Lattice Energy LLC-High Level Historical and Technical Overview of LENRs-Feb 14 2009

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February 14, 2009 Copyright 2009 Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 1

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Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs)Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs)

Weak Interactions and Collective Effects Explain LENRs Weak Interactions and Collective Effects Explain LENRs in Condensed Matter Systemsin Condensed Matter Systems

HighHigh--Level Historical and Technical OverviewLevel Historical and Technical Overview

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LENR researchers have observed experimental anomalies

Since 1989, certain researchers in Since 1989, certain researchers in LENRs have documented genuine LENRs have documented genuine anomalies that occur in various types of anomalies that occur in various types of heavy and light hydrogen (e.g., Dheavy and light hydrogen (e.g., D22O and O and HH22O) experimental systems, all involving O) experimental systems, all involving ‘heavily‘heavily--loaded’ metallic hydrides:loaded’ metallic hydrides:

Electrical currentElectrical current--, laser, laser--, RF, RF--, and , and pressurepressure--driven triggering of different driven triggering of different types of nuclear effects types of nuclear effects

Calorimetrically measured excess heat Calorimetrically measured excess heat effects effects –– wide range of values from just wide range of values from just milliwatts to tens of Watts in some casesmilliwatts to tens of Watts in some cases

Production of helium isotopes; rarely Production of helium isotopes; rarely detect tritium (unstable H isotope)detect tritium (unstable H isotope)

Production of a broad array of different Production of a broad array of different stable isotopic transmutation products stable isotopic transmutation products (i.e., different elements) (i.e., different elements)

Production of modest fluxes of MeVProduction of modest fluxes of MeV--energy alpha particles and protons as energy alpha particles and protons as well as some minuscule fluxes of low well as some minuscule fluxes of low energy Xenergy X-- and gamma ray photons (no and gamma ray photons (no fluxes of ‘hard’ MeV energy gammas)fluxes of ‘hard’ MeV energy gammas) Artist’s rendering : Magnetic Fields Lines Around Black Hole

Artist’s rendering – black hole magnetic fields

Temp of Temp of ElectrolyteElectrolyte Temp of Temp of

BathBath

SourceSource: Violante et al (ENEA : Violante et al (ENEA –– Italy), Asti Conference, 2004Italy), Asti Conference, 2004

Apply Apply LaserLaser

Experimental example of laser triggeringExperimental example of laser triggering

Sharp increase in excess power/temp after applying laserSharp increase in excess power/temp after applying laser

In 1831, Michael Faraday was pilloried as In 1831, Michael Faraday was pilloried as a charlatan by fellow scientists when he a charlatan by fellow scientists when he claimed that he could generate an claimed that he could generate an electric current simply by moving a electric current simply by moving a magnet in a coil of wire. Stung by those magnet in a coil of wire. Stung by those vicious accusations, Faraday said, vicious accusations, Faraday said, "Nothing is too wonderful to be true if it "Nothing is too wonderful to be true if it be consistent with the laws of nature.be consistent with the laws of nature.""

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March 23, 1989: P&F announce discovery of “cold fusion”

Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007

•• On March 23, 1989, Pons and On March 23, 1989, Pons and Fleischmann, using a Pt anode and Pd Fleischmann, using a Pt anode and Pd cathode with Dcathode with D22O (heavy hydrogen) in O (heavy hydrogen) in a currenta current--driven electrolytic cell, driven electrolytic cell, naively suggested that a Dnaively suggested that a D--D “cold D “cold fusion” process caused their reported fusion” process caused their reported anomalous excess heat resultsanomalous excess heat results

•• Some critics argued that ‘light’ water Some critics argued that ‘light’ water control experiments should be control experiments should be performed; if no excess heat were performed; if no excess heat were detected, it would help bolster the detected, it would help bolster the case for P&F’s Dcase for P&F’s D--D fusion hypothesis D fusion hypothesis

•• Unfortunately, a number of other Unfortunately, a number of other researchers, including Pons himself, researchers, including Pons himself, detected excess heat in subsequent detected excess heat in subsequent light water (Hlight water (H22O) electrolytic cells, O) electrolytic cells, casting doubt on P&F’s Dcasting doubt on P&F’s D--D fusion ideaD fusion idea

P&F’s LENR DP&F’s LENR D--D fusion paradigm D fusion paradigm quickly encountered problems quickly encountered problems because excess heat was also because excess heat was also detected in light water detected in light water experimentsexperiments

