Laura Sasu Unit1-15
-
Upload
rodica-petronela-stoian -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of Laura Sasu Unit1-15
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
1/149
ENGLISH
for
Electrical engineering
and computer science
ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
EDITURA UNIVERSITII TRANSILVANIA
BRAOV, 2005
2005 EDITURA UNIVERSITII TRANSILVANIA BRAOV
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
2/149
CONTENTS
Page
Unit 1. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ..................................19Aim and objective .............................................................................................!"
#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................!1
1.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................!1
1.!. E'ect%ic (o)e% and mac*ine%$ .....................................................................!1
1.+. E'ect%onic....................................................................................................!!
1.,. Comm&nication and cont%o' .......................................................................!!
1.-. Com(&te% ....................................................................................................!+
Ee%cie .........................................................................................................................!-
Unit !. CAREERS IN ELECTRONICS ........................................................................!9
Aim and objective .............................................................................................+"
#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................+1
!.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................+!
!.!. A%ea o/ em('o$ment ..................................................................................+!
!.!.1. Avionic ........................................................................................+!!.!.!. Com(&ting ....................................................................................+!
!.!.+ De/ence .........................................................................................+!
!.!.,. Ind&t%ia' e'ect%onic ................................................................... +!
!.!.-. Lei&%e (%od&ct .......................................................................... +!
!.!.0.Te'ecomm&nication and b%oadcating .+!
!.!.2. 3edica' e4&i(ment ...++
!.+. 3an&/act&%ing .+,!.,. P'anning ...+,
!.-. Inta''ation ...+,
!.0. Commiioning +,
!.2. 3aintenance +-
!.5. Sa'e .+-
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
3/149
!.9. Teac*ing ..+-
!.1". Reea%c* and deve'o(ment +-
Ee%cie .+0
Unit +. ELECTRONICS ................................................................................................+9
Aim and objective .............................................................................................,"
#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................,1
+.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................,1
+.!. 6ito%ica' bac7g%o&nd .................................................................................,!.
+.+. Recent deve'o(ment ...................................................................................,+
Ee%cie .............................................................................................................,,
Unit ,. ELECTRONIC CO3PONENTS ......................................................................,5
Aim and objective .............................................................................................,9
#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................-"
,.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................-1,.!. 8ac&&m t&be ..............................................................................................-1
,.+. T%anito% ...................................................................................................-1
,.,. Integ%ated ci%c&it ........................................................................................-1
,.-. Reito% .......................................................................................................-!
,.0. Ca(acito% ....................................................................................................-!
,.2. Ind&cto% ......................................................................................................-!
,.5. Sening device and t%and&ce% ..................................................................-+
Ee%cie .............................................................................................................-,
Unit -. Ana'og&e and digita' e'ect%onic ci%c&it ............................................................-9
Aim and objective .............................................................................................0"
#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................01
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
4/149
-.1. Po)e%&(('$ ci%c&it ..................................................................................0!
-.!. Ana'og&e ci%c&it .........................................................................................0!
-.!.1. Am('i/ie% ci%c&it ..........................................................................0!
-.!.1.1 A&dio am('i/ie% .............................................................0+
-.!.1.!. 8ideo am('i/ie% ............................................................0+
-.!.1.+. Radio /%e4&enc$ am('i/ie% ...........................................0+
-.!.!. Oci''ato% ....................................................................................0+
-.+. Digita' ci%c&it ............................................................................................0+
-.+.1. S)itc*ing and timing ci%c&it .......................................................0,
-.+.!. Digita' 'ogic ..................................................................................0-
Ee%cie .............................................................................................................00
Unit 0. TELECO33UNICATIONS ............................................................................2"
Aim and objective .............................................................................................21
#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................2!
0.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................2+
0.!. 6ito%$ .........................................................................................................2+
0.!.1. Te'eg%a(* ......................................................................................2,
0.!.!. Comme%cia' g%o)t* o/ t*e te'e(*one ...........................................2,0.+. Eme%gence o/ b%oadcating .........................................................................2-
Ee%cie .............................................................................................................20
Unit 2. TELECO33UNICATIONS OPERATION PRINCIPLES .............................5"
Aim and objective .............................................................................................51
#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................5!
2.1. Int%od&ction .................................................................................................5+
2.!. C%eating and %eceiving t*e igna' ................................................................5+
2.!.1. Te'eg%a(* ......................................................................................5+
2.!.!. Te'e(*one .....................................................................................5+
2.!.+ Radio ..............................................................................................5,
2.!.,. Te'eviion .....................................................................................5,
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
5/149
2.!.-. Com(&te% .....................................................................................5-
2.+. T%anmitting t*e igna' ................................................................................5-
Ee%cie .............................................................................................................50
Unit 5. CO33UNICATION NET:OR#S .................................................................9"
Aim and objective .............................................................................................91
#e$ te%m ...........................................................................................................9!
5.1. :i%e and cab'e ..........................................................................................9+
5.!. ;ib%eo(tic cab'e ........................................................................................9+
5.+. Radio )ave .................................................................................................9+5.,. Comm&nication ate''ite ...........................................................................9,
Ee%cie .............................................................................................................9-
Unit 9. TELECO33UNICATIONS S
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
6/149
1".!.!. Pe%ona' com(&te% ...................................................................11!
Ee%cie ...........................................................................................................11+
Unit 11. CO3PUTERS ................................................................................................110
Aim and objective ...........................................................................................112
#e$ te%m .........................................................................................................115
11.1. Int%od&ction .............................................................................................119
11.!. Ue o/ com(&te% ...................................................................................119
11.+. 6ito%$ .....................................................................................................119
11.+.1. >eginning ................................................................................119
11.+.!. ;i%t (&nc* ca%d .......................................................................1!"
11.+.+. P%ec&%o% to mode%n com(&te% .................................................1!"11.,. Deve'o(ment in t*e !"t* cent&%$ ...........................................................1!1
11.,.1. Ea%'$ e'ect%onic ca'c&'ato% ......................................................1!1
11.,.!. ED8AC= ENIAC= UNI8AC .................................................................1!!
Ee%cie ...........................................................................................................1!+
Unit 1!. RECENT DE8ELOP3ENTS AND T6E ;UTURE O; CO3PUTING ......1!2
Aim and objective ...........................................................................................1!5
#e$ te%m .........................................................................................................1!9
1!.1. T*e t%anito% and integ%ated ci%c&it t%an/o%m com(&ting ....................1+"
1!.!. ;&t&%e o/ com(&te% .................................................................................1+1
Ee%cie ...........................................................................................................1+,
Unit 1+. CO3PUTER ARC6ITECTURE AND ORGANISATION ..........................1+5
Aim and objective ...........................................................................................1+9
#e$ te%m .........................................................................................................1,"
1+.1. O(e%ating (%inci('e o/ com(&te% ..........................................................1,1
1+.!. O(e%ating $tem ....................................................................................1,1
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
7/149
1+.+. Com(&te% memo%$ ...................................................................................1,1
1+.,. T*e b& ....................................................................................................1,1
1+.-. In(&t device ............................................................................................1,!
1+.0. Cent%a' (%oceing &nit ............................................................................1,+
1+.2. O&t(&t device .........................................................................................1,,
Ee%cie ...........................................................................................................1,-
Unit 1,. T
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
8/149
Unit 1
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
9/149
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
10/149
KEY TERMS:
electric power and machinery, electronic circuits, control systems, computer design,
superconductors, solid-state electronics, medical imaging systems, robotics, lasers,
radar, consumer electronics, fibre optics, direct current (DC) mode, alternating current
(AC) mode, circuit, device, to amplify electronic signals, to add binary numbers, to
demodulate radio signals, waveforms, digital information, resistors, capacitors,
inductors, vacuum tubes, semi conductive material, electron-beam lithography, micro-
manipulator, ion-beam implantation, chip of silicon, Fourier analysis, linear systems
theory, linear algebra, complex variables, differential euations, probability theory,
automated manufacturing, electrical noise, interference, !ery "arge #cale $ntegration
(!"#$), microminiaturi%ation, superconducting material&
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
1!1! INTRODUCTION
T*e 'a%get and mot dive%e /ie'd o/ enginee%ing= it i conce%ned )it* t*e deve'o(ment
and deign= a(('ication= and man&/act&%e o/ $tem and device t*at &e e'ect%ic (o)e%
and igna'. Among t*e mot im(o%tant &bject in t*e /ie'd in t*e 'ate 195" a%e e'ect%ic
(o)e% and mac*ine%$= e'ect%onic ci%c&it= cont%o' $tem= com(&te% deign=
&(e%cond&cto%= o'idtate e'ect%onic= medica' imaging $tem= %obotic= 'ae%= %ada%=
con&me% e'ect%onic= and /ib%e o(tic.
De(ite it dive%it$= e'ect%ica' enginee%ing can be divided into /o&% main b%anc*e
e'ect%ic (o)e% and mac*ine%$= e'ect%onic= comm&nication and cont%o'= and com(&te%.
1!2! ELECTRIC "O#ER AND MAC$INER%
T*e /ie'd o/ e'ect%ic (o)e% i conce%ned )it* t*e deign and o(e%ation o/ $tem /o%
gene%ating= t%anmitting= and dit%ib&ting e'ect%ic (o)e%. Enginee% in t*i /ie'd *ave
b%o&g*t abo&t eve%a' im(o%tant deve'o(ment ince t*e 'ate 192". One o/ t*ee i t*e
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
11/149
abi'it$ to t%anmit (o)e% at et%eme'$ *ig* vo'tage in bot* t*e di%ect c&%%ent BDC and
a'te%nating c&%%ent BAC mode= %ed&cing (o)e% 'oe (%o(o%tionate'$. Anot*e% i t*e
%ea'time cont%o' o/ (o)e% gene%ation= t%anmiion= and dit%ib&tion= &ing com(&te% to
ana'$?e t*e data /ed bac7 /%om t*e (o)e% $tem to a cent%a' tation and t*e%eb$
o(timi?ing t*e e//icienc$ o/ t*e $tem )*i'e it i in o(e%ation.
A igni/icant advance in t*e enginee%ing o/ e'ect%ic mac*ine%$ *a been t*e int%od&ction
o/ e'ect%onic cont%o' t*at enab'e AC moto% to %&n at va%iab'e (eed b$ adj&ting t*e
/%e4&enc$ o/ t*e c&%%ent /ed into t*em. DC moto% *ave a'o been made to %&n mo%e
e//icient'$ t*i )a$.
1!&! ELECTRONICS
E'ect%onic enginee%ing dea' )it* t*e %eea%c*= deign= integ%ation= and a(('ication o/
ci%c&it and device &ed in t*e t%anmiion and (%oceing o/ in/o%mation. In/o%mationi no) gene%ated= t%anmitted= %eceived= and to%ed e'ect%onica''$ on a ca'e
&n(%ecedented in *ito%$= and t*e%e i eve%$ indication t*at t*e e('oive %ate o/ g%o)t* in
t*i /ie'd )i'' contin&e &nabated.
E'ect%onic enginee% deign ci%c&it to (e%/o%m (eci/ic ta7= &c* a am('i/$ing
e'ect%onic igna'= adding bina%$ n&mbe%= and demod&'ating %adio igna' to %ecove% t*e
in/o%mation t*e$ ca%%$. Ci%c&it a%e a'o &ed to gene%ate )ave/o%m &e/&' /o%
$nc*%oni?ation and timing= a in te'eviion= and /o% co%%ecting e%%o% in digita'in/o%mation= a in te'ecomm&nication.
P%io% to t*e 190"= ci%c&it conited o/ e(a%ate e'ect%onic device%eito%= ca(acito%=
ind&cto%= and vac&&m t&beaemb'ed on a c*ai and connected b$ )i%e to /o%m a
b&'7$ (ac7age. Since t*en= t*e%e *a been a %evo'&tiona%$ t%end to)a%d integ%ating
e'ect%onic device on a ing'e tin$ c*i( o/ i'icon o% ome ot*e% emi cond&ctive mate%ia'.
T*e com('e ta7 o/ man&/act&%ing t*ee c*i( &e t*e mot advanced tec*no'og$=
inc'&ding com(&te%= e'ect%onbeam 'it*og%a(*$= mic%omani(&'ato%= ionbeam
im('antation= and &'t%a c'ean envi%onment. 3&c* o/ t*e %eea%c* in e'ect%onic i
di%ected to)a%d c%eating even ma''e% c*i(= /ate% )itc*ing o/ com(onent= and t*%ee
dimeniona' integ%ated ci%c&it.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
12/149
1!'! COMMUNICATIONS AND CONTROL
Enginee% in t*i /ie'd a%e conce%ned )it* a'' a(ect o/ e'ect%ica' comm&nication= /%om
/&ndamenta' 4&etion &c* a :*at i in/o%mationF to t*e *ig*'$ (%actica'= &c* a
deign o/ te'e(*one $tem. In deigning comm&nication $tem= enginee% %e'$ *eavi'$
on va%io& b%anc*e o/ advanced mat*ematic= &c* a ;o&%ie% ana'$i= 'inea% $tem
t*eo%$= 'inea% a'geb%a= com('e va%iab'e= di//e%entia' e4&ation= and (%obabi'it$ t*eo%$.
