SEMINAR REPORTON

LAUNCHING VEHICLES & SATELLITES

BY

RAGHU.R(1ME04ME012)

CONTENTS

PART-1: INTRODUCTION TO LAUNCHING VEHICLES.

PART-2: PRINCIPLE OF LAUNCHING VEHICLES.

PART-3: IMPLEMENTATION OF

LAUNCHING VEHICLES. PART-4: SATELLITES.

PART-1

INTRODUCTION

• Every day satellites are being launched , repaired or retrieved in space.

• Satellites are very important to the world & it finds its applications in all fields.

• These satellites are launched by using launching vehicles.

What is launching vehicle?

Launching vehicle is a system that is used to launch a satellite into a stable orbit unless two parameters that are

uniquely coupled together the velocity vector and the orbital height are

simultaneously correct.

PART-2

Launching vehicle principle

It works on the principle of Newton’s third law of motion

ie., every action has equal and opposite reaction.

Types of launching vehicles

Classified based on propellants used:

1.Solid rockets

2.Liquid rockets

3.Hybrid rockets

It can further be classified based on life span as

1. ELV

2. RLV

3. SSTO & RLV capability

Associated physics

• Thrust(Strength of the rocket measured in newtons)

• Projectile & escape velocity

• Impulse & momentum

PART-3

Launch vehicles recently used by ISRO

1. SLV

2. ASLV

3. PSLV

4. GSLV

Gross Mass(Kg) 

SLV3-1 10,800

 

SLV3-2 4,900

 

SLV3-3 1,500

 

SLV3-4 360

 

Fuel Mass(Kg) 

8.660 

3.150 

1,060 

260 

Empty Mass(Kg) 

2,140 

1,750 

440 

98 

(Stage Fuel- Mass-Ratio)

Motor Fuel-Mass-Ratio

 

(0.802) 0.851

  

(0.643) 0.843

  

(0.707) 0.875

  

(0.728)0.847

 

Length(m) 

10.0 

6.4 

2.3 

1.5 

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF SLV’s LAUNCHED

ASLV (Augmented satellite launch vehicle)

• Development in the traditional SLV

• Due to incorporation of boosters

• It consisted of more than one stage.

GSLV

• It is employed to place satellite in the geostationary orbit

• First launch April 18th 2001

• Telecommunication, environmental monitoring, navigation, remote sensing etc

A typical booster that was used on the GSLV

First stage

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

PSLV

• Employed to place a satellite in polar orbit

• Satellites are particularly useful for remote sensing, earth atmospheric conditions

  

Stage1 

Stage 2 

Stage 3 

Stage 4 

Nomenclature

 

Core PSI + Strap-

on PSOM 6Nos.

 

PS2 

PS3 

PS4 

Propellant  

Propellant Mass

(tonnes) 

Solid HTPB Based

 

 138.0+6X9.0 

Liquid UDMH+

N204 

40.6 

Solid HTPB Based

7.2 

Bi-Prop MMH+ N204

 2.0

 Stage Mass

(tonnes) 

229 

46 

8.4 

2.89 

Max Thrust (kN)

 

4628+662x6

 

725 

340 

7.4x2 

Burn time (sec)

 

107.4 45 

163 

76 

415 

Stage Dia(m)

 

2.8 1.0 

2.8 

2.0 

1.3 

Stage Length(m)

 

20 10

 

12.5 

3.6 

2.1 

PART-4

SATELLITES

What is a satellite?

•Path a satellite follows is known as orbit•Apogee(farthest point from earth)•Perigee(nearest point to earth)

A satellite is basically any object that revolves around the planet in a circular orbit or elliptical path purposely to perform a specific mission,

Important terms associated with satellites

Basic parts of a satellite

• BUS• BATTERIES• ONBOARD COMPUTER• RADIO SYSTEM AND ANTENNA• ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM

How is a satellite launched into the orbit?

All satellites get into orbit by riding on a rocket or in a space shuttle.

For most launches rocket is aimed straight up at first.During first few

minutes of the flight rocket generates very large thrust so as to

overcome the gravitational force.after it launches straight up

inertial guidance system comes into picture.