“At the April 17,1989, news “At the April 17,1989, news conference, Pons addressed an conference, Pons addressed an issue which has caused disquiet issue which has caused disquiet … the lack of a direct … the lack of a direct comparison between an comparison between an electrolytic cell containing electrolytic cell containing heavy water and one containing heavy water and one containing ordinary water. Pons tantalized ordinary water. Pons tantalized his audience by indicating that his audience by indicating that results from just such a results from just such a comparison suggested an comparison suggested an ‘unexpected’ production of heat ‘unexpected’ production of heat in the ordinary cell.” in the ordinary cell.” Nature Nature 338 338 April 27, 1989, pp. 691, “Hopes April 27, 1989, pp. 691, “Hopes for nuclear fusion continue to for nuclear fusion continue to turn cool”turn cool”

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P&F observe 4He, but no other ‘normal’ D-D fusion products

Well accepted ‘normal’ DWell accepted ‘normal’ D--D fusion D fusion reactions produce products in three reactions produce products in three branches with ~ 1:1 ratio between 1branches with ~ 1:1 ratio between 1--2:2:

#1 [~ 50 %] #1 [~ 50 %]

#2 [~ 50 %]#2 [~ 50 %]

#3 [~ 10 #3 [~ 10 --55 %]%]

At the April 17, 1989, news conference, At the April 17, 1989, news conference, “Pons announced a new piece of “Pons announced a new piece of supporting evidence: mass supporting evidence: mass spectroscopy of the gases evolving spectroscopy of the gases evolving from a working fusion cell revealed the from a working fusion cell revealed the presence of presence of 44He in quantities He in quantities consistent with the reported energy consistent with the reported energy production, if all deuteronproduction, if all deuteron--deuteron deuteron fusions produce fusions produce 44He rather than tritium He rather than tritium [t] and a proton [p] or [t] and a proton [p] or 33He and a He and a [energetic] neutron [n].” [energetic] neutron [n].” Nature Nature 338 338 April 27, 1989, pp. 691, “Hopes for April 27, 1989, pp. 691, “Hopes for nuclear fusion continue to turn cool”nuclear fusion continue to turn cool”


•• P&F’s claimed heliumP&F’s claimed helium--4 observations 4 observations questioned by other scientistsquestioned by other scientists

•• From 1989 through early 2000s, other From 1989 through early 2000s, other LENR researchers (esp. McKubre at SRI LENR researchers (esp. McKubre at SRI and Miles at USNand Miles at USN--China Lake) continue China Lake) continue to improve and correlate Pdto improve and correlate Pd--D loading, D loading, 44He and heat measurements; yet they He and heat measurements; yet they still cannot demonstrate large fluxes of still cannot demonstrate large fluxes of tritium, protons, tritium, protons, 33He, neutrons, or He, neutrons, or γγ--radiation that would be commensurate radiation that would be commensurate with measured excess heat according with measured excess heat according to wellto well--accepted knowledge about accepted knowledge about branching ratios of Dbranching ratios of D--D fusion reaction D fusion reaction

•• “Cold fusion” theorists (e.g., Hagelstein, “Cold fusion” theorists (e.g., Hagelstein, Chubbs) develop theories of LENRs Chubbs) develop theories of LENRs invoking ‘new physics’ to explain the invoking ‘new physics’ to explain the discrepancy with Ddiscrepancy with D--D branching ratiosD branching ratios

•• As of 2009, still no believable evidence As of 2009, still no believable evidence that Dthat D--D fusion branching ratios change D fusion branching ratios change substantially at low energiessubstantially at low energies

γ radiationHedd

nHeddptdd

+→+

+→+

+→+

42

32

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1996: Miley reports anomalous light water transmutations


•• Reports of transmutations seen in LENR Reports of transmutations seen in LENR experiments began to surface in the early experiments began to surface in the early 1990s; this work was done in Russia, the 1990s; this work was done in Russia, the U.S., and especially JapanU.S., and especially Japan

•• In 1996, Prof. George Miley at U. of Illinois In 1996, Prof. George Miley at U. of Illinois first reported wellfirst reported well--documented documented observations of a bewildering array of observations of a bewildering array of transmutation products (different stable transmutation products (different stable elements) seen in a series of important elements) seen in a series of important experiments with light water Pexperiments with light water P--F type F type electrolytic cells using Ni cathodeselectrolytic cells using Ni cathodes