Enginee% )o%7 on cont%o' $tem %anging /%om t*e eve%$da$= (aenge%act&ated= a
t*oe t*at %&n an e'evato%= to t*e eotic= a $tem /o% 7ee(ing (acec%a/t on co&%e.
Cont%o' $tem a%e &ed etenive'$ in ai%c%a/t and *i(= in mi'ita%$ /i%econt%o'
$tem= in (o)e% t%anmiion and dit%ib&tion= in a&tomated man&/act&%ing= and in
%obotic.
Enginee% *ave been )o%7ing to b%ing abo&t t)o %evo'&tiona%$ c*ange in t*e /ie'd o/comm&nication and cont%o' Digita' $tem a%e %e('acing ana'og&e one at t*e ame
time t*at /ib%e o(tic a%e &(e%eding co((e% cab'e. Digita' $tem o//e% /a% g%eate%
imm&nit$ to e'ect%ica' noie. ;ib%e o(tic a%e 'i7e)ie imm&ne to inte%/e%ence@ t*e$ a'o
*ave t%emendo& ca%%$ing ca(acit$= and a%e et%eme'$ 'ig*t and ine(enive to
man&/act&%e.
1!5! COM"UTERS
8i%t&a''$ &n7no)n j&t a /e) decade ago= com(&te% enginee%ing i no) among t*e mot%a(id'$ g%o)ing /ie'd. T*e e'ect%onic o/ com(&te% invo've enginee% in deign and
man&/act&%e o/ memo%$ $tem= o/ cent%a' (%oceing &nit= and o/ (e%i(*e%a' device.
;o%emot among t*e aven&e no) being (&%&ed a%e t*e deign o/ 8e%$ La%ge Sca'e
Integ%ation B8LSI and ne) com(&te% a%c*itect&%e. T*e /ie'd o/ com(&te% cience i
c'oe'$ %e'ated to com(&te% enginee%ing@ *o)eve%= t*e ta7 o/ ma7ing com(&te% mo%e
inte''igent Ba%ti/icia' inte''igence== t*%o&g* c%eation o/ o(*iticated (%og%am o%
deve'o(ment o/ *ig*e% 'eve' mac*ine 'ang&age o% ot*e% mean= i gene%a''$ %ega%ded a
being in t*e %ea'm o/ com(&te% cience.
One c&%%ent t%end in com(&te% enginee%ing i mic%ominiat&%i?ation. Uing 8LSI=
enginee% contin&e to )o%7 to 4&ee?e g%eate% and g%eate% n&mbe% o/ ci%c&it e'ement
onto ma''e% and ma''e% c*i(. Anot*e% t%end i to)a%d inc%eaing t*e (eed o/ com(&te%
o(e%ation t*%o&g* &e o/ (a%a''e' (%oceo%= &(e%cond&cting mate%ia'= and t*e 'i7e.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
13/149
EXERCISES
A! READING
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* )7in .t7t)i). 7n
)in/-4) t-*i4 )7t) 6-478+79, n-t t- 4()4 874-+n n-))!
A!1! $76in )7 t() t)3t, 7n.) t() /--in ;+).ti-n. i in t() /--in t78) it( in/-?7ti-n 78-+t ))4ti47 7n
))4t-ni4. )nin))in i6)n in t() t)3t! S-?) -/ t() .*74). ?79 )?7in 87n, 7.
t() in/-?7ti-n i. n-t i6)n!
T78) 1!1!R)7t) 7)7.
C+)nt
?-).T9*). -/
))4ti4 ?-t-.S*)4i/i4 t7..
-/ 4i4+it.T)4(n--9
+.) /-
?7n+/74t+in
.ii4-n 4(i*.
C-nt-
.9.t)?.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
14/149
B! VOCABULAR% #OR@
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- *-?-t) t() 74;+i.iti-n -/ n)
)3i47 it)?. 89 *-6iin 4--47ti-n., t)?. /--) 89 *)*-.iti-n. )3i47 .)t.
7n t7n.7ti-n. -/ t() t)?. 4-n.i)) ))67nt t- t() t-*i4!
B!1! Ent) in t() /--in t78) in/-?7ti-n )7t) t- ?-)n ))4t-ni4. :
C(i*. -/ .ii4-nInt)7tin ))4t-ni4 4i4+it.
VLSIC79in 47*74it9
>i8) -*ti4.
B!1! Ent) t() /--in t)?. +n) t() 7**-*i7t) ()7in in t() t78)
8)-:
Li.t1!1!
M7in 87n4(). -/
))4ti47 )nin))in
U.). -/ 4-nt- .9.t)?. B7n4(). -/ 767n4)
?7t()?7ti4.
C! LANGUAGE >OCUS: DE>INING "ATTERNS
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* 7n+7) 77)n).. in t)?. -/
*-+4in 744+7t) )/initi-n.!
C!1! T() /--in *777*( )/in). t() t)?: ))4ti47 7n ))4t-ni4.
)nin))in! R)7 it 7n t9 t- i)nti/9 t() 7**-*i7t) ))?)nt. -/ t() )/inin
*7tt)n 8)-:
T(in t- 8) )/in) 6)8 )n)7 47.. - (- *7ti4+7
4(774t)i.ti4.
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING i t*e 'a%get and mot dive%e
/ie'd o/ enginee%ing t*at i conce%ned )it* t*e deve'o(ment and deign= a(('ication= andman&/act&%e o/ $tem and device t*at &e e'ect%ic (o)e% and igna'.
C!2! I)nti/9 (i4( -/ t() ?i.t7). i.t) 8)- 7) t- 8) /-+n in t()
/--in )/initi-n.! T9 t- 4-)4t t()?!
1. T*i i %at*e% an eam('e t*an a de/inition.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
15/149
!. T*e )o%d to be de/ined= o% anot*e% /o%m o/ it= i &ed in t*e de/inition ite'/.
+. T*e gene%a' c'a i omitted /%om t*e de/inition= ma7ing it *e%eb$ incom('ete.
,. T*e (a%tic&'a% c*a%acte%itic a%e omitted /%om t*e de/inition= ma7ing it *e%eb$
incom('ete.
A. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING i conce%ned )it* t*e
deve'o(ment and deign= a(('ication= and man&/act&%e o/ $tem and device t*at &e
e'ect%ic (o)e% and igna'.
>. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING i t*e 'a%get and mot
dive%e /ie'd o/ enginee%ing.
C. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING i omet*ing 'i7e e'ect%ic
mac*ine%$ enginee%ing.D. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING i enginee%ing.
C!&! C(--.) -n) -/ t() )9 t)?. i6)n 7t t() 8)innin -/ t(i. +nit! #it) it.
)/initi-n it(-+t n7?in t() t)?! R)7 9-+ )/initi-n t- 9-+ 4-)7+) 7n 7.
(i?() t- i)nti/9 t() - t(7t )/initi-n )/). t-! A. (i?() t- i)nti/9 7n9
*-..i8) ?i.t7). in 9-+ )/initi-n!
C!'! R)*(7.) t() )/initi-n 78-6) +.in 7 )+4) )7ti6) 47+.):
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
16/149
+. ;ib%a o(tic ete im&na 'a o%ice ti( de inte%/e%enK= deKinMnd deaemenea o ca(acitate
eno%ma de t%anmiie= acetea /iind (%inci(a'e'e motive (ent%& ca%e /ib%a o(tic ete
(%e/e%at cab'&%i'o% din c&(%&.
E! S"EA@ING
T() *+*-.) -/ t().) )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* .*)7in .i. it( 7 /-4+. -n ))4ti47
7n ))4t-ni4. )nin))in!
E!1! T7 it( -n) -/ 9-+ 4-)7+). 7n n7?) 7t )7.t t()) ))4t-ni4
)6i4). t(7t 9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it(! D).4i8) t()? 7n )3*7in (- t()9 7) +.)!
%-+ 47n 7.- 4(--.) /-? t() /--in:
Reito%
Ca(acito%
8ac&&m t&beInd&cto%
E!2! D).4i8) t() ?-.t i?*-t7nt -?7in. -/ ))4ti47 7n ))4t-ni4.
)nin))in! S*)7 78-+t:
1. T*e majo% a(('ication.
!. Name t*e t*%ee mot inte%eting o/ a'' and give %eaon.
+. T*in7 o/ an$ bac7g%o&nd in/o%mation $o& *ave on t*oe (a%tic&'a% a%ea o/ e'ect%onic
and *a%e it )it* $o&% co''eag&e.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
17/149
Unit 2
CAREERS IN ELECTRONICS
AIM:
To %ecogni?e t*e Eng'i* tec*nica' te%m %e'ated to a%ea o/ em('o$ment in
t*e /ie'd o/ e'ect%onic@
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
18/149
OBECTIVES:
On &cce/&''$ com('eting t*i &nit t*e t&dent *o&'d be ab'e to
identi/$ co%%ect'$ t*e te%m de/ining main a%ea o/ em('o$ment in
t*e /ie'd o/ e'ect%onic@
%ecognie t*e (eci/ic te%m %e'ated to t*e ta7 (e%/o%med b$
e'ect%onic enginee%@
c*a%acte%ie t*e va%io& ca%ee% o((o%t&nitie in e'ect%onic and
ana'$e eac* in (oint o/ advantage= diadvantage and ot*e% im('ication@
identi/$ t*e t$(e o/ device &ed in eac* b%anc* o/ e'ect%onic@
dec%ibe t*e %ecent deve'o(ment in t*i /ie'd and t*e immediate
%e(e%c&ion on t*e n&mbe% o/ ca%ee% o((o%t&nitie@
aimi'ate at 'eat +" te%m (eci/ic o/ main a%ea o/ em('o$ment=
and (eci/ic activitie (e%/o%med b$ enginee% in t*e /ie'd o/ e'ect%onic@
@E% TERMS:
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
19/149
career opportunities, design, to plan, to manufacture, to install, avionics, service
engineer, radio, radar, automatic flight path plotting euipment, local area networ's
("As), maintenance, software support, defence industry, early warning system,
detection system, weapons guidance, industrial electronics, transducer, automation,
control panels, leisure electronic items, hi-fi euipment, television sets, compact disc
players, video recorders, satellite receivers, circuit boards, assembly line, trouble-
shooters, communications networ's, microwave towers, exchange, maximum switching
capability, maintenance technician, medical euipment, industrial robot, testing and
fault-finding euipment, diagnostic tests, service technician, *D department&
CAREERS IN ELECTRONICS
2!1! INTRODUCTION
:e a%e no) in t*e midt o/ t*e tec*nica' %evo'&tion )*ic* ta%ted )it* t*e int%od&ction o/
t*e mic%oc*i( in t*e 192". 3o%e and mo%e e'ect%onic good a%e being o'd= e(ecia''$
com(&te%= %adio te'e(*one= and 'ei&%e (%od&ct. At t*e (%eent time= ne) a(('ication
/o% e'ect%onic a%e being /o&nd. 3ot dometic a(('iance no) *ave ome /o%m o/
e'ect%onic cont%o'. Pet%o' at t*e /i''ing tation and ca* at t*e ban7 i di(ened b$
e'ect%onic mean.
E'ect%onica''$cont%o''ed (&m( mea&%e o&t d%&g /o% t*e c*%onica''$ i''. E'ect%onic
ignition and /&e' management become tanda%d on ca%.
A'' o/ t*i mean t*at ca%ee% o((o%t&nitie in e'ect%onic a%e g%o)ing. 3o%e enginee% a%e
necea%$ to deign= ('an= man&/act&%e and inta''. ;o% toda$ co''ege and &nive%it$
g%ad&ate in e'ect%onic= t*e /&t&%e i b%ig*t.
2!2! AREAS O> EM"LO%MENT2!2!1! A6i-ni4.
Ai%c%a/t e'ect%onic e4&i(ment *a to be maintained to a ve%$ *ig* tanda%d )it* %igo%o&
c*ec7 at et inte%va'. Se%vice enginee% a%e %e4&i%ed to maintain onboa%d e4&i(ment
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
20/149
&c* a %adio= %ada%= and a&tomatic /'ig*t (at* ('otting e4&i(ment. Ai% t%a//ic cont%o'
e4&i(ment i maintained on t*e g%o&nd.
