +ra"#.

Tee $ontra$t are bin#ing' "nle te% are ann"lle# b% a4ro4er a$tion in $o"rt. Te% are "$e4tible o+ rati+i$ation.(n)

Art. 181. Te a$tion +or ann"l,ent all be bro"gtitin +o"r %ear.

Ti 4erio# all begin

In $ae o+ inti,i#ation' &iolen$e or "n#"e in+l"en$+ro, te ti,e te #e+e$t o+ te $onent $eae.

In $ae o+ ,ita:e or +ra"#' +ro, te ti,e o+ t#i$o&er% o+ te a,e.

An# en te a$tion re+er to $ontra$t entere# into b,inor or oter in$a4a$itate# 4eron' +ro, te ti,e t

g"ar#iani4 $eae. (11a)

Art. 180. Rati+i$ation e9ting"ie te a$tion to ann"l&oi#able $ontra$t. (18a)

Art. 18. Rati+i$ation ,a% be e++e$te# e94rel% ota$itl%. It i "n#ertoo# tat tere i a ta$it rati+i$ation iit :nole#ge o+ te reaon i$ ren#er te $ontra$&oi#able an# "$ reaon a&ing $eae#' te 4eron a a rigt to in&o:e it o"l# e9e$"te an a$t i$ne$earil% i,4lie an intention to ai&e i rig

(111a)

Art. 183. Rati+i$ation ,a% be e++e$te# b% te g"ar#ian te in$a4a$itate# 4eron. (n)

Art. 185. Rati+i$ation #oe not re;"ire te $on+or,it% ote $ontra$ting 4art% o a no rigt to bring te a$tio+or ann"l,ent. (110)

Art. 186. Rati+i$ation $leane te $ontra$t +ro, all i#e+e$t +ro, te ,o,ent it a $ontit"te#. (11)

Art. 18*. Te a$tion +or te ann"l,ent o+ $ontra$t ,abe intit"te# b% all o are tereb% oblige# 4rin$i4all% o"bi#iaril%. Hoe&er' 4eron o are $a4able $ann


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allege te in$a4a$it% o+ toe it o, te% $ontra$te#/nor $an toe o e9erte# inti,i#ation' &iolen$e' or"n#"e in+l"en$e' or e,4lo%e# +ra"#' or $a"e# ,ita:ebae teir a$tion "4on tee +la o+ te $ontra$t.(10a)

Art. 187. An obligation a&ing been ann"lle#' te$ontra$ting 4artie all retore to ea$ oter te ting

i$ a&e been te "b!e$t ,atter o+ te $ontra$t' itteir +r"it' an# te 4ri$e it it interet' e9$e4t in $ae4ro&i#e# b% la.

In obligation to ren#er er&i$e' te &al"e tereo+ all bete bai +or #a,age. (1a)

Art. 188. @en te #e+e$t o+ te $ontra$t $onit in tein$a4a$it% o+ one o+ te 4artie' te in$a4a$itate# 4eroni not oblige# to ,a:e an% retit"tion e9$e4t ino+ar a ea been bene+ite# b% te ting or 4ri$e re$ei&e# b% i,.

(13)

Art. 13. @ene&er te 4eron oblige# b% te #e$ree o+ann"l,ent to ret"rn te ting $an not #o o be$a"e ita been lot tro"g i +a"lt' e all ret"rn te +r"itre$ei&e# an# te &al"e o+ te ting at te ti,e o+ te lo'it interet +ro, te a,e #ate. (1*a)

Art. 131. Te a$tion +or ann"l,ent o+ $ontra$t all bee9ting"ie# en te ting i$ i te ob!e$t tereo+ ilot tro"g te +ra"# or +a"lt o+ te 4eron o a arigt to intit"te te 4ro$ee#ing.