•• LENR researchers working with heavy LENR researchers working with heavy water systems did not believe the water systems did not believe the transmutation results reported by transmutation results reported by Japanese/Miley et al. because could not Japanese/Miley et al. because could not reconcile them with Dreconcile them with D--D fusion paradigmD fusion paradigm

Miley observed a distinctive 5Miley observed a distinctive 5--peak mass spectrum of stable peak mass spectrum of stable transmutation products transmutation products comprising a wide variety of comprising a wide variety of elements not initially present in elements not initially present in light water electrolytic cellslight water electrolytic cells

Tadahiko Mizuno (Japan) Tadahiko Mizuno (Japan) subsequently observed very subsequently observed very similar multisimilar multi--peak mass peak mass spectrum, only in heavy water spectrum, only in heavy water LENR electrolytic cellsLENR electrolytic cells

Atomic Mass = A (0 Atomic Mass = A (0 –– 250)250)

Miley et al. incorrectly interpret this product mass Miley et al. incorrectly interpret this product mass spectrum as the result of a fission process spectrum as the result of a fission process

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2002: Lipson reports MeV protons/alphas in light water


•• In March 2002 at Midwest regional APS In March 2002 at Midwest regional APS meeting, Prof. Andrei Lipson (Inst. Phys. meeting, Prof. Andrei Lipson (Inst. Phys. Chem. Chem. –– Moscow) et al. report unambiguous Moscow) et al. report unambiguous detection of small fluxes of ~1.7 MeV protons detection of small fluxes of ~1.7 MeV protons and 13.5 and 13.5 ++ 2.5 MeV alpha particles (2.5 MeV alpha particles (44He He nuclei) using CRnuclei) using CR--39 plastic detectors in P39 plastic detectors in P--F F type Htype H22SOSO44 light water electrolytic cells with light water electrolytic cells with thinthin--film Pd/Ni cathodes; evidence for novel film Pd/Ni cathodes; evidence for novel nuclear processes taking place in systemnuclear processes taking place in system

•• Very high energy 14 Very high energy 14 -- 16 MeV alpha particles 16 MeV alpha particles observed in Lipson et al.’s experiments are observed in Lipson et al.’s experiments are quite distinctive and very anomalous quite distinctive and very anomalous -- cannot cannot be produced by prosaic chemical or nuclear be produced by prosaic chemical or nuclear processes or the decay of known heavy processes or the decay of known heavy alphaalpha--emitting isotopesemitting isotopes

•• Lattice Energy LLC supported the workLattice Energy LLC supported the work

In later experiments using CRIn later experiments using CR--39 39 detectors, small fluxes of protons detectors, small fluxes of protons and alpha particles with ~ same and alpha particles with ~ same energies were also observed by energies were also observed by Lipson, Karabut, and others in a Lipson, Karabut, and others in a number of very different types of number of very different types of LENR experiments that included LENR experiments that included Ti Ti --DD22O glow discharge cells, O glow discharge cells, laser irradiation of TiDlaser irradiation of TiDxx and TiHand TiHxxtargets, and controlled deuterium targets, and controlled deuterium desorption from Pd/PdO:Ddesorption from Pd/PdO:Dxxheterostucturesheterostuctures

According to WidomAccording to Widom--Larsen Larsen theory, large fluxes of ultra low theory, large fluxes of ultra low momentum neutrons produced in momentum neutrons produced in wellwell--performing LENR systems performing LENR systems can create new types of unstable, can create new types of unstable, extremely heavyextremely heavy--mass isotopes mass isotopes that rapidly alphathat rapidly alpha--decay. decay.