2!2!2! C-?*+tin
T*i i an a%ea )*e%e com(etition bet)een com(anie i conide%ab'e and tec*no'og$ i
moving 4&ic7'$. :it* inc%eaing n&mbe% o/ com(&te% &ed in t*e o//ice= t*e *ome= and
a (a%t o/ ind&t%ia' and comm&nication e4&i(ment= t*e%e i a g%o)ing need /o%
enginee% to deign t*ee a )e'' a e%vice t*em. On t*e o/t)a%e ide= t*e%e i a')a$ a
demand /o% (%og%amme% to deign o/t)a%e /o% b&ine &e and 'ei&%e. A'mot eve%$
'a%ge b&ine o%gani?ation= 'i7e ban7 and in&%ance com(anie= %&n eve%a' 'oca' a%ea
net)o%7 BLAN. T*ee %e4&i%e net)o%7 manage% and maintenance and o/t)a%e
&((o%t.
2!2!&! D)/)n4)T*e %ed&ction in (o'itica' tenion in %ecent $ea% *a meant c&t in t*e de/ence ind&t%$.
Neve%t*e'e= man$ co&nt%ie a%e ti'' deve'o(ing o(*iticated de/ence $tem bot* /o%
*ome &e and /o% e(o%t. T*ee $tem %e4&i%e not on'$ enginee% to deign t*em= b&t
*ig*'$7i''ed o(e%ato% to man t*em and maintain t*em. T*& t*e a%med e%vice %ec%&it
and t%ain n&mbe% o/ e'ect%onic tec*nician and enginee%. T*e majo% /ie'd o/ de/ence
e'ect%onic a%e ea%'$ )a%ning $tem= e.g. %ada%@ detection $tem@ %anging= &ing %ada%
and com(&te%@ )ea(on g&idance= &ing com(&te%@ and comm&nication.2!2!'! In+.ti7 ))4t-ni4.
Ind&t%ia' e'ect%onic ta%ted )it* t%and&ce% )*ic* a''o)ed %emote monito%ing o/
(%ocee= e(ecia''$ )*ic* invo'ved *ig* tem(e%at&%e o% dange%o& &btance. ;&%t*e%
deve'o(ment a''o)ed (%ocee in a )*o'e %ange o/ ind&t%ie /%om /ood and d%in7
(%od&ction to ga%bage %ec$c'ing to be /&''$ a&tomated.
T*e deve'o(ment o/ %obotic *a 'ed to )ide(%ead a(('ication in t*e ca% ind&t%$ in
(a%tic&'a%. Eve%$t*ing /%om aemb'ing to (%a$ing t*e com('eted ca% can no) be done
)it*o&t *&man aitance. Tedio& and &n('eaant job *ave dia((ea%ed. A&tomation
*a 'ed to aving /o% t*e man&/act&%e% b&t *a a'o cont%ib&ted to &nem('o$ment.
E'ect%onic enginee% a%e %e4&i%ed to deign and e%vice ind&t%ia' ci%c&it= inc'&ding
cont%o' (ane'.
2!2!5! L)i.+) *-+4t.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
21/149
Societ$ e(ect a )ide %ange o/ 'ei&%e e'ect%onic item. T*i can be ga&ged b$ a'e o/
%adio= *i/i e4&i(ment= te'eviion et= com(act dic ('a$e%= video %eco%de%= ate''ite
%eceive%= etc. enginee% and tec*nician a%e %e4&i%ed not on'$ to deign and man&/act&%e
t*ee= b&t a'o to maintain t*em.
2!2!F! T))4-??+ni47ti-n. 7n 8-747.tin
Peo('e toda$ e(ect to be ab'e to get in to&c* )it* eac* ot*e% at an$ time and in an$
('ace. T*e comm&nication o/ (eec*= tet= and ot*e% data b$ cab'e and %adio i a g%o)ing
/ie'd o/ em('o$ment. Ce'' (*one a%e an a%ea o/ %ecent e(anion. Enginee% a%e
em('o$ed to man&/act&%e= ('an= inta''= commiion= and maintain te'ecomm&nication
e4&i(ment. Nationa' and 'oca' %adio and te'eviion tation em('o$ b%oadcating and
o&nd enginee%.
2!2!! M)i47 );+i*?)ntRecent $ea% *ave een a *a%( inc%eae in e4&i(ment /o% (atient ca%e. T*i %ange /%om
bod$ canne% to e'ect%onic tet*oco(e. :*i'e t*e o(e%ation o/ t*i e4&i(ment i t*e
%e(onibi'it$ o/ t*e medica' team= enginee% a%e o/ten %e4&i%ed to )o%7 )it* medica'
e(e%t in t*e deign o/ &c* e4&i(ment= in t*e inta''ation o/ 'a%ge% e4&i(ment= and in
maintenance.
2!&! MANU>ACTURING
3an&/act&%ing inc'&de ma7ing an$t*ing /%om individ&a' com(onent o% (%inted ci%c&itboa%d to com('ete (iece o/ e4&i(ment &c* a te'eviion. In t*e cae o/ t*e 'atte%= it i
&&a' to b%ea7 do)n t*e e4&i(ment into mod&'e and man&/act&%e t*ee e(a%ate'$. ;o%
intance= te'eviion et a%e man&/act&%ed in t*i )a$ )it* eac* et coniting o/ &( to
even individ&a' mod&'e. :*en t*e mod&'e come o// t*e aemb'$ 'ine= t*e$ a%e (aed
to g%o&( o/ tete% and t%o&b'e*oote% to c*ec7 /o% /a&'t. T*e va%io& mod&'e a%e t*en
aemb'ed to (%od&ce t*e com('ete &nit. T*e diadvantage o/ t*i 7ind o/ )o%7 i t*e
monoton$ and t*e time (%e&%e o/ aemb'$ 'ine )o%7.
2!'! "LANNING
;i%m )it* 'a%ge comm&nication net)o%7 %e4&i%e ('anne%. ;o% intance=
te'ecomm&nication net)o%7 (%ovide% need to 7no) )*e%e to ('ace ec*ange /o%
maim&m )itc*ing ca(abi'it$= and mic%o)ave to)e% /o% minim&m inte%/e%ence. T*e$
a'o need to 7no) t*e i?e o/ cab'e to *and'e t%a//ic g%o)t*. Ra(id'$ (%inging &(
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
22/149
eve%$)*e%e /%om a n&mbe% o/ di//e%ent &(('ie% a%e t*e %adio mobi'e= ce''&'a%= and
(aging net)o%7. A'' t*ee %e4&i%e ca%e/&' ('anning and /ie'd &%ve$ to (%event m&t&a'
inte%/e%ence. ob o((o%t&nitie )i'' g%o) in t*i ecto%.
2!5! INSTALLATION
T*e%e i a )ide %ange o/ inta''ation )o%7 %e4&i%ed= /o% eam('e= inta''ing ec*ange=
LAN= and medica' e4&i(ment. S&c* )o%7 invo've cab'ing and ma$ %e4&i%e ome
7no)'edge o/ mec*anica' enginee%ing i/ (ecia' %ac7 and even enti%e %oom *ave to be
cont%&cted to accommodate e4&i(ment. Inta''ation )o%7 &&a''$ invo've t%ave' )*ic*
can be ove%ea de(ending on t*e (%od&ct invo'ved.
2!F! COMMISSIONING
Once e4&i(ment i inta''ed= it need to be commiioned= i.e. (&t into o(e%ation.
P%ob'em o/ten eme%ge at t*i tage= )*ic* *ave to be i%oned o&t. T*i )o%7 i &&a''$done b$ enginee% )it* 'ong e(e%ience in t*e t$(e o/ e4&i(ment being commiioned.
2!! MAINTENANCE
A e'ect%onic e4&i(ment *a become mo%e com('e= o maintenance tec*nician *ave
become mo%e (ecia'i?ed. ;o% intance= tec*nician )*o &ed to e%vice bot* %adio and
te'eviion ma$ no) (ecia'i?e in eit*e% %adio and a&dio e4&i(ment o% te'eviion et and
video %eco%de%. Simi'a%'$= tec*nician no) (ecia'i?e in e%vicing com(&te%=
te'ecomm&nication e4&i(ment= medica' e4&i(ment= ind&t%ia' %obot= and o on. Tetingand /a&'t/inding e4&i(ment *a become mo%e o(*iticated. Oci''oco(e a%e
common('ace on )o%7benc*e= and (%og%ammab'e ana'$e% a%e avai'ab'e /o% ca%%$ing
o&t a /&'' %ange o/ diagnotic tet on (a%tic&'a% t$(e o/ e4&i(ment. T*ee ave a g%eat
dea' o/ time and t*e$ can ma7e t*e )o%7 o/ t*e e%vice tec*nician 'e c*a''enging.
Se%vice tec*nician a%e a')a$ in demand.
2!H! SALES
Sa'e ta// too %e4&i%e (ecia'it 7no)'edge not o m&c* o/ *o) t*e e4&i(ment )o%7=
b&t )*at it i ca(ab'e o/ and t*e di//e%ence bet)een imi'a% t$(e o/ e4&i(ment. T*e$
a'o *ave to 7no) t*e advantage o/ t*ei% com(an$ (%od&ct ove% t*oe o/ t*ei% %iva'.
A't*o&g* e''ing abi'it$ i mo%e im(o%tant t*an tec*nica' e(e%tie= it i not &n&&a' /o%
e%vice tec*nician to t%an/e% to a'e. 3ot a'e(eo('e )o%7 on a commiion bai in
addition t*e$ &&a''$ *ave &e o/ a com(an$ ca%. T*e$ can ea%n *ig* a'a%ie and a%e
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
23/149
c%&cia' to t*e &cce o/ a com(an$. Se''ing &&a''$ invo've a g%eat dea' o/ t%ave' and
can be t%e/&'.
2!! TEAC$ING
Co''ege and &nive%itie em('o$ &btantia' n&mbe% o/ g%ad&ate in e'ect%onic.
Co''ege (%e/e% teac*ing ta// t*at a'o *ave e(e%ience in ind&t%$ o% b&ine.
Unive%itie 'oo7 /o% teac*ing ta// )it* %eea%c* e(e%ience. Sa'a%ie in ed&cation tend to
be 'o)e% t*an in ind&t%$. Tec*nician a%e a'o em('o$ed in ed&cationa' intit&te in
'abo%ato%ie and )o%7*o( to ait )it* %eea%c* and to (%ovide maintenance.
2!10! RESEARC$ AND DEVELO"MENT
La%ge com(anie %&n t*ei% o)n RD de(a%tment. Eciting o((o%t&nitie eit /o%
c%eative enginee% in t*e deign and teting o/ ne) (%od&ct. S&c* o((o%t&nitie a%e
'imited. 3ot RD )o%7 i ca%%ied o&t at t*e com(an$ *ead4&a%te%. 3an$ com(aniea%e m&'tinationa'= o t*e RD )o%7 ma$ not be done in t*e co&nt%$ )*e%e t*e (%od&ct i
aemb'ed.
EJERCISES
A! READING
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* )7in .t7t)i). 7n)in/-4) t-*i4 )7t) 6-478+79, n-t t- 4()4 874-+n n-))!
A!1! $76in )7 t() K-8 ).4i*ti-n. 78-6), i.4+.. )74( 7)7 -/
)?*-9?)nt it( 9-+ *7tn) +.in t() in/-?7ti-n *-6i) in t() t)3t!
2!1!
T9*) -/ )?*-9?)nt A67nt7). Di.767nt7).3an&/act&%ingP'anning
%-+ ?79 7nt t- - 874 t- t() )9 -. i.t) 7t t() 8)innin -/ t() +nit7n 4()4 t(7t 9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it( )74( -n)! Gi6) t()i R-?7ni7n );+i67)nt.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
24/149
Inta''ationCommiioning3aintenanceSa'eTeac*ing
Reea%c* Deve'o(ment
A!2! N7?) t() 7)7. -/ )?*-9?)nt in t() /i) -/ )nin))in 7n ).4i8)
)74( in -n) .)nt)n4), ?7in )/))n4) t- t() *7ti4+7 .)?)nt. -/ ))4t-ni4.
)7t) t- )74(!
A!&! >i in t() /--in t78) it( in/-?7ti-n 78-+t t() 7)7. -/
)?*-9?)nt i6)n in t() t)3t! S-?) -/ t() .*74). ?79 )?7in 87n, 7. t()
in/-?7ti-n i. n-t i6)n!
T78) 2!2
D-?7inA4ti6iti). -/
))4t-ni4.
)nin)).E;+i*?)nt
D)6)-*?)ntA**i47ti-n.
B! VOCABULAR% #OR@
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- *-?-t) t() 74;+i.iti-n -/ n)
)3i47 it)?. 89 *-6iin 4--47ti-n., t)?. /--) 89 *)*-.iti-n. )3i47 .)t.
7n t7n.7ti-n. -/ t() t)?. 4-n.i)) ))67nt t- t() t-*i4!