I+ te rigt o+ a$tion i bae# "4on te in$a4a$it% o+ an%one o+ te $ontra$ting 4artie' te lo o+ te ting all

not be an obta$le to te "$$e o+ te a$tion' "nleai# lo too: 4la$e tro"g te +ra"# or +a"lt o+ t4lainti++. (113a)

Art. 130. A long a one o+ te $ontra$ting 4artie #oenot retore at in &irt"e o+ te #e$ree o+ ann"l,ent i bo"n# to ret"rn' te oter $annot be $o,4elle# t$o,4l% it at i in$",bent "4on i,. (17)

CHAPTER 7=NEN?ORCEABLE CONTRACTS (n)

Art. 13. Te +olloing $ontra$t are "nen+or$eabl"nle te% are rati+ie#

(1) Toe entere# into in te na,e o+ anot4eron b% one o a been gi&en no a"torit% olegal re4reentation' or o a a$te# be%on# 4oer/

(0) Toe tat #o not $o,4l% it te Stat"te ?ra"# a et +ort in ti n",ber. In te +olloin$ae an agree,ent erea+ter ,a#e all b"nen+or$eable b% a$tion' "nle te a,e' or o,note or ,e,oran#",' tereo+' be in riting' an"b$ribe# b% te 4art% $arge#' or b% i agene&i#en$e' tere+ore' o+ te agree,ent $annot bre$ei&e# ito"t te riting' or a e$on#ae&i#en$e o+ it $ontent

(a) An agree,ent tat b% it ter, i not to b4er+or,e# itin a %ear +ro, te ,a:intereo+/


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(b) A 4e$ial 4ro,ie to aner +or te #ebt'#e+a"lt' or ,i$arriage o+ anoter/

($) An agree,ent ,a#e in $oni#eration o+,arriage' oter tan a ,"t"al 4ro,ie to,arr%/

(#) An agree,ent +or te ale o+ goo#'

$attel or ting in a$tion' at a 4ri$e not letan +i&e "n#re# 4eo' "nle te b"%era$$e4t an# re$ei&e 4art o+ "$ goo# an#$attel' or te e&i#en$e' or o,e o+ te,' o+"$ ting in a$tion or 4a% at te ti,e o,e4art o+ te 4"r$ae ,one%/ b"t en a ale i,a#e b% a"$tion an# entr% i ,a#e b% tea"$tioneer in i ale boo:' at te ti,e o+ teale' o+ te a,o"nt an# :in# o+ 4ro4ert% ol#'ter, o+ ale' 4ri$e' na,e o+ te 4"r$aeran# 4eron on oe a$$o"nt te ale i ,a#e'

it i a "++i$ient ,e,oran#",/

(e) An agree,ent o+ te leaing +or a longer4erio# tan one %ear' or +or te ale o+ real4ro4ert% or o+ an interet terein/

(+) A re4reentation a to te $re#it o+ a tir#4eron.

() Toe ere bot 4artie are in$a4able o+ gi&ing$onent to a $ontra$t.

Art. 133. =na"torie# $ontra$t are go&erne# b% Arti$le11* an# te 4rin$i4le o+ agen$% in Title < o+ ti Boo:.

Art. 135. Contra$t in+ringing te Stat"te o+ ?ra"#re+erre# to in No. 0 o+ Arti$le 13' are rati+ie# b% t+ail"re to ob!e$t to te 4reentation o+ oral e&i#en$e t4ro&e te a,e' or b% te a$$e4tan$e o+ bene+it "n#te,.

Art. 136. @en a $ontra$t i en+or$eable "n#er tStat"te o+ ?ra"#' an# a 4"bli$ #o$",ent i ne$ear% +o

it regitration in te Regitr% o+ >ee#' te 4artie ,aa&ail te,el&e o+ te rigt "n#er Arti$le 15*.

Art. 13*. In a $ontra$t ere bot 4artie are in$a4abo+ gi&ing $onent' e94re or i,4lie# rati+i$ation b% t4arent' or g"ar#ian' a te $ae ,a% be' o+ one o+ t$ontra$ting 4artie all gi&e te $ontra$t te a,e e++ea i+ onl% one o+ te, ere in$a4a$itate#.

I+ rati+i$ation i ,a#e b% te 4arent or g"ar#ian' a t$ae ,a% be' o+ bot $ontra$ting 4artie' te $ontra

all be &ali#ate# +ro, te in$e4tion.

Art. 137. =nen+or$eable $ontra$t $annot be aaile# btir# 4eron.