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2002: Iwamura et al. report important transmutation results


•• In May 2002 at ICCFIn May 2002 at ICCF--9 in Beijing, China, 9 in Beijing, China, Dr. Yasuhiro Iwamura and colleagues at Dr. Yasuhiro Iwamura and colleagues at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan) first Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan) first report expensive, carefully executed report expensive, carefully executed experiments clearly showing experiments clearly showing transmutation of selected ‘target’ transmutation of selected ‘target’ elements to other elementselements to other elements

•• Experiments involved permeation of DExperiments involved permeation of D22gas under 1 atm pressure at 343gas under 1 atm pressure at 343oo K K through a Pd:Pd/CaO thinthrough a Pd:Pd/CaO thin--film structure film structure with Cs and Sr ‘target’ elements placed with Cs and Sr ‘target’ elements placed on outermost Pd surfaceon outermost Pd surface

•• Results showed that Cs was transmuted Results showed that Cs was transmuted to Pr and Sr was transmuted to Moto Pr and Sr was transmuted to Mo

•• Invoked EINR model (1998) to explain it Invoked EINR model (1998) to explain it

Iwamura et al, Advanced Iwamura et al, Advanced Technology Research Technology Research Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, “Elemental Industries, “Elemental Analyses of Pd Complexes: Analyses of Pd Complexes: Effects of D2 Gas Effects of D2 Gas Permeation” , Permeation” , Japanese Japanese Journal of Applied PhysicsJournal of Applied Physics 41 41 (July 2002) pp. 4642(July 2002) pp. 4642

WidomWidom--Larsen theory can Larsen theory can easily explain these resultseasily explain these results

Cs goes downCs goes down

Pr goes upPr goes up

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2003: Letts and Cravens report laser triggering of LENRs


•• In August 2003, Dennis Letts, an In August 2003, Dennis Letts, an amateur scientist, and Dr. Dennis amateur scientist, and Dr. Dennis Cravens reported laser triggering of Cravens reported laser triggering of excess heat in Pexcess heat in P--F type DF type D22O LENR O LENR electrolytic cells with a Pd cathode electrolytic cells with a Pd cathode (Au [gold] overlayer) by irradiating (Au [gold] overlayer) by irradiating the cathode with a 670 nm, 30 mW the cathode with a 670 nm, 30 mW red pen laserred pen laser

•• LENR triggering via laser irradiation LENR triggering via laser irradiation was subsequently confirmed by other was subsequently confirmed by other researchers such as McKubre (SRI) researchers such as McKubre (SRI) Violante (ENEA, Italy), and StormsViolante (ENEA, Italy), and Storms

•• As of 2006, laser triggering LENR As of 2006, laser triggering LENR experiments by Letts, Cravens, and experiments by Letts, Cravens, and Violante et al. continuedViolante et al. continued

These laser triggering experiments These laser triggering experiments demonstrated an important demonstrated an important connection between nuclear connection between nuclear reactions creating excess heat in reactions creating excess heat in LENR systems and absorption of LENR systems and absorption of energy by surface plasmon polariton energy by surface plasmon polariton electrons (SPPs) that are normally electrons (SPPs) that are normally found on the surfaces of all metalsfound on the surfaces of all metals

Laser photons can couple with SPPs Laser photons can couple with SPPs if certain specific surface roughness if certain specific surface roughness conditions are met. SPPs represent a conditions are met. SPPs represent a collective oscillation of electrons; collective oscillation of electrons; only loosely bound to ion coresonly loosely bound to ion cores

Later experiments in which heat Later experiments in which heat effect was altered by changing light effect was altered by changing light polarization ‘clinched’ the causal polarization ‘clinched’ the causal connection to SPPs (Violante connection to SPPs (Violante –– 2004)2004)

Electric fields surrounding “nanorice” Au coating on hematite core

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2004: DOE convenes review panel to reexamine LENRs


Scientific review paper summarizing case for LENRs prepareScientific review paper summarizing case for LENRs prepared for d for DOE panel by Hagelstein, McKubre, Nagel, Chubb, and Hekman. DOE panel by Hagelstein, McKubre, Nagel, Chubb, and Hekman. The paper and other materials provided to panel showcased The paper and other materials provided to panel showcased Hagelstein’s theoretical and McKubre’s experimental work. Hagelstein’s theoretical and McKubre’s experimental work.

Excerpts from final DOE panel report dated December 1, 200Excerpts from final DOE panel report dated December 1, 2004:4:

“[They] made argument that …branching ratios are different at lo“[They] made argument that …branching ratios are different at low energies and w energies and that in cold fusion, that in cold fusion, 44He fusion channel is predominant … no high energy gamma rays He fusion channel is predominant … no high energy gamma rays accompany the accompany the 44He [production] …”He [production] …”

“To explain these … [results, the] reviewers were presented with“To explain these … [results, the] reviewers were presented with a theoretical a theoretical framework that purported to describe how collective energy from framework that purported to describe how collective energy from the material the material lattice couples to a deuteron pair to induce fusion, how the onllattice couples to a deuteron pair to induce fusion, how the only fusion reaction y fusion reaction channel that occurs would be the production of channel that occurs would be the production of 44He, and how all the energy is He, and how all the energy is coupled back into the material in the form of heat instead of hicoupled back into the material in the form of heat instead of highgh--energy gammaenergy gamma--rays.” rays.”