B!1! M7t4( )74( -/ t() t)?. in 4-+?n A it( 7 - in 4-+?n B:
A B
deignman&/act&%e
to inta''
avionic
%adio
(%oiecta%e/ab%ica%e
a inta'a
ec*i(ament de g*idaj a&tomat
a(a%at&%a de %adio'ocaKie
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
25/149
Rada%
a&tomatic /'ig*t (at* ('otting e4&i(ment
maintenance
o/t)a%e &((o%t
de/ence ind&t%$
ea%'$ )a%ning $tem
detection $tem
)ea(on g&idance
ind&t%ia' e'ect%onic
t%and&ce%
a&tomation
cont%o' (ane'
&(o%t o/t
Jnt%eKine%e
g*idaj a' %ac*ete'o%
a(a%at&% %ada%
iteme de monito%i?a%e
di(o?itive e'ect%onice ind&t%ia'e
(ano& de cont%o'
t%ad&ctoa%e
a&tomati?a%e
iteme de detecta%e %a(id
ae%ona&tica
ind&t%ia de a(%a%e
B!2! Ent) t() /--in t)?. +n) t() 7**-*i7t) ()7in in t() t78)
8)-:
Li.t 2!1!
%ada%= a&tomatic /'ig*t (at* ('otting e4&i(ment= 'oca' a%ea net)o%7 BLAN=
maintenance= o/t)a%e &((o%t= ea%'$ )a%ning $tem= detection $tem= )ea(on
g&idance= ind&t%ia' e'ect%onic= t%and&ce%= a&tomation= cont%o' (ane'= *i/i e4&i(ment=
te'eviion et= com(act dic ('a$e%= video %eco%de%= ate''ite %eceive%= ci%c&it boa%d=
t%o&b'e*oote%= = mic%o)ave to)e%= ec*ange= maim&m )itc*ing ca(abi'it$=
maintenance tec*nician= medica' e4&i(ment= ind&t%ia' %obot= teting and /a&'t/inding
e4&i(ment= diagnotic tet= e%vice tec*nician.
T78) 2!&!
E'ect%onic /o% t*e de/ence
ind&t%$
Lei&%e e'ect%onic item Comm&nication net)o%7
C! LANGUAGE >OCUS: DESCRIBING
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* 7n+7) 77)n).. in t)?. -/
).4i8in 7 *-4).., *-4)+), - *-+4in 7 )n)7 ).4i*ti-n -/ 7 )6i4)!
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
26/149
C!1!C(--.) t- -/ t() 7)7. -/ )?*-9?)nt in t() t)3t 7n ).4i8) t()
)4)nt )6)-*?)nt. in t(7t .*)4i/i4 -?7in!
C!2!I)nti/9 t() t)n.). -/ t() 6)8. +.) in t() ).4i*ti-n. in t() t)3t 7n
)3*7in (9 t(-.) t)n.). 7) *i?7i9 +.) ()n ).4i8in!
D! TRANSLATION
T() *+*-.) -/ t(i. )3)4i.) i. t- )6)-* t7n.7tin .i.!
D!1! T7n.7t) t() /--in .)nt)n4). int- Eni.(:
1. Dimin&a%ea teni&ni'o% de o%din (o'itic Jn%egit%at Jn &'timii ani a Jnemnat o cde%e
d%atic a invetiKii'o% in ind&t%ia de a(%a%e.
!. Domeni&' aceta Jn%egit%ea? o conc&%enK (%on&nKat Jnt%e com(anii'e (%od&ctoa%e
/a(t ca%e a cond& 'a de?vo'ta%ea %a(id a te*no'ogiei (eci/ice.
+. Ec*i(ament&' e'ect%onic a' ae%onave'o% neceit ve%i/ic%i %ig&%oae 'a inte%va'e c&%tei (%e&(&ne deaemenea &n tanda%d ece(Kiona' din (&nct&' de vede%e a' ca'itKii.
E! S"EA@ING
T() *+*-.) -/ t().) )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* .*)7in .i. it( 7 /-4+. -n 7)7. -/
)?*-9?)nt in t() /i) -/ )nin))in!
E!1! #it) 7 .(-t ).4i*ti-n -/ 9-+ 47)) *7n., +.in in/-?7ti-n -/ 9-+
-n 7n /-? t(i. t)3t! ").)nt it t- t() 47..!
Unit &
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
27/149
ELECTRONICS
AIM:
To %ecogni?e t*e Eng'i* tec*nica' te%m %e'ated to t*e deve'o(ment in t*e
/ie'd o/ e'ect%onic@
OBECTIVES:
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
28/149
On &cce/&''$ com('eting t*i &nit t*e t&dent *o&'d be ab'e to
identi/$ co%%ect'$ t*e te%m de/ining t*e main domain %e'ated toe'ect%onic@
%ecognie t*e (eci/ic te%m %e'ated to t*e baic e'ect%onic device@
dec%ibe t*e evo'&tion and advance in t*e /ie'd o/ e'ect%onic@
identi/$ t*e t$(e o/ device &ed to (%ovide eac* /&nction@
dec%ibe eac* %evo'&tiona%$ te( in t*e *ito%$ o/ e'ect%onic@
aimi'ate at 'eat +" te%m (eci/ic o/ e'ect%onic device@
@E% TERMS:
applied physics, electronic circuits, flow of electrons, generation, transmission,
reception, and storage of information, audio signals, radio receiver, amplification of
wea' signals, generation of radio waves, extraction of information, demodulation,
modulation, transmitter, superimposition, semiconductor materials, electrical contacts,
the transistor, power consumption, reliability, integrated circuit, microcomputer, audio
and video euipment, communications satellite, direct-recording methods digitali%ation
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
29/149
of audio signals, amplitude, digital storage, medical electronics, ultrahigh definition
television, very-high-speed computer, superconducting circuit, +osephson unction&
ELECTRONICS
&!1! INTRODUCTION
E'ect%onic= /ie'd o/ enginee%ing and a(('ied (*$ic dea'ing )it* t*e deign and
a(('ication o/ device= &&a''$ e'ect%onic ci%c&it= t*e o(e%ation o/ )*ic* de(end on t*e
/'o) o/ e'ect%on /o% t*e gene%ation= t%anmiion= %ece(tion= and to%age o/ in/o%mation.
T*e in/o%mation can conit o/ voice o% m&ic Ba&dio igna' in a %adio %eceive%= a
(ict&%e on a te'eviion c%een= o% n&mbe% and ot*e% data in a com(&te%.
E'ect%onic ci%c&it (%ovide di//e%ent /&nction to (%oce t*i in/o%mation= inc'&ding
am('i/ication o/ )ea7 igna' to a &ab'e 'eve'@ gene%ation o/ %adio )ave@ et%action o/
in/o%mation= &c* a t*e %ecove%$ o/ an a&dio igna' /%om a %adio )ave Bdemod&'ation@
cont%o'= &c* a t*e &(e%im(oition o/ an a&dio igna' onto %adio )ave Bmod&'ation@
and 'ogic o(e%ation= &c* a t*e e'ect%onic (%ocee ta7ing ('ace in com(&te%.
&!2! $ISTORICAL BAC@GROUND
T*e int%od&ction o/ vac&&m t&be at t*e beginning o/ t*e !"t* cent&%$ )a t*e ta%ting
(oint o/ t*e %a(id g%o)t* o/ mode%n e'ect%onic. :it* vac&&m t&be t*e mani(&'ation o/igna' became (oib'e= )*ic* co&'d not be done )it* t*e ea%'$ te'eg%a(* and te'e(*one
ci%c&it o% )it* t*e ea%'$ t%anmitte% &ing *ig*vo'tage (a%7 to c%eate %adio )ave. ;o%
eam('e= )it* vac&&m t&be )ea7 %adio and a&dio igna' co&'d be am('i/ied= and a&dio
igna'= &c* a m&ic o% voice= co&'d be &(e%im(oed on %adio )ave. T*e deve'o(ment
o/ a 'a%ge va%iet$ o/ t&be deigned /o% (ecia'i?ed /&nction made (oib'e t*e )i/t
(%og%e o/ %adio comm&nication tec*no'og$ be/o%e :o%'d :a% II and t*e deve'o(ment
o/ ea%'$ com(&te% d&%ing and *o%t'$ a/te% t*e )a%.
T*e t%anito%= invented in 19,5= *a no) a'mot com('ete'$ %e('aced t*e vac&&m t&be in
mot o/ it a(('ication. Inco%(o%ating an a%%angement o/ emicond&cto% mate%ia' and
e'ect%ica' contact= t*e t%anito% (%ovide t*e ame /&nction a t*e vac&&m t&be b&t at
%ed&ced cot= )eig*t= and (o)e% con&m(tion and )it* *ig*e% %e'iabi'it$. S&be4&ent
advance in emicond&cto% tec*no'og$= in (a%t att%ib&tab'e to t*e intenit$ o/ %eea%c*
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
30/149
aociated )it* t*e (acee('o%ation e//o%t= 'ed to t*e deve'o(ment o/ t*e integ%ated
ci%c&it. Integ%ated ci%c&it ma$ contain *&nd%ed o/ t*o&and o/ t%anito% on a ma''
(iece o/ mate%ia' and a''o) t*e cont%&ction o/ com('e e'ect%onic ci%c&it= &c* a t*oe
in mic%ocom(&te%= a&dio and video e4&i(ment= and comm&nication ate''ite.
&!&! RECENT DEVELO"MENTS
T*e deve'o(ment o/ integ%ated ci%c&it *a %evo'&tioni?ed t*e /ie'd o/ comm&nication=
in/o%mation *and'ing= and com(&ting. Integ%ated ci%c&it %ed&ce t*e i?e o/ device and
'o)e% man&/act&%ing and $tem cot= )*i'e at t*e ame time (%oviding *ig* (eed and
inc%eaed %e'iabi'it$. Digita' )atc*e= *and*e'd com(&te%= and e'ect%onic game a%e
$tem baed on mic%o(%oceo%. Ot*e% deve'o(ment inc'&de t*e digita'i?ation o/
a&dio igna'= )*e%e t*e /%e4&enc$ and am('it&de o/ an a&dio igna' a%e coded digita''$
b$ a((%o(%iate am('ing tec*ni4&e= t*at i= tec*ni4&e /o% mea&%ing t*e am('it&de o/t*e igna' at ve%$ *o%t inte%va'. Digita''$ %eco%ded m&ic *o) /ide'it$ t*at i not
(oib'e &ing di%ect%eco%ding met*od. Digita' ('a$bac7 device o/ t*i nat&%e *ave
a'%ead$ ente%ed t*e *ome ma%7et. Digita' to%age co&'d a'o /o%m t*e bai o/ *ome video
$tem and ma$ igni/icant'$ a'te% 'ib%a%$ to%age $tem= beca&e m&c* mo%e
in/o%mation can be to%ed on a di7 /o% %e('a$ on a te'eviion c%een t*an can be
contained in a boo7.
3edica' e'ect%onic *a (%og%eed /%om com(&te%i?ed aia' tomog%a(*$= o% t*e &e o/CAT o% CT canne% to $tem t*at can dic%iminate mo%e and mo%e o/ t*e o%gan o/ t*e
*&man bod$. Device t*at can vie) b'ood vee' and t*e %e(i%ato%$ $tem *ave been
deve'o(ed a )e''. U't%a*ig* de/inition te'eviion a'o (%omie to &btit&te /o% man$
(*otog%a(*ic (%ocee= beca&e it e'iminate t*e need /o% i've%.
Toda$Q %eea%c* to inc%eae t*e (eed and ca(acit$ o/ com(&te% concent%ate main'$ on
t*e im(%ovement o/ integ%ated ci%c&it tec*no'og$ and t*e deve'o(ment o/ even /ate%
)itc*ing com(onent. 8e%$'a%geca'e integ%ated B8LSI ci%c&it t*at contain eve%a'
*&nd%ed t*o&and com(onent on a ing'e c*i( *ave been deve'o(ed. 8e%$*ig*(eed
com(&te% a%e being deve'o(ed in )*ic* emicond&cto% ma$ be %e('aced b$
&(e%cond&cting ci%c&it &ing oe(*on j&nction Boe(*on E//ect and o(e%ating at
tem(e%at&%e nea% abo'&te ?e%o.
%-+ ?79 7nt t- - 874 t- t() )9 -. i.t) 7t t() 8)innin -/ t() +nit 7n4()4 t(7t 9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it( )74( -n)! Gi6) t()i R-?7ni7n );+i67)nt.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
31/149
EJERCISES
A! READING
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* )7in .t7t)i). 7n
)in/-4) t-*i4 )7t) 6-478+79, n-t t- 4()4 874-+n n-))!
A!2! R))7 *777*( &!1!7n /i in t() ?i..in in/-?7ti-n in t() t78)
8)-! S-?) 4). i )?7in )?*t9, 7. t() in/-?7ti-n i. n-t i6)n in t() t)3t!
T78) &!1!