Applications of satellites

Its applications is found in all the fields

•Weather satellites tiros,cosmos,goes.

•Communications satellites Insat launched by India•Broadcast satellites•Scientific satellites Hubble telescope•Navigation satellites GPS NAVSTAR•Rescue satellites •Earth observation satellites landsat satellites•Military satellites

•

How Much Do Satellites Cost?

Satellite launches don't always go well, as shown by this story on failed launches in 1999. There is a great deal at stake. For example, this hurricane-watch satellite mission cost $290 million. This missile-warning satellite cost $682 million. Another important factor with satellites is the cost of the launch. According to this report, a satellite launch can cost anywhere between $50 million and $400 million. A shuttle mission pushes toward half a billion dollars (a shuttle mission could easily carry several satellites into orbit). You can see that building a satellite, getting it into orbit and then maintaining it from the ground control facility is a major financial endeavor! Major U.S. satellite firms include:

•Hughes •Ball Aerospace &Technologies Corp. •Boeing •Lockheed Martin

What are the different types of satellite orbits?

•Geosynchronous orbit•Asynchronous orbit•Polar orbit

Pioneers satellites(1957)

                          

 

NASA's Syncom programme (1963) :

                           

Early Bird (1965)                            Later communications satellites intelsat3                          

History of satellite development

The Soviet Sputnik satellite was the first to orbit Earth, launched on October 4, 1957.

Sputnik is a good example of just how simple a satellite can be. As we will see later, today's satellites are generally far more complicated, but the basic idea is a straightforward one.

After 92 days, gravity took over and Sputnik burned in Earth's atmosphere. Thirty days after the Sputnik launch, the dog Laika orbited in a half-ton Sputnik satellite with an air supply for the dog. It burned in the atmosphere in April 1958.

ISRO's latest satellite, INSAT-4B, was successfully launched on (March 12, 2007) by the European Ariane-5 ECA launch vehicle of Arianespace. The 3,025 kg INSAT-4B is the second satellite in the INSAT-4 series. An identical satellite, INSAT-4A, was launched by Ariane-5 on December 22, 2005. INSAT-4B will further augment the INSAT capacity for Direct-To-Home (DTH) television services and other communication and TV services.

Established in 1983, the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) is the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia Pacific Region with nine satellites in operation. It provides services in telecommunication, television broadcasting, meteorology including disaster warning, tele-education and telemedicine. The system has 175 transponders at present for communication services besides meteorological instruments (Very High Resolution Radiometer and Charged Coupled Device (CCD) cameras) for providing meteorological data. .

Indian space satellites

Indian space satellites

Aryabhata, the first Indian space satellite, was launched for India on April 19, 1975 Later, Bhaskara-I, an Earth Indian observation satellite, launched for India on June 7. 1979

India launched its own satellite for the first time on July 18, 1980. It was the Rohini-1 satellite carried aloft on a Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) rocket from the Sriharikota Island launch site.Since then, India has invested a great deal of its space development work in complex applications satellites. The nation's two main interests are satellites for remote sensing and communications — used for weather pictures, disaster warnings and feeds to 552 television

Rohini

Aryabhata

           

ISRO image of India's Technology Experiment Satellite

India's Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) was launched on October 22, 2001, aboard a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C3) from Sriharikota to a 350-mL-high orbit.

The 2,440-lb. satellite tested new payload technologies, ranging fromcommunications to remote sensing. It carried a panchromatic camera for Earth-imaging.

Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe at about 12,000 miles (19,300 km), making two complete rotations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at any time, anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites "visible" in the sky.

NAVSTAR GPS SATELLITE

The "Eskimo" Nebula (NGC2392)

Hubble space telescope

In 1975, the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA began developing the space telescope. In 1977, Congress approved funds for the space telescope, and NASA named Lockheed Martin Aerospace Company as the prime contractor to oversee its construction. In 1983, the space telescope was named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, whose observations of variable stars in distant galaxies confirmed that the universe was expanding and gave support to the "Big Bang" theory.

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