CHAPTER 8VOI> AN> INE


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(0) Toe i$ are abol"tel% i,"late# or+i$titio"/

() Toe oe $a"e or ob!e$t #i# not e9it at teti,e o+ te trana$tion/

(3) Toe oe ob!e$t i o"ti#e te $o,,er$e o+,en/

(5) Toe i$ $onte,4late an i,4oible er&i$e/

(6) Toe ere te intention o+ te 4artie relati&eto te 4rin$i4al ob!e$t o+ te $ontra$t $annot bea$ertaine#/

(*) Toe e94rel% 4roibite# or #e$lare# &oi# b%la.

Tee $ontra$t $annot be rati+ie#. Neiter $an te rigt

to et "4 te #e+ene o+ illegalit% be ai&e#.

Art. 131. Te a$tion or #e+ene +or te #e$laration o+ teine9iten$e o+ a $ontra$t #oe not 4re$ribe.

Art. 1311. @en te n"llit% 4ro$ee# +ro, te illegalit% o+te $a"e or ob!e$t o+ te $ontra$t' an# te a$t $ontit"tea $ri,inal o++ene' bot 4artie being in 4ari #eli$to' te%all a&e no a$tion againt ea$ oter' an# bot all be4roe$"te#. oreo&er' te 4ro&iion o+ te Penal Co#erelati&e to te #i4oal o+ e++e$t or intr",ent o+ a$ri,e all be a44li$able to te ting or te 4ri$e o+ te

$ontra$t.

Ti r"le all be a44li$able en onl% one o+ te 4artiei g"ilt%/ b"t te inno$ent one ,a% $lai, at e agi&en' an# all not be bo"n# to $o,4l% it i 4ro,i(15)

Art. 1310. I+ te a$t in i$ te "nla+"l or +orbi##e$a"e $onit #oe not $ontit"te a $ri,inal o++ene' t+olloing r"le all be ober&e#

(1) @en te +a"lt i on te 4art o+ bot $ontra$tin4artie' neiter ,a% re$o&er at e a gi&en b&irt"e o+ te $ontra$t' or #e,an# te 4er+or,an$e te oterD "n#erta:ing/

(0) @en onl% one o+ te $ontra$ting 4artie i a+a"lt' e $annot re$o&er at e a gi&en b% reaoo+ te $ontra$t' or a: +or te +"l+ill,ent o+ at abeen 4ro,ie# i,. Te oter' o i not at +a"l,a% #e,an# te ret"rn o+ at e a gi&e

ito"t an% obligation to $o,4l% i 4ro,i(16)

Art. 131. Interet 4ai# in e9$e o+ te interet alloeb% te ""r% la ,a% be re$o&ere# b% te #ebtor' itinteret tereon +ro, te #ate o+ te 4a%,ent.

Art. 1313. @en ,one% i 4ai# or 4ro4ert% #eli&ere# +oan illegal 4"r4oe' te $ontra$t ,a% be re4"#iate# b% ono+ te 4artie be+ore te 4"r4oe a been a$$o,4lieor be+ore an% #a,age a been $a"e# to a tir# 4eroIn "$ $ae' te $o"rt ,a%' i+ te 4"bli$ interet t" be "ber&e#' allo te 4art% re4"#iating t$ontra$t to re$o&er te ,one% or 4ro4ert%.
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Art. 1315. @ere one o+ te 4artie to an illegal $ontra$ti in$a4able o+ gi&ing $onent' te $o"rt ,a%' i+ teinteret o+ !"ti$e o #e,an# allo re$o&er% o+ ,one% or4ro4ert% #eli&ere# b% te in$a4a$itate# 4eron.

Art. 1316. @en te agree,ent i not illegal 4er e b"t i,erel% 4roibite#' an# te 4roibition b% te la i#eignate# +or te 4rote$tion o+ te 4lainti++' e ,a%' i+

4"bli$ 4oli$% i tereb% enan$e#' re$o&er at e a4ai# or #eli&ere#.

Art. 131*. @en te 4ri$e o+ an% arti$le or $o,,o#it% i#eter,ine# b% tat"te' or b% a"torit% o+ la' an% 4eron4a%ing an% a,o"nt in e9$e o+ te ,a9i,", 4ri$ealloe# ,a% re$o&er "$ e9$e.

Art. 1317. @en te la +i9e' or a"torie te +i9ing o+te ,a9i,", n",ber o+ o"r o+ labor' an# a $ontra$t ientere# into ereb% a laborer "n#erta:e to or: longer

tan te ,a9i,", t" +i9e#' e ,a% #e,an# a##itional$o,4enation +or er&i$e ren#ere# be%on# te ti,e li,it.