In/-?7ti-n
?7ni*+7ti-
nT9*). -/
in/-?7ti-nIn/-?7ti-n
*-4)..inE)4t-ni4
)6i4).
A!2! $76in )7 t() t)3t, 7n.) t() /--in ;+).ti-n.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
32/149
A B
mod&'ation
'ogic o(e%ation
ve%$*ig*(eed com(&te%
vac&&m t&be
demod&'ation
advanced emicond&cto% tec*no'og$
digita'i?ation
t%anito%
com(&te%i?ed aia' tomog%a(*$
a ing'e c*i(
e'ect%onic (%ocee
&(e%im(oition
medica' e'ect%onic
%ecove%$
%ed&ced cot= )eig*t= (o)e% con&m(tion
mani(&'ation o/ igna'
integ%ated ci%c&it
8LSI
am('ing tec*ni4&e
&(e%cond&cting ci%c&it
B!2! >i in t() /--in t78) it( t() ?i..in in/-?7ti-n:
T78) &!2!
T9*) -/ ))4t-ni4 )6i4) >+n4ti-n A**i47ti-n
C! LANGUAGE >OCUS: "RESENT "ER>ECT VS: "AST SIM"LE
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* 7n+7) 77)n).. in t)?. -/
*).)nt *)/)4t 6.! *7.t .i?*)!
C!1! I)nti/9 (i4( -/ t() t- t)n.). ?)nti-n) 78-6) 7) +.) in t()
/--in .)nt)n4).!
1. 3edica' e'ect%onic *a (%og%eed /%om com(&te%i?ed aia' tomog%a(*$= o% t*e &e o/
CAT o% CT canne% to $tem t*at can dic%iminate mo%e and mo%e o/ t*e o%gan o/ t*e
*&man bod$.
!. S&be4&ent advance in emicond&cto% tec*no'og$= in (a%t att%ib&tab'e to t*e intenit$o/ %eea%c* aociated )it* t*e (acee('o%ation e//o%t= 'ed to t*e deve'o(ment o/ t*e
integ%ated ci%c&it.
+. T*e int%od&ction o/ vac&&m t&be at t*e beginning o/ t*e !"t* cent&%$ )a t*e ta%ting
(oint o/ t*e %a(id g%o)t* o/ mode%n e'ect%onic.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
33/149
,. T*e deve'o(ment o/ integ%ated ci%c&it *a %evo'&tioni?ed t*e /ie'd o/
comm&nication= in/o%mation *and'ing= and com(&ting.
-. T*e t%anito%= invented in 19,5= *a no) a'mot com('ete'$ %e('aced t*e vac&&m t&be
in mot o/ it a(('ication.
C!2! #it) )74( 6)8 *(7.) in t() +n) t() 7**-*i7t) ()7in:
T78) &!&!
"RESENT "ER>ECT
< 7+3!68! $AVES )3!68! V& =
"AST SIM"LE
< )3!68! V2 =
C!'! G-+* t() /--in 76)8. 744-in t- t()i in())nt ?)7nin
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
34/149
!. Ci%c&ite'e e'ect%onice Jnde('inec /&ncKii di/e%ite (%ec&m am('i/ica%ea emna'e'o%
'abe= %ec&(e%a%ea emna'e'o% a&dio de (e o &nd %adio a& &(%a(&ne%ea &n&i emna'
a&dio (e o &nd %adio.
+. P%og%ee'e &'te%ioa%e Jn te*no'ogia emicond&ctoa%e'o% a& cond& 'a /ab%ica%ea
ci%c&ite'o% integ%ate= di(o?itive ce conKin &te de mii de t%an?ito%i.
E! S"EA@ING
T() *+*-.) -/ t().) )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* .*)7in .i. it( 7 /-4+. -n t() ?7K-
.t)*. in t() )6)-*?)nt -/ ))4t-ni4. 7n 7**i47ti-n. -/ ))4t-ni4. t)4(n--9!
E!1! ").)nt t- 9-+ 4-)7+). t() ?7K- .t)*. in t() )6)-*?)nt -/
))4t-ni4.!
E!2! T7 it( -n) -/ 9-+ 4-)7+). 7n n7?) 7t )7.t t()) -/ t() 7t).t)6)-*?)nt. in t(i. /i) t(7t 9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it(! "-6i) in/-?7ti-n 78-+t t()
4(7n). t()9 8-+(t 78-+t in t() /i) -/ ))4t-ni4.! T9 t- )?)?8) ()n )74(
-/ t()? t-- *74)!
Unit '
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
35/149
ELECTRONIC COM"ONENTS
AIM:To %ecogni?e t*e Eng'i* tec*nica' te%m %e'ated to active and (aive
e'ect%onic com(onent@
OBECTIVES:
On &cce/&''$ com('eting t*i &nit t*e t&dent *o&'d be ab'e to
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
36/149
identi/$ co%%ect'$ t*e te%m de/ining t*e t)o main catego%ie o/
e'ect%onic com(onent@
%ecognie t*e (eci/ic te%m %e'ated to ditinction c%ite%ia bet)eenactive and (aive e'ect%onic com(onent@
identi/$ t*e a(('ication= o(e%ation (%inci('e= and com(onent (a%t
o/ eac* e'ect%onic device &nde% t&d$@
identi/$ t*e inte%na' t%&ct&%e and man&/act&%ing tec*ni4&e &ed
/o% t*e cont%&ction o/ eac* e'ect%onic com(onent@
dec%ibe in detai' eac* com(onent@
aimi'ate at 'eat +" te%m (eci/ic o/ active and (aive e'ect%onic
com(onent@
@E% TERMS:
active electronic circuit, passive electronic circuit, resistor, capacitor, inductor, battery,
generator, vacuum tube, transistor, diode, cathode, filament, anode, plate, positive
terminal, power supply, voltage, positive half-cycles, rectifier tubes, grid, spiral of metal
wire, amplifier, flow of electrons, doped, silicon, germanium, lac' of free electrons, n-
type and p-type material, bipolar transistor, p-n (bipolar) unction, forward bias, reverse
bias, field-effect transistor (F.), repulsion or attraction of charges, photolithography,
complex special-purpose circuit, monolithic resistance, carbon mixtures, metal film,
resistance wire, variable resistor, output, amplifier stage, input, intensity, coil,
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
37/149
mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical uantities, transducer, sensor,
thermocouple, mechanical movement, photocell&
ELECTRONIC COM"ONENTS
'!1! INTRODUCTION
E'ect%onic ci%c&it conit o/ inte%connection o/ e'ect%onic com(onent. Com(onent a%e
c'ai/ied into t)o catego%ieactive o% (aive. Paive e'ement neve% &(('$ mo%e
ene%g$ t*an t*e$ abo%b@ active e'ement can &(('$ mo%e ene%g$ t*an t*e$ abo%b.
Paive com(onent inc'&de %eito%= ca(acito%= and ind&cto%. Com(onent conide%ed
active inc'&de batte%ie= gene%ato%= vac&&m t&be= and t%anito%.
'!2! VACUUM TUBES
A vac&&m t&be conit o/ an ai%evac&ated g'a enve'o(e t*at contain eve%a' meta'
e'ect%ode. A im('e= t)oe'ement t&be Bdiode conit o/ a cat*ode and an anode t*at i
connected to t*e (oitive te%mina' o/ a (o)e% &(('$. T*e cat*odea ma'' meta' t&be
*eated b$ a /i'ament/%ee e'ect%on = )*ic* mig%ate to t*e anodea meta' c$'inde%
a%o&nd t*e cat*ode Ba'o ca''ed t*e ('ate. I/ an a'te%nating vo'tage i a(('ied to t*e
anode= e'ect%on )i'' on'$ /'o) to t*e anode d&%ing t*e (oitive *a'/c$c'e@ d&%ing t*e
negative c$c'e o/ t*e a'te%nating vo'tage= t*e anode %e(e' t*e e'ect%on= and no c&%%ent(ae t*%o&g* t*e t&be. Diode connected in &c* a )a$ t*at on'$ t*e (oitive *a'/
c$c'e o/ an a'te%nating c&%%ent BAC a%e (e%mitted to (a a%e ca''ed %ecti/ie% t&be@ t*ee
a%e &ed in t*e conve%ion o/ a'te%nating c&%%ent to di%ect c&%%ent BDC. >$ ine%ting a
g%id= coniting o/ a (i%a' o/ meta' )i%e= bet)een t*e cat*ode and t*e anode and a(('$ing
a negative vo'tage to t*e g%id= t*e /'o) o/ e'ect%on can be cont%o''ed. :*en t*e g%id i
negative= it %e(e' e'ect%on= and on'$ a /%action o/ t*e e'ect%on emitted b$ t*e cat*ode
can %eac* t*e anode. S&c* a t&be= ca''ed a t%iode= can be &ed a an am('i/ie%. Sma''
va%iation in vo'tage at t*e g%id= &c* a can be (%od&ced b$ a %adio o% a&dio igna'= )i''
ca&e 'a%ge va%iation in t*e /'o) o/ e'ect%on /%om t*e cat*ode to t*e anode and= *ence=
in t*e ci%c&it%$ connected to t*e anode.
'!&! TRANSISTORS
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
38/149
T%anito% a%e made /%om emicond&cto%. T*ee a%e mate%ia'= &c* a i'icon o%
ge%mani&m= t*at a%e do(ed B*ave min&te amo&nt o/ /o%eign e'ement added o t*at
eit*e% an ab&ndance o% a 'ac7 o/ /%ee e'ect%on eit. In t*e /o%me% cae= t*e
emicond&cto% i ca''ed nt$(e= and in t*e 'atte% cae= (t$(e. >$ combining nt$(e and (
t$(e mate%ia'= a diode can be (%od&ced. :*en t*i diode i connected to a batte%$ o t*at
t*e (t$(e mate%ia' i (oitive and t*e nt$(e negative= e'ect%on a%e %e(e''ed /%om t*e
negative batte%$ te%mina' and (a &nim(eded to t*e (%egion= )*ic* 'ac7 e'ect%on.
:it* batte%$ %eve%ed= t*e e'ect%on a%%iving in t*e (mate%ia' can (a on'$ )it*
di//ic&'t$ to t*e nmate%ia'= )*ic* i a'%ead$ /i''ed )it* /%ee e'ect%on= and t*e c&%%ent i
a'mot ?e%o.
T*e bi(o'a% t%anito% )a invented in 19,5 a a %e('acement /o% t*e t%iode vac&&m t&be.
It conit o/ t*%ee 'a$e% o/ do(ed mate%ia'= /o%ming t)o (n Bbi(o'a% j&nction )it*con/ig&%ation o/ (n( o% n(n. One j&nction i connected to a batte%$ o a to a''o)
c&%%ent /'o) B/o%)a%d bia= and t*e ot*e% j&nction *a a batte%$ connected in t*e o((oite
di%ection B%eve%e bia. I/ t*e c&%%ent in t*e /o%)a%dbiaed j&nction i va%ied b$ t*e
addition o/ a igna'= t*e c&%%ent in t*e %eve%ebiaed j&nction o/ t*e t%anito% )i'' va%$
acco%ding'$. T*e (%inci('e can be &ed to cont%&ct am('i/ie% in )*ic* a ma'' igna'
a(('ied to t*e /o%)a%dbiaed j&nction ca&e a 'a%ge c*ange in c&%%ent in t*e %eve%e
biaed j&nction.Anot*e% t$(e o/ t%anito% i t*e /ie'de//ect t%anito% B;ET. S&c* a t%anito% o(e%ate
on t*e (%inci('e o/ %e(&'ion o% att%action o/ c*a%ge d&e to a &(e%im(oed e'ect%ic /ie'd.
Am('i/ication o/ c&%%ent i accom('i*ed in a manne% imi'a% to t*e g%id cont%o' o/ a
vac&&m t&be. ;ie'de//ect t%anito% o(e%ate mo%e e//icient'$ t*an bi(o'a% t$(e= beca&e
a 'a%ge igna' can be cont%o''ed b$ a ve%$ ma'' amo&nt o/ ene%g$.
'!'! INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
3ot integ%ated ci%c&it a%e ma'' (iece= o% c*i(= o/ i'icon= (e%*a( ! to , 4 mm
B"."5 to ".1- 4 in 'ong= in )*ic* t%anito% a%e /ab%icated. P*oto'it*og%a(*$ enab'e t*e
deigne% to c%eate ten o/ t*o&and o/ t%anito% on a ing'e c*i( b$ (%o(e% ('acement o/
t*e man$ nt$(e and (t$(e %egion. T*ee a%e inte%connected )it* ve%$ ma'' cond&cting
(at* d&%ing /ab%ication to (%od&ce com('e (ecia'(&%(oe ci%c&it. S&c* integ%ated
ci%c&it a%e ca''ed mono'it*ic beca&e t*e$ a%e /ab%icated on a ing'e c%$ta' o/ i'icon.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
39/149
C*i( %e4&i%e m&c* 'e (ace and (o)e% and a%e c*ea(e% to man&/act&%e t*an an
e4&iva'ent ci%c&it b&i't b$ em('o$ing individ&a' t%anito%.