“The reviewers raised serious concerns regarding the assumptions“The reviewers raised serious concerns regarding the assumptions postulated in postulated in the proposed theoretical model for the explanation for the proposed theoretical model for the explanation for 44He production.”He production.”

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2005: DOE 2004 LENR panel reviewers’ comments leaked


January 2005, a copy of the DOE scientific panel reviewers’ January 2005, a copy of the DOE scientific panel reviewers’ comments on the evidence provided was leaked to the public; comments on the evidence provided was leaked to the public; excerpts regarding LENR theories involving Dexcerpts regarding LENR theories involving D--D fusion include:D fusion include:

Reviewer #7Reviewer #7, page 17,, page 17, “From a nuclear physics perspective, such conclusions “From a nuclear physics perspective, such conclusions are not to be believed.”are not to be believed.”

Reviewer #11Reviewer #11, page 24,, page 24, “The lack of testable theories for [LENRs] is a major “The lack of testable theories for [LENRs] is a major impediment to acceptance of experimental claims … What is requirimpediment to acceptance of experimental claims … What is required for the ed for the evidence [presented] to be conclusive is either a testable theorevidence [presented] to be conclusive is either a testable theoretical model or etical model or an engineering demonstration of a self powered system…”an engineering demonstration of a self powered system…”

Reviewer #12Reviewer #12, page 25 , page 25 -- 26,26, “Compared with the experimental efforts, the “Compared with the experimental efforts, the theoretical work is even more unconvincing … theory has to be fotheoretical work is even more unconvincing … theory has to be formulated to rmulated to explain … the enhanced nuclear reaction rate in the condensed maexplain … the enhanced nuclear reaction rate in the condensed matter tter environment … Because of these deficiencies, one is having a difenvironment … Because of these deficiencies, one is having a difficult time in ficult time in understanding the experimental implications … The most puzzling understanding the experimental implications … The most puzzling part for part for nuclear theory is the lack of neutrons commensurate with the heanuclear theory is the lack of neutrons commensurate with the heat production t production and the complete reversal of the ratio for the reaction channelsand the complete reversal of the ratio for the reaction channels. This is still the . This is still the crucial and seemingly insurmountable physics problem that needs crucial and seemingly insurmountable physics problem that needs to be to be resolved … The lack of gamma rays …from the sample forced researresolved … The lack of gamma rays …from the sample forced researchers to chers to invent a coupling between the nuclear interaction and lattice viinvent a coupling between the nuclear interaction and lattice vibrations brations [phonons] … A series of conjectures is formulated in Hagelstein’[phonons] … A series of conjectures is formulated in Hagelstein’s paper, but a s paper, but a lot of them appear to be too ad hoc … In summary … there is no tlot of them appear to be too ad hoc … In summary … there is no theory for lowheory for low--energy nuclear reactions yet.”energy nuclear reactions yet.”

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LENR facts, the problem, and the Widom-Larsen solution

•• FactsFacts: although the quality of : although the quality of experimental data varies greatly, a experimental data varies greatly, a significant body of the experimental work significant body of the experimental work conducted in LENRs was actually well conducted in LENRs was actually well done and, until now, inexplicable done and, until now, inexplicable

•• ProblemProblem: Standard Model nuclear theory : Standard Model nuclear theory was not applied to explain these was not applied to explain these experimental results; LENR researchers experimental results; LENR researchers developed various ad hoc theories (e.g., developed various ad hoc theories (e.g., Hagelstein) invoking ‘new physics’ to Hagelstein) invoking ‘new physics’ to explain just some of the data. For good explain just some of the data. For good reason, such Dreason, such D--D “cold fusion” theories D “cold fusion” theories were rejected by mainstream physicists were rejected by mainstream physicists