Art. 1318. @en te la et' or a"torie te etting o+a ,ini,", age +or laborer' an# a $ontra$t i agree#"4on b% i$ a laborer a$$e4t a loer age' e all beentitle# to re$o&er te #e+i$ien$%.

Art. 130. In $ae o+ a #i&iible $ontra$t' i+ te illegalter, $an be e4arate# +ro, te legal one' te latter,a% be en+or$e#.

Art. 1301. Te #e+ene o+ illegalit% o+ $ontra$t i nota&ailable to tir# 4eron oe interet are not #ire$tl%a++e$te#.

Art. 1300. A $ontra$t i$ i te #ire$t re"lt o+ 4re&io" illegal $ontra$t' i alo &oi# an# ine9itent

Title III. - NAT=RAL OBLIGATIONS

Art. 130. Obligation are $i&il or nat"ral. Ci&il obligationgi&e a rigt o+ a$tion to $o,4el teir 4er+or,an$e. Nat"r

obligation' not being bae# on 4oiti&e la b"t on e;"ian# nat"ral la' #o not grant a rigt o+ a$tion to en+or$teir 4er+or,an$e' b"t a+ter &ol"ntar% +"l+ill,ent b% tobligor' te% a"torie te retention o+ at a bee#eli&ere# or ren#ere# b% reaon tereo+. So,e nat"robligation are et +ort in te +olloing arti$le.

Art. 1303. @en a rigt to "e "4on a $i&il obligation ala4e# b% e9tin$ti&e 4re$ri4tion' te obligor &ol"ntaril% 4er+or, te $ontra$t $annot re$o&er at a #eli&ere# or te &al"e o+ te er&i$e e a ren#ere#

Art. 1305. @en ito"t te :nole#ge or againt till o+ te #ebtor' a tir# 4eron 4a% a #ebt i$ tobligor i not legall% bo"n# to 4a% be$a"e te a$tiotereon a 4re$ribe#' b"t te #ebtor later &ol"ntarirei,b"re te tir# 4eron' te obligor $annot re$o&eat e a 4ai#.

Art. 1306. @en a ,inor beteen eigteen an# tent%one %ear o+ age o a entere# into a $ontra$t ito"te $onent o+ te 4arent or g"ar#ian' a+ter tann"l,ent o+ te $ontra$t &ol"ntaril% ret"rn te oting or 4ri$e re$ei&e#' notittan#ing te +a$t te a not been bene+ite# tereb%' tere i no rigt t#e,an# te ting or 4ri$e t" ret"rne#.


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Art. 130*. @en a ,inor beteen eigteen an# tent%-one %ear o+ age' o a entere# into a $ontra$t ito"tte $onent o+ te 4arent or g"ar#ian' &ol"ntaril% 4a% a", o+ ,one% or #eli&er a +"ngible ting in +"l+ill,ent o+te obligation' tere all be no rigt to re$o&er te a,e+ro, te obligee o a 4ent or $on",e# it in goo#+ait. (116A)

Art. 1307. @en' a+ter an a$tion to en+or$e a $i&ilobligation a +aile# te #e+en#ant &ol"ntaril% 4er+or,te obligation' e $annot #e,an# te ret"rn o+ at ea #eli&ere# or te 4a%,ent o+ te &al"e o+ te er&i$ee a ren#ere#.

Art. 1308. @en a tetate or intetate eir &ol"ntari4a% a #ebt o+ te #e$e#ent e9$ee#ing te &al"e o+ t4ro4ert% i$ e re$ei&e# b% ill or b% te la inteta$% +ro, te etate o+ te #e$eae#' te 4a%,ent &ali# an# $annot be re$in#e# b% te 4a%er.

Art. 13. @en a ill i #e$lare# &oi# be$a"e it a nobeen e9e$"te# in a$$or#an$e it te +or,alitie re;"ire

b% la' b"t one o+ te intetate eir' a+ter te ettle,eno+ te #ebt o+ te #e$eae#' 4a% a lega$% in $o,4lian$it a $la"e in te #e+e$ti&e ill' te 4a%,ent e++e$ti&e an# irre&o$able.

Law 1 - Obligations and Contracts

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Transcript of Law 1 - Obligations and Contracts