'!5! RESISTORS
I/ a batte%$ i connected ac%o a cond&cting mate%ia'= a ce%tain amo&nt o/ c&%%ent )i''
/'o) t*%o&g* t*e mate%ia'. T*i c&%%ent i de(endent on t*e vo'tage o/ t*e batte%$= on t*e
dimenion o/ t*e am('e= and on t*e cond&ctivit$ o/ t*e mate%ia' ite'/. Reito% )it*
7no)n %eitance a%e &ed /o% c&%%ent cont%o' in e'ect%onic ci%c&it. T*e %eito% a%e made
/%om ca%bon mit&%e= meta' /i'm= o% %eitance )i%e and *ave t)o connecting )i%e
attac*ed. 8a%iab'e %eito%= )it* an adj&tab'e 'iding contact a%m= a%e o/ten &ed to
cont%o' vo'&me on %adio and te'eviion et.
'!F! CA"ACITORS
Ca(acito% conit o/ t)o meta' ('ate t*at a%e e(a%ated b$ an in&'ating mate%ia'. I/ abatte%$ i connected to bot* ('ate= an e'ect%ic c*a%ge )i'' /'o) /o% a *o%t time and
acc&m&'ate on eac* ('ate. I/ t*e batte%$ i diconnected= t*e ca(acito% %etain t*e c*a%ge
and t*e vo'tage aociated )it* it. Ra(id'$ c*anging vo'tage= &c* a ca&ed b$ an a&dio
o% %adio igna'= (%od&ce 'a%ge% c&%%ent /'o) to and /%om t*e ('ate@ t*e ca(acito% t*en
/&nction a a cond&cto% /o% t*e c*anging c&%%ent. T*i e//ect can be &ed= /o% eam('e= to
e(a%ate an a&dio o% %adio igna' /%om a di%ect c&%%ent in o%de% to connect t*e o&t(&t o/
one am('i/ie% tage to t*e in(&t o/ t*e net am('i/ie% tage.'!! INDUCTORS
Ind&cto% conit o/ a cond&cting )i%e )o&nd into t*e /o%m o/ a coi'. :*en a c&%%ent
(ae t*%o&g* t*e coi'= a magnetic /ie'd i et &( a%o&nd it t*at tend to o((oe %a(id
c*ange in c&%%ent intenit$ B Ind&ction. A a ca(acito%= an ind&cto% can be &ed to
diting&i* bet)een %a(id'$ and 'o)'$ c*anging igna'. :*en an ind&cto% i &ed in
conj&nction )it* a ca(acito%= t*e vo'tage in t*e ind&cto% %eac*e a maima' va'&e /o% a
(eci/ic /%e4&enc$. T*i (%inci('e i &ed in a %adio %eceive%= )*e%e a (eci/ic /%e4&enc$
i e'ected b$ a va%iab'e ca(acito%.
'!H!SENSING DEVICES AND TRANSDUCERS
3ea&%ement o/ mec*anica'= t*e%ma'= e'ect%ica'= and c*emica' 4&antitie a%e made b$
device ca''ed eno% and t%and&ce%. T*e eno% i %e(onive to c*ange in t*e
4&antit$ to be mea&%ed= /o% eam('e= tem(e%at&%e= (oition= o% c*emica' concent%ation.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
40/149
T*e t%and&ce% conve%t &c* mea&%ement into e'ect%ica' igna'= )*ic*= &&a''$
am('i/ied= can be /ed to int%&ment /o% t*e %eado&t= %eco%ding= o% cont%o' o/ t*e mea&%ed
4&antitie. Seno% and t%and&ce% can o(e%ate at 'ocation %emote /%om t*e obe%ve% and
in envi%onment &n&itab'e o% im(%actica' /o% *&man.
Some device act a bot* eno% and t%and&ce%. A t*e%moco&('e *a t)o j&nction o/
)i%e o/ di//e%ent meta'@ t*ee gene%ate a ma'' e'ect%ic vo'tage t*at de(end on t*e
tem(e%at&%e di//e%ence bet)een t*e t)o j&nction. A t*e%mito% i a (ecia' %eito%= t*e
%eitance o/ )*ic* va%ie )it* tem(e%at&%e. A va%iab'e %eito% can conve%t mec*anica'
movement into an e'ect%ica' igna'. S(ecia''$ deigned ca(acito% a%e &ed to mea&%e
ditance= and (*otoce'' a%e &ed to detect 'ig*t BP*otoe'ect%ic Ce''. Ot*e% device a%e
&ed to mea&%e ve'ocit$= acce'e%ation= o% /'&id /'o). In mot intance= t*e e'ect%ic igna'
i )ea7 and m&t be am('i/ied b$ an e'ect%onic ci%c&it.
EJERCISES
A! READING
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* )7in .t7t)i). 7n
)in/-4) t-*i4 )7t) 6-478+79, n-t t- 4()4 874-+n n-))!
A!1! $76in )7 t() t)3t, )4i) ()t() t() in/-?7ti-n i6)n in t()
.t7t)?)nt. 8)- i. t+)
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
41/149
+. Paive com(onent inc'&de batte%ie= %eito%= ca(acito%= gene%ato%= vac&&m t&be=
and t%anito%. B,.1
,. >$ ine%ting a g%id= coniting o/ a (i%a' o/ meta' )i%e= bet)een t*e cat*ode and t*e
anode and a(('$ing a negative vo'tage to t*e g%id= t*e /'o) o/ e'ect%on can be cont%o''ed.
B,.!.
-. :*en t*e g%id i negative= it att%act e'ect%on= and on'$ a /%action o/ t*e e'ect%on
emitted b$ t*e cat*ode can %eac* t*e anode. B,.!.
0. :it* batte%$ %eve%ed= t*e e'ect%on a%%iving in t*e (mate%ia' can (a on'$ )it*
di//ic&'t$ to t*e nmate%ia'= )*ic* i a'%ead$ /i''ed )it* /%ee e'ect%on= and t*e c&%%ent i
a'mot ?e%o. B,.+.
2. ;ie'de//ect t%anito% o(e%ate 'e e//icient'$ t*an bi(o'a% t$(e= beca&e a 'a%ge igna'
can be cont%o''ed b$ a ve%$ ma'' amo&nt o/ ene%g$. B,.+.5. Integ%ated ci%c&it a%e ca''ed mono'it*ic beca&e t*e$ a%e /ab%icated on a ing'e c%$ta'
o/ i'icon. B,.,.
9. Ca(acito% conit o/ eve%a' meta' ('ate t*at a%e e(a%ated b$ a cond&cting mate%ia'.
B,.0.
1". Ind&cto% conit o/ a cond&cting )i%e )o&nd into t*e /o%m o/ a coi'. B,.2.
B! VOCABULAR% #OR@
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- *-?-t) t() 74;+i.iti-n -/ n)
)3i47 it)?. 89 *-6iin 4--47ti-n., t)?. /--) 89 *)*-.iti-n. )3i47 .)t.
7n t7n.7ti-n. -/ t() t)?. 4-n.i)) ))67nt t- t() t-*i4!
B!1! Ent) t() /--in t)?. +n) t() 7**-*i7t) ()7in in t() t78)
8)-:
Li.t '!1!
&(('$ mo%e ene%g$ t*an t*e$ abo%b= ca(acito%= neve% &(('$ mo%e ene%g$ t*an
t*e$ abo%b= %eito%= batte%ie= gene%ato%= vac&&m t&be= t%anito%= ind&cto%.
T78) '!1!
A4ti6) ))4t-ni4 "7..i6) ))4t-ni4 R))67nt 4(774t)i.ti4.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
42/149
4-?*-n)nt. 4-?*-n)nt.
B!2! M7t4( )74( -/ t() t)?. in 4-+?n A it( 7. ?7n9 t)?. 7. *-..i8) in
4-+?n B:
A B
vac&&m t&be
%eito%
ca(acito%
ind&cto%
batte%$gene%ato%
t%anito%
eno%
t%and&ce%
cat*ode
meta' e'ect%ode
meta' c$'inde%
do(ed
%e(onivet*e%moco&('e
t*e%mito%
;ET
meta' ('ate
c*i( o/ i'icon
emicond&cto%
bi(o'a%
coi'
/o%)a%d bia
%eitance
(*otoce''
ca%bon mit&%e
C! LANGUAGE >OCUS: "ASSIVE >ORMS
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* 7n+7) 77)n).. in t)?. -/*7..i6) /-?. -/ 6)8. in Eni.( 7n t)74( t() *7..i6) 6-i4)!
C!1! R)7 t() t)3t 7n i)nti/9 6)8 *(7.). in t()) .)nt)n4). (76in t()
/--in *7tt)n! I)nti/9 t() t)n.) 7n 6-i4) /- )74( 47.)!
7+3!68! BE )3!68! V&
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
43/149
C!2! C(7n) t() /--in .)nt)n4). int- 74ti6)*7..i6) 6-i4) *).)6in t()
t)n.), 7n *79 7tt)nti-n t- t() .(i/t -/ /-4+. t7in *74) it( )74( t7n./-?7ti-n!
1. 3ea&%ement o/ mec*anica'= t*e%ma'= e'ect%ica'= and c*emica' 4&antitie a%e made b$
device ca''ed eno% and t%and&ce%.
!. :*en an ind&cto% i &ed in conj&nction )it* a ca(acito%= t*e vo'tage in t*e ind&cto%
%eac*e a maima' va'&e /o% a (eci/ic /%e4&enc$.
+. I/ a batte%$ i connected to bot* ('ate= an e'ect%ic c*a%ge )i'' /'o) /o% a *o%t time and
acc&m&'ate on eac* ('ate.
,. I/ t*e batte%$ i diconnected= t*e ca(acito% %etain t*e c*a%ge and t*e vo'tage
aociated )it* it.
-. Reito% )it* 7no)n %eitance a%e &ed /o% c&%%ent cont%o' in e'ect%onic ci%c&it.
0. S&c* a t%anito% o(e%ate on t*e (%inci('e o/ %e(&'ion o% att%action o/ c*a%ge d&e to a&(e%im(oed e'ect%ic /ie'd.
2. Am('i/ication o/ c&%%ent i accom('i*ed in a manne% imi'a% to t*e g%id cont%o' o/ a
vac&&m t&be.
5. T*e bi(o'a% t%anito% )a invented in 19,5 a a %e('acement /o% t*e t%iode vac&&m
t&be.
9. T%anito% a%e made /%om emicond&cto%.
1". I/ an a'te%nating vo'tage i a(('ied to t*e anode= e'ect%on )i'' on'$ /'o) to t*e anoded&%ing t*e (oitive *a'/c$c'e.
D! TRANSLATION
T() *+*-.) -/ t(i. )3)4i.) i. t- )6)-* t7n.7tin .i.!
D!1! T7n.7t) t() /--in .)nt)n4). int- Eni.(:
1. Diode'e conectate at/e' JncMt (e%mit t%ece%ea &n&i c&%ent a'te%nativ doa% Jn
emia'te%nanKa (o?itiv &nt n&mite %ed%eoa%e.
!. T%an?ito%&' bi(o'a% inventat Jn 19,5 ete a'ct&it din t%ei t%at&%i de mate%ia' do(at=
/o%mMnd do& joncKi&ni bi(o'a%e de ti( (n de con/ig&%aKie (n( %e(ective n(n.
+. At&nci cMnd o bobin ete &ti'i?at Jn combinaKie c& &n condenato%= teni&nea din
bobin atinge o va'oa%e maim (ent%& o /%ecvenK dat.
E! S"EA@ING
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
44/149
T() *+*-.) -/ t().) )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* .*)7in .i. it( 7 /-4+. -n ))4t-ni4
4-?*-n)nt., t()i -*)7ti-n *in4i*) 7n 7**i47ti-n!
E!1! T7 it( -n) -/ 9-+ 4-)7+). 7n n7?) 7t )7.t -n) 74ti6) 7n -n)
*7..i6) ))4t-ni4 4-?*-n)nt t(7t 9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it(! D).4i8) t()i 4-?*-n)nt
*7t. 7n (- t()9 7) +.)!