•• SolutionSolution: since 2005, W: since 2005, W--L have published L have published a theory of LENRs that successfully a theory of LENRs that successfully addresses issues raised by the 2004 DOE addresses issues raised by the 2004 DOE review panel and explains all of the good review panel and explains all of the good experimental data without invoking ‘new experimental data without invoking ‘new physics’ beyond the Standard Modelphysics’ beyond the Standard Model

“Not unnaturally, scientists like to think “Not unnaturally, scientists like to think that the predictions of their theories that the predictions of their theories are rational expectations. But only are rational expectations. But only nature is the arbiter of what is and what nature is the arbiter of what is and what is not.”is not.” -- Richard Milton, Richard Milton, Forbidden Forbidden ScienceScience, 1995, page 216, 1995, page 216

“The whole of science consists of data “The whole of science consists of data that, at one time or another, were that, at one time or another, were inexplicable.”inexplicable.” -- B. O'ReganB. O'Regan

“In any field, find the strangest thing “In any field, find the strangest thing and then explore it.”and then explore it.” -- Prof. John A. Prof. John A. Wheeler, Princeton theoretical Wheeler, Princeton theoretical physicist, first coined the term “black physicist, first coined the term “black hole” in 1967hole” in 1967

Artist’s rendering – black hole magnetic fields

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W-L theory can answer key questions about LENRs


WidomWidom--Larsen developed theory after careful evaluation of a large Larsen developed theory after careful evaluation of a large body of experimental data on LENRs; can answer key questions body of experimental data on LENRs; can answer key questions about LENRs that “cold fusion” researchers were unable to answeabout LENRs that “cold fusion” researchers were unable to answer r to the satisfaction of respected physicists such as Huizenga (19to the satisfaction of respected physicists such as Huizenga (1993):93):

Overcoming the Coulomb energy barrierOvercoming the Coulomb energy barrier:: weak interactionweak interaction--based Wbased W--L L theory posits that ultra low momentum neutrons and neutrinos aretheory posits that ultra low momentum neutrons and neutrinos arecreated from protons and heavycreated from protons and heavy--mass surface electrons in very high mass surface electrons in very high electromagnetic fields found on surfaces of ‘loaded’ metallic hyelectromagnetic fields found on surfaces of ‘loaded’ metallic hydrides. drides. Unlike chargedUnlike charged--particle Dparticle D--D fusion, no Coulomb barrier to ultra low D fusion, no Coulomb barrier to ultra low momentum (ULM) neutron absorption by nuclei; neutrons have no chmomentum (ULM) neutron absorption by nuclei; neutrons have no chargearge

Absence of large emissions of dangerous highAbsence of large emissions of dangerous high--energy neutronsenergy neutrons:: ULM ULM neutrons of the Wneutrons of the W--L theory have extraordinarily low energies and huge L theory have extraordinarily low energies and huge absorption cross sections absorption cross sections ------ are therefore very efficiently captured by are therefore very efficiently captured by nearby nuclei. As a result, ULMNs are very difficult to detect dnearby nuclei. As a result, ULMNs are very difficult to detect directly irectly

Absence of large, dangerous emissions of gamma radiationAbsence of large, dangerous emissions of gamma radiation:: in condensed in condensed matter LENR systems, heavymatter LENR systems, heavy--mass surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mass surface plasmon polariton (SPP) electrons have a unique ability to absorb gamma rays and convertelectrons have a unique ability to absorb gamma rays and convert them them directly to lowerdirectly to lower--energy infrared photons. In LENR systems, gammas energy infrared photons. In LENR systems, gammas produced during neutron captures and related beta decays are thuproduced during neutron captures and related beta decays are thus s absorbed and converted to heat internally rather than emitted toabsorbed and converted to heat internally rather than emitted to outsideoutside

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W-L theory explains other documented anomalies in LENRs


WidomWidom--Larsen theory of LENRs can:Larsen theory of LENRs can:

Explain absence of certain “normal” nuclear products and abnormaExplain absence of certain “normal” nuclear products and abnormal l proportions compared to what is known about Dproportions compared to what is known about D--D fusion reactions (as D fusion reactions (as reported in original work of Pons & Fleischmann and thousands ofreported in original work of Pons & Fleischmann and thousands of other other experiments since 1989) experiments since 1989) -- according to Widomaccording to Widom--Larsen, this is because Larsen, this is because LENRs do not involve appreciable amounts of DLENRs do not involve appreciable amounts of D--D/DD/D--T fusion processes T fusion processes