Unit 5
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
45/149
ANALOG AND DIGITAL
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
AIM:
To %ecogni?e t*e Eng'i* tec*nica' te%m %e'ated to ana'og&e and digita'
ci%c&it@
OBECTIVES:
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
46/149
On &cce/&''$ com('eting t*i &nit t*e t&dent *o&'d be ab'e to
identi/$ co%%ect'$ t*e te%m de/ining t*e di//e%ent t$(e o/ digita'
and ana'og&e ci%c&it@
%ecognie t*e (eci/ic te%m %e'ated to am('i/ie% ci%c&it=
oci''ato%= )itc*ing and timing ci%c&it@
dec%ibe t*e (oib'e a(('ication /o% eac* t$(e o/ ci%c&it@
identi/$ t*e t$(e o/ ci%c&it and t*e /&nction t*e$ (%ovide@
dec%ibe t*e o(e%ation o/ a'' t$(e o/ ana'og&e and digita' ci%c&it@
aimi'ate at 'eat +" te%m (eci/ic o/ ci%c&it t%&ct&%e= o(e%ation=
/&nction and a(('ication@
@E% TERMS:
DC voltage, internal power supply, outlet, regulated DC voltage, transformer, to step up,
to step down, input voltage, electrical ground insulation, power line, rectifier, diode,
vacuum diode, germanium crystal, cadmium sulphide, low-power rectifier, silicon
rectifier, fluctuation, ripple, to superimpose, rectified DC voltage, voltage regulator,
%ener diode, solid-state p-n-unction diode, excess voltage, analogue circuit, amplifier
circuit, signal amplification, distortion, nonlinear amplifier, waveform of the signal,
linear amplifier, audio signal, video signal, oscillator, power electronics, modulator,
mixer, logic circuit, amplitude cut-off, discrete transistor circuit, integrated circuit,
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
47/149
operational amplifier (op-amp), DC-coupled, multistage, linear amplifier, freuency
spectrum range, band, radio freuency amplifier, video amplifier, tuned inductance-
capacitance circuit, vibrating crystal, crystal-controlled oscillator, high-freuency
oscillator, switching and timing circuit, logic circuit, digital logic, /oolean algebra,
true-false decision, solid-state transducer, transistor-transistor logic (.."), metal oxide
semiconductor logic (C01#), resistor-transistor logic (."), emitter coupled logic
("C), flip-flop (binary switch), counter, comparator, adder, digital logic gate&
ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
5!1! "O#ERSU""L% CIRCUITS
3ot e'ect%onic e4&i(ment %e4&i%e DC vo'tage /o% it o(e%ation. T*ee can be (%ovided
b$ batte%ie o% b$ inte%na' (o)e% &(('ie t*at conve%t a'te%nating c&%%ent a avai'ab'e at
t*e *ome e'ect%ic o&t'et= into %eg&'ated DC vo'tage. T*e /i%t e'ement in an inte%na' DC
(o)e% &(('$ i a t%an/o%me%= )*ic* te( &( o% te( do)n t*e in(&t vo'tage to a 'eve'
&itab'e /o% t*e o(e%ation o/ t*e e4&i(ment. A econda%$ /&nction o/ t*e t%an/o%me% i to
(%ovide e'ect%ica' g%o&nd in&'ation o/ t*e device /%om t*e (o)e% 'ine to %ed&ce (otentia'
*oc7 *a?a%d. T*e t%an/o%me% i t*en /o''o)ed b$ a %ecti/ie%= no%ma''$ a diode. In t*e
(at= vac&&m diode and a )ide va%iet$ o/ di//e%ent mate%ia' &c* a ge%mani&m c%$ta'o% cadmi&m &'(*ide )e%e em('o$ed in t*e 'o)(o)e% %ecti/ie% &ed in e'ect%onic
e4&i(ment. Toda$ i'icon %ecti/ie% a%e &ed a'mot ec'&ive'$ beca&e o/ t*ei% 'o) cot
and t*ei% *ig* %e'iabi'it$.
;'&ct&ation and %i(('e &(e%im(oed on t*e %ecti/ied DC vo'tage Bnoticeab'e a a *&m
in a ma'/&nctioning a&dio am('i/ie% can be /i'te%ed o&t b$ a ca(acito%@ t*e 'a%ge% t*e
ca(acito%= t*e ma''e% i t*e amo&nt o/ %i(('e in t*e vo'tage. 3o%e (%ecie cont%o' ove%
vo'tage 'eve' and %i(('e can be ac*ieved b$ a vo'tage %eg&'ato%= )*ic* a'o ma7e t*e
inte%na' vo'tage inde(endent o/ /'&ct&ation t*at ma$ be enco&nte%ed at an o&t'et. A
im('e= o/ten&ed vo'tage %eg&'ato% i t*e ?ene% diode. It conit o/ a o'idtate (n
j&nction diode= )*ic* act a an in&'ato% &( to a (%edete%mined vo'tage@ above t*at
vo'tage it become a cond&cto% t*at b$(ae ece vo'tage. 3o%e o(*iticated vo'tage
%eg&'ato% a%e &&a''$ cont%&cted a integ%ated ci%c&it.
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
48/149
5!2! ANALOG CIRCUITS
5!2!1! A?*i/i) Ci4+it.
E'ect%onic am('i/ie% a%e &ed main'$ to inc%eae t*e vo'tage= c&%%ent= o% (o)e% o/ a
igna'. A 'inea% am('i/ie% (%ovide igna' am('i/ication )it* 'itt'e o% no dito%tion= o t*at
t*e o&t(&t i (%o(o%tiona' to t*e in(&t. A non'inea% am('i/ie% ma$ (%od&ce a conide%ab'e
c*ange in t*e )ave/o%m o/ t*e igna'. Linea% am('i/ie% a%e &ed /o% a&dio and video
igna'= )*e%ea non'inea% am('i/ie% /ind &e in oci''ato%= (o)e% e'ect%onic=
mod&'ato%= mie%= 'ogic ci%c&it= and ot*e% a(('ication )*e%e an am('it&de c&to// i
dei%ed. A't*o&g* vac&&m t&be ('a$ed a majo% %o'e in am('i/ie% in t*e (at= toda$ eit*e%
dic%ete t%anito% ci%c&it o% integ%ated ci%c&it a%e mot'$ &ed.
5!2!1!1!A+i- A?*i/i).
A&dio am('i/ie%= &c* a a%e /o&nd in %adio= te'eviion et= citi?en band BC> %adio=and caette %eco%de%= a%e gene%a''$ o(e%ated at /%e4&encie be'o) !" 7i'o*e%t? B1 76?
1""" c$c'eec. T*e$ am('i/$ t*e e'ect%ica' igna'= )*ic* t*en i conve%ted to o&nd in a
'o&d(ea7e%. O(e%ationa' am('i/ie% Bo(am(= b&i't )it* integ%ated ci%c&it and
coniting o/ DCco&('ed= m&'titage= 'inea% am('i/ie% a%e (o(&'a% /o% a&dio am('i/ie%.
5!2!1!2! Vi)- A?*i/i).
8ideo am('i/ie% a%e &ed main'$ /o% igna' )it* a /%e4&enc$ (ect%&m %ange &( to 0
mega*e%t? B1 36? 1 mi''ion c$c'eec. T*e igna' *and'ed b$ t*e am('i/ie% becomet*e vi&a' in/o%mation (%eented on t*e te'eviion c%een= )it* t*e igna' am('it&de
%eg&'ating t*e b%ig*tne o/ t*e (ot /o%ming t*e image on t*e c%een. To ac*ieve it
/&nction= a video am('i/ie% m&t o(e%ate ove% a )ide band and am('i/$ a'' /%e4&encie
e4&a''$ and )it* 'o) dito%tion.
5!2!1!&! R7i- >);+)n49 A?*i/i).
T*ee am('i/ie% boot t*e igna' 'eve' o/ %adio o% te'eviion comm&nication $tem.
T*ei% /%e4&encie gene%a''$ %ange /%om 1"" 76? to 1 G6? B1 bi''ion c$c'eec 1
giga*e%t? and can etend )e'' into t*e mic%o)ave /%e4&enc$ %ange.
5!2!2! OSCILLATORS
Oci''ato% gene%a''$ conit o/ an am('i/ie% and ome t$(e o/ /eedbac7 T*e o&t(&t
igna' i /ed bac7 to t*e in(&t o/ t*e am('i/ie%. T*e /%e4&enc$dete%mining e'ement ma$
be a t&ned ind&ctanceca(acitance ci%c&it o% a vib%ating c%$ta'. C%$ta'cont%o''ed
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
49/149
oci''ato% o//e% t*e *ig*et (%eciion and tabi'it$. Oci''ato% a%e &ed to (%od&ce a&dio
and %adio igna' /o% a )ide va%iet$ o/ (&%(oe. ;o% eam('e= im('e a&dio/%e4&enc$
oci''ato% a%e &ed in mode%n (&*b&tton te'e(*one to t%anmit data to t*e cent%a'
te'e(*one tation /o% dia''ing. A&dio tone gene%ated b$ oci''ato% a%e a'o /o&nd in
a'a%m c'oc7= %adio= e'ect%onic o%gan= com(&te%= and )a%ning $tem. 6ig*/%e4&enc$
oci''ato% a%e &ed in comm&nication e4&i(ment to (%ovide t&ning and igna'detection
/&nction. Radio and te'eviion tation &e (%ecie *ig*/%e4&enc$ oci''ato% to (%od&ce
t%anmitting /%e4&encie.
5!&! DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
S)itc*ing and timing ci%c&it= o% 'ogic ci%c&it= /o%m t*e *ea%t o/ an$ device )*e%e
igna' m&t be e'ected o% combined in a cont%o''ed manne%. A(('ication o/ t*ee
ci%c&it inc'&de te'e(*one )itc*ing= ate''ite t%anmiion= and digita' com(&te%o(e%ation.
5!&!1! S#ITC$ING AND TIMING CIRCUITS
Digita' 'ogic i a %ationa' (%oce /o% ma7ing im('e t%&e o% /a'e deciion baed on
t*e %&'e o/ >oo'ean a'geb%a. T%&e can be %e(%eented b$ a 1 and /a'e b$ a "= and in
'ogic ci%c&it t*e n&me%a' a((ea% a igna' o/ t)o di//e%ent vo'tage. Logic ci%c&it a%e
&ed to ma7e (eci/ic t%&e/a'e deciion baed on t*e (%eence o/ m&'ti('e t%&e/a'e
igna' at t*e in(&t. T*e igna' ma$ be gene%ated b$ mec*anica' )itc*e o% b$ o'idtate t%and&ce%. Once t*e in(&t igna' *a been acce(ted and conditioned Bto %emove
&n)anted e'ect%ica' igna'= o% noie= it i (%oceed b$ t*e digita' 'ogic ci%c&it. T*e
va%io& /ami'ie o/ digita' 'ogic device= &&a''$ integ%ated ci%c&it= (e%/o%m a va%iet$ o/
'ogic /&nction t*%o&g* 'ogic gate= inc'&ding OR=AND= and NOT= and
combination o/ t*ee B&c* a NOR= )*ic* inc'&de bot* OR and NOT. One )ide'$
&ed 'ogic /ami'$ i t*e t%anito%t%anito% 'ogic BTTL. Anot*e% /ami'$ i t*e
com('ementa%$ meta' oide emicond&cto% 'ogic BC3OS= )*ic* (e%/o%m imi'a%
/&nction at ve%$ 'o) (o)e% 'eve' b&t at 'ig*t'$ 'o)e% o(e%ating (eed. Seve%a' ot*e%=
'e (o(&'a% /ami'ie o/ 'ogic ci%c&it eit= inc'&ding t*e c&%%ent'$ obo'ete %eito%
t%anito% 'ogic BRTL and t*e emitte% co&('ed 'ogic BELC= t*e 'atte% &ed /o% ve%$*ig*
(eed $tem.
5!&!2! DIGITAL LOGIC
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
50/149
T*e e'ementa' b'oc7 in a 'ogic device a%e ca''ed digita' 'ogic gate. An AND gate *a
t)o o% mo%e in(&t and a ing'e o&t(&t. T*e o&t(&t o/ an AND gate i t%&e on'$ i/ a'' t*e
in(&t a%e t%&e. An OR gate *a t)o o% mo%e in(&t and a ing'e o&t(&t. T*e o&t(&t o/ an
OR gate i t%&e i/ an$ one o/ t*e in(&t i t%&e and i /a'e i/ a'' o/ t*e in(&t a%e /a'e. An
IN8ERTER *a a ing'e in(&t and a ing'e o&t(&t te%mina' and can c*ange a t%&e igna'
to a /a'e igna'= t*& (e%/o%ming t*e NOT /&nction. 3o%e com('icated 'ogic ci%c&it a%e
b&i't &( /%om e'ementa%$ gate. T*e$ inc'&de /'i(/'o( Bbina%$ )itc*e= co&nte%=
com(a%ato%= adde%= and mo%e com('e combination.
To (e%/o%m a dei%ed ove%a'' /&nction= 'a%ge n&mbe% o/ 'ogic e'ement ma$ be connected
in com('e ci%c&it. In ome cae mic%o(%oceo% a%e &ti'i?ed to (e%/o%m man$ o/ t*e
)itc*ing and timing /&nction o/ t*e individ&a' 'ogic e'ement. T*e (%oceo% a%e
(eci/ica''$ (%og%ammed )it* individ&a' int%&ction to (e%/o%m a given ta7 o% ta7. Anadvantage o/ mic%o(%oceo% i t*at t*e$ ma7e (oib'e t*e (e%/o%mance o/ di//e%ent
'ogic /&nction= de(ending on t*e (%og%am int%&ction t*at a%e to%ed. A diadvantage o/
mic%o(%oceo% i t*at no%ma''$ t*e$ o(e%ate in a e4&entia' mode= )*ic* ma$ be too
'o) /o% ome a(('ication. In t*ee cae (eci/ica''$ deigned 'ogic ci%c&it a%e &ed.
EJERCISES
A! READINGT() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* )7in .t7t)i). 7n
)in/-4) t-*i4 )7t) 6-478+79, n-t t- 4()4 874-+n n-))!
A!1! R))7 .)4ti-n 5!1! 7n 5!2! An )4i) -n t() +.). -/ t().) t9*). -/
7n7-+) 4i4+it.:
1! "-).+**9 4i4+it.
2! A?*i/i) 4i4+it.
&! O.4i7t-.
A!2! In .)4ti-n 5!&! -/ t() t)3t t() 4(774t)i.ti4. -/ -i4 4i4+it., -i4 7t).
7n -i4 /7?ii). 7) ).4i8)! E3*7in t() 7**i47ti-n. t(7t t().) *-*)ti).
-+ 8) ?-.t .+it78) /- 7n n7?) )74( t9*) -/ -i4 4i4+it!
B! VOCABULAR% #OR@
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
51/149
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- *-?-t) t() 74;+i.iti-n -/ n)
)3i47 it)?. 89 *-6iin 4--47ti-n., t)?. /--) 89 *)*-.iti-n. )3i47 .)t.
7n t7n.7ti-n. -/ t() t)?. 4-n.i)) ))67nt t- t() t-*i4!
B!1! >i in t() /--in i77?. it( t() ?i..in t)?.:
Di77? 5!1!
Di77? 5!2!
Di77? 5!&!
B!1! Ent) in t() /--in t78) in/-?7ti-n )7t) t- 7?*i/i) 4i4+it.
);+)n49
.*)4t+?
7n)
T9*) -/
.in7
7?*i/i47ti-
n
A**i47ti-n. "7ti4+7
4(774t)i.ti4.
LOGIC GATES
DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS
LOGIC ;A3ILIES
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
52/149
C! LANGUAGE >OCUS: #ORD >ORMATION
T() *+*-.) -/ t() /--in )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* 7n+7) 77)n).. in t)?. -/
- /-?7ti-n 89 ?)7n. -/ 8+iin - /7?ii)., +.in *)/i3). 7n .+//i3)., 7n
.*)in -/ 4-?*-+n.!
C!1! >in 7t )7.t /-+ t)?. 8)-nin t- t() .7?) - /7?i9 7. t()
/--in t)?. 7n i)nti/9 t() - /-?7ti-n *7tt)n in )74( 47.)!
1.to am('i/$
!. to &(('$
+. to oci''ate
C!2! Ent) t() t)?. t(7t 47n 8) +.) 7. n-+n. +n) t() 7**-*i7t)
()7in in t() t78) 8)- 7n +.) t()? in .)nt)n4).:
T78) 5!2!
NOUN #- /-?7ti-n *7tt)n< V1in= -
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
53/149
e'ect%on
&(e%
b$
di
c&t
o(
DC
3&'ti
in
non
b%ig*t
mic%oind&ctance
c%$ta'
*ig*
igna'
te'e(*one
>oo'ean
t%&eo'id
t%an
%e
t%anito%
emi
%eito%
emitte%
ve%$
/'i(
bi
mic%o
ic
im(oe
(a
to%tion
o//
am(
co&('ed
tage
(&t
'inea%
ne
)aveca(acitance
cont%o''ed
/%e4&enc$
detection
)itc*ing
a'geb%a
/a'etate
d&ce%
move
t%anito% 'ogic
cond&cto%
t%anito% 'ogic
co&('ed 'ogic
*ig* (eed $tem
/'o(
na%$
(%oceo%
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
54/149
D! TRANSLATION
T() *+*-.) -/ t(i. )3)4i.) i. t- )6)-* t7n.7tin .i.!
D!1! T7n.7t) t() /--in t)?. int- Eni.(:
P%i?= &% de a'imenta%e= c&%ent contin&&= c&%ent a'te%nativ= t%an/o%mato%= di(o?itiv=
i?o'aKie= %ed%eo%= i'ici&= ond&'aKie= /'&ct&aKie= di/&ncKiona'= a /i't%a= condenato%= dioda
?ene%= tabi'i?ato% de teni&ne= ci%c&it am('i/icato%= emna'= ci%c&it dic%et= mic%o(%oceo%=
oci'ato%= a'geb%a >oo'ean= (oa%t 'ogic= inve%o%= conto%= com(a%ato%= &mato%.
E! S"EA@ING
T() *+*-.) -/ t().) )3)4i.). i. t- )6)-* .*)7in .i. it( 7 /-4+. -n
E!1! T7 it( -n) -/ 9-+ 4-)7+). 7n n7?) 7t )7.t t- -i4 7t). t(7t
9-+ 7) /7?ii7 it(! D).4i8) t()? 7n i)nti/9 t() /+n4ti-n )74( -/ t()?
*)/-?.!
Unit F
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
55/149
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AIM:
To %ecogni?e t*e Eng'i* tec*nica' te%m %e'ated to te'ecomm&nication and
t*e deve'o(ment o/ t*i /ie'd@
OBECTIVES:On &cce/&''$ com('eting t*i &nit t*e t&dent *o&'d be ab'e to
identi/$ co%%ect'$ t*e te%m de/ining te'ecomm&nication device
and $tem@
%ecognie t*e (eci/ic te%m %e'ated to te'eg%a(*= te'e(*one and
b%oadcating $tem@
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
56/149
c*a%acte%ie t*e o(e%ation (%inci('e o/ eac* b%anc* o/
te'ecomm&nication@
identi/$ t*e t$(e o/ e4&i(ment &ed /o% t%anmitting and %eceivingt*e va%io& t$(e o/ igna'@
dec%ibe t*e a(('ication made (oib'e b$ eac*
te'ecomm&nication $tem@
aimi'ate at 'eat +" te%m (eci/ic o/ ending= %eceiving= and
conve%ting igna'@
@E% TERMS:
electronic signal, optical signal, sender, recipient, telephone system, medium, radio
wave, strand of glass fibre, point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, facsimile (fax) message,broadcast, telegraph, intercity message, transcontinental message, transoceanic
message, electromagnetism, prototype, decipher, switching technology, , long-distance
telephone service, public communications, 0orse-code telegraph signal, wireless
telegraphy, mass-communication
TELECOMMUNICATIONSF!1! INTRODUCTIONTe'ecomm&nication= device and $tem t*at t%anmit e'ect%onic o% o(tica' igna'
ac%o 'ong ditance. Te'ecomm&nication enab'e (eo('e a%o&nd t*e )o%'d to contact
one anot*e%= to acce in/o%mation intant'$= and to comm&nicate /%om %emote a%ea.
Te'ecomm&nication &&a''$ invo've a ende% o/ in/o%mation and one o% mo%e %eci(ient
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
57/149
'in7ed b$ a tec*no'og$= &c* a a te'e(*one $tem= t*at t%anmit in/o%mation /%om one
('ace to anot*e%. Te'ecomm&nication enab'e (eo('e to end and %eceive (e%ona'
meage ac%o to)n= bet)een co&nt%ie= and to and /%om o&te% (ace. It a'o (%ovide
t*e 7e$ medi&m /o% de'ive%ing ne)= data= in/o%mation= and ente%tainment.
Te'ecomm&nication device conve%t di//e%ent t$(e o/ in/o%mation= &c* a o&nd and
video= into e'ect%onic o% o(tica' igna'. E'ect%onic igna' t$(ica''$ t%ave' a'ong a
medi&m &c* a co((e% )i%e o% a%e ca%%ied ove% t*e ai% a %adio )ave. O(tica' igna'
t$(ica''$ t%ave' a'ong a medi&m &c* a t%and o/ g'a /ib%e. :*en a igna' %eac*e it
detination= t*e device on t*e %eceiving end conve%t t*e igna' bac7 into an
&nde%tandab'e meage= &c* a o&nd ove% a te'e(*one= moving image on a te'eviion=
o% te%m and (ict&%e on a com(&te% c%een.
Te'ecomm&nication meage can be ent in a va%iet$ o/ )a$ and b$ a )ide %ange o/device. T*e meage can be ent /%om one ende% to a ing'e %eceive% B(ointto(oint o%
/%om one ende% to man$ %eceive% B(ointtom&'ti(oint. Pe%ona' comm&nication= &c*
a a te'e(*one conve%ation bet)een t)o (eo('e o% a /acimi'e B/a meage= &&a''$
invo've (ointto(oint t%anmiion. Pointtom&'ti(oint te'ecomm&nication= o/ten ca''ed
b%oadcat= (%ovide t*e bai /o% comme%cia' %adio and te'eviion (%og%amming.
F!2! $ISTOR%
Comm&nicating ove% 'ong ditance *a been a c*a''enge t*%o&g*o&t *ito%$. 3ode%nte'ecomm&nication began in t*e 15"" )it* t*e dicove%$ t*at e'ect%icit$ can be &ed to
t%anmit a igna'. ;o% t*e /i%t time= a igna' co&'d be ent /ate% t*an an$ ot*e% mode o/
t%an(o%tation. T*e /i%t (%actica' te'ecomm&nication device to ma7e &e o/ t*i
dicove%$ )a t*e te'eg%a(*.
F!2!1! T() T))7*(
>eginning in t*e mid15""= t*e te'eg%a(* de'ive%ed t*e /i%t inte%cit$= t%ancontinenta'=
and t%anoceanic meage in t*e )o%'d. T*e te'eg%a(* %evo'&tioni?ed t*e )a$ (eo('e
comm&nicated b$ (%oviding meage /ate% t*an an$ ot*e% mean (%ovided at t*e time.
Ame%ican a%t (%o/eo% Sam&e' ;. >. 3o%e (&%&ed an inte%et in e'ect%omagnetim to
c%eate a (%actica' e'ect%omagnetic te'eg%a(* in 15+2. 3o%e (a%tne%ed )it* A'/%ed 8ai'
-
8/13/2019 Laura Sasu Unit1-15
58/149
and )a ab'e to comme%cia'i?e t*e tec*no'og$ )it* /inancia' &((o%t /%om t*e U.S.
gove%nment. In 15,+ 3o%e b&i't a demont%ation te'eg%a(* 'in7 bet)een :a*ington=
D.C.= and >a'timo%e= 3a%$'and. On 3a$ !,= 15,,= t*e net)o%7 )a ina&g&%ated /o%
comme%cia' &e )it* t*e meage= :*at *at* God )%o&g*t
Te'eg%a(* &e 4&ic7'$ (%ead@ t*e /i%t t%ancontinenta' 'in7 )a com('eted in 1501
bet)een San ;%ancico= Ca'i/o%nia= and :a*ington= D.C. Rai'%oad com(anie and
ne)(a(e% )e%e t*e /i%t majo% te'eg%a(*$ &e%. Te'eg%a(* 'ine )e%e cont%&cted
(a%a''e' to %ai'%oad bed. Te'eg%a(*$ *e'(ed t*e %ai'%oad manage t%a//ic and a''o)ed
ne) o%gani?ation to dit%ib&te to%ie 4&ic7'$ to 'oca' ne)(a(e%. :it*in a /e) $ea%=
eve%a' te'eg%a(* com(anie )e%e in o(e%ation= eac* )it* it o)n net)o%7 o/ te'eg%a(*
)i%e. Cono'idation occ&%%ed in t*e te'eg%a(* ind&t%$ Ba it *a in n&me%o&
te'ecomm&nication ind&t%ie= and b$ t*e 152" t*e :ete%n Union Te'eg%a(*Com(an$ eme%ged a t*e dominant o(e%ato%.
F!2!2! C-??)4i7 G-t( -/ t() T))*(-n)
In 1520 Ame%ican invento% A'eande% G%a*am >e'' &*e%ed in a ne) e%a o/ voice and
o&nd te'ecomm&nication )*en *e &tte%ed to *i aitant t*e te%m= 3%. :aton= come
*e%e@ I )ant $o&= &ing a (%otot$(e te'e(*one. >e'' %eceived t*e (atent /o% t*e /i%t
te'e(*one= b&t *e *ad to /ig*t n&me%o& 'ega' c*a''enge to *i (atent /%om ot*e%
invento% )it* imi'a% device. >e'' )a ab'e to ma7e *i (%otot$(e te'e(*one )o%7= andt*i enab'ed *im to att%act /inancia' bac7e%= and *i com(an$ g%e). T