Explain insignificant production of dangerous longExplain insignificant production of dangerous long--lived radioactive lived radioactive isotopes (as reported in the original work of Pons & Fleischmannisotopes (as reported in the original work of Pons & Fleischmann as well as as well as thousands of other LENR experiments since 1989)thousands of other LENR experiments since 1989)

Explain mechanism for laser triggering of excess heat and transmExplain mechanism for laser triggering of excess heat and transmutations utations in H/D LENR systems (as reported by Letts, Cravens, McKubre, Stoin H/D LENR systems (as reported by Letts, Cravens, McKubre, Storms, and rms, and Violante)Violante)

Calculate reaction rates that are in agreement with the range ofCalculate reaction rates that are in agreement with the range of rates (10rates (1099

to 10to 101616 cmcm22/sec) that have been observed in different types of LENR /sec) that have been observed in different types of LENR experimental systems (as reported by Miles, McKubre, Miley and oexperimental systems (as reported by Miles, McKubre, Miley and others)thers)

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W-L theory also explains many other aspects of LENRs


WidomWidom--Larsen theory of LENRs also explains:Larsen theory of LENRs also explains:

Source of excess heat seen in D and H (heavy and light water) sySource of excess heat seen in D and H (heavy and light water) systems stems (e.g., Pons & Fleischmann, McKubre, Miley, Miles, (e.g., Pons & Fleischmann, McKubre, Miley, Miles, FocardiFocardi et al.)et al.)

Unusual 5Unusual 5--peak stable transmutation product mass spectra observed peak stable transmutation product mass spectra observed in H and D systems (e.g., Miley, Mizuno)in H and D systems (e.g., Miley, Mizuno)

Transmutation products frequently seen in H and D LENR systems Transmutation products frequently seen in H and D LENR systems (e.g., Miley, Mizuno, Iwamura, Violante, and many others) as wel(e.g., Miley, Mizuno, Iwamura, Violante, and many others) as well as in l as in certain types of highcertain types of high--current exploding wire and vacuum diode current exploding wire and vacuum diode experiments (US, UK, Russia experiments (US, UK, Russia -- in experiments back as far as 1880s)in experiments back as far as 1880s)

44He and He and 33He observed in D electrolytic systems (e.g., McKubre, Miles)He observed in D electrolytic systems (e.g., McKubre, Miles)

Variable fluxes of soft XVariable fluxes of soft X--rays seen in some experiments (e.g., Violante, rays seen in some experiments (e.g., Violante, KarabutKarabut))

Small fluxes of highSmall fluxes of high--energy alpha particles observed in certain LENR energy alpha particles observed in certain LENR systems (e.g., Lipson, systems (e.g., Lipson, KarabutKarabut))

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Key features of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs

•• Proposes that condensed matter LENRs primarily involve Proposes that condensed matter LENRs primarily involve massmass--renormalization of SPP electrons and subsequent renormalization of SPP electrons and subsequent weak interactions (creation of ultra low momentum weak interactions (creation of ultra low momentum neutrons and neutrinos; then neutron absorption by neutrons and neutrinos; then neutron absorption by nearby nuclei followed by beta decays to stable isotopes)nearby nuclei followed by beta decays to stable isotopes)

•• Implies that condensed matter LENRsImplies that condensed matter LENRs are primarily not are primarily not “cold fusion” or other forms of pure strong interactions“cold fusion” or other forms of pure strong interactions

•• Explains LENRs in terms of the wellExplains LENRs in terms of the well--accepted high accepted high energy Standard Modelenergy Standard Model

•• Includes condensed matter collective effects within the Includes condensed matter collective effects within the framework of the existing electroweak modelframework of the existing electroweak model

•• Does not employ anyDoes not employ any microscopic ‘new physics’ or microscopic ‘new physics’ or violate any conservation laws or gauge invarianceviolate any conservation laws or gauge invariance

•• Does not involve penetration of a Coulomb barrier Does not involve penetration of a Coulomb barrier ------neutrons have no charge. Furthermore, electrons and neutrons have no charge. Furthermore, electrons and protons naturallyprotons naturally attractattract each other each other ------ there is no there is no Coulomb barrier to surmount in Coulomb barrier to surmount in e + pe + p or or e + de + d reactionsreactions

Only like charges Only like charges deflect from a deflect from a

Coulomb barrierCoulomb barrier

"All great truths begin "All great truths begin as blasphemies.” as blasphemies.” George Bernard ShawGeorge Bernard Shaw

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Fusion and fission are not predominant in LENR systems

1.1. EE--M radiation on metallic hydride surface M radiation on metallic hydride surface increases mass of surface plasmon electronsincreases mass of surface plasmon electrons

2.2. HeavyHeavy--mass mass surface plasmon polariton surface plasmon polariton electrons ( ) electrons ( ) react directly with surface react directly with surface protonsprotons ((pp++ ) ) oror deuteronsdeuterons ((dd++) ) to produce ultra to produce ultra low momentumlow momentum (ULM) (ULM) neutronsneutrons ((nnulmulm or or 2n2nulmulm, , respectively) and an electron neutrino (respectively) and an electron neutrino (ννee))

3.3. Ultra low momentum neutronsUltra low momentum neutrons (nulm) are are captured by nearby atomic nucleicaptured by nearby atomic nuclei ((Z, AZ, A) ) representing some element with charge (representing some element with charge (ZZ) ) and atomic mass (and atomic mass (AA). ULM neutron absorption ). ULM neutron absorption produces a heavierproduces a heavier--mass isotope mass isotope ((ZZ, , A+1A+1)) via via transmutation. This new isotope transmutation. This new isotope ((ZZ, , A+1A+1)) may may itself be stable or unstable itself be stable or unstable

4.4. Unstable isotopes beta decay, producing: Unstable isotopes beta decay, producing: transmuted new elementtransmuted new element with increased with increased charge charge ((Z+1), Z+1), ~ same mass (~ same mass (A+1A+1) as “parent” ) as “parent” nucleus; nucleus; ββ particle (particle (ee-- ); and antineutrino ( )); and antineutrino ( )

Fundamental conceptsFundamental concepts of condensed matter weak interactions in of condensed matter weak interactions in WidomWidom--Larsen theory of LENRs are Larsen theory of LENRs are illustrated belowillustrated below::

e

ulm

eulm

eulm

eAZAZ

AZAZnnde

npe

ee

ν

ν

ν

++++→+

+→++→+

+→+

→+

−

+−

+−

−−

)1,1()1,(

)1,(),(2~

~

~)(radiation

‘‘Green’ weak interactionGreen’ weak interaction ββ-- decays (above), decays (above), alpha decays (not shown), and gammaalpha decays (not shown), and gamma--shielded shielded

neutron captures produce most of the energyneutron captures produce most of the energy

No strong interaction fusion or heavy No strong interaction fusion or heavy element fission taking place belowelement fission taking place below

eν

Unstable IsotopeUnstable Isotope

1.1.

2.2.

3.3.

4.4. New element New element –– stable stable or or unstableunstable

UnstableUnstable or Stableor Stable

−e~

Lattice Energy LLC


υeNow add collective Now add collective rearrangements from rearrangements from condensed matter effects.condensed matter effects. It is It is not just a two body collision!not just a two body collision!

Widom-Larsen extend collective effects to Standard Model


Simple twoSimple two--body collision shown in body collision shown in Feynman diagram below:Feynman diagram below: eulmnpe ν+⎯→⎯+ +−~

Surface “sea” of collectively oscillating SPP electrons (e-)

Many body surface “patch” of collectively oscillating protons (p+)

−e~

nnulmulm

pp++

W -

charged particles

uncharged particle

photon

boson

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Collective effects very important in Widom-Larsen theory


•• Collective effects lie at the heart of the Collective effects lie at the heart of the physics of condensed matter LENRsphysics of condensed matter LENRs

•• LENRs are able to occur at modest LENRs are able to occur at modest temperatures and pressures because of temperatures and pressures because of collective electromagnetic coupling collective electromagnetic coupling (caused by a breakdown of the Born(caused by a breakdown of the Born--Oppenheimer approximation) that occurs Oppenheimer approximation) that occurs between two types of intrinsically between two types of intrinsically collective oscillations found on metallic collective oscillations found on metallic hydride surfaces:hydride surfaces:

Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) electronselectrons

Contiguous coherent surface Contiguous coherent surface ‘patches’ of protons or deuterons that ‘patches’ of protons or deuterons that form on H or D ‘loaded’ hydrides form on H or D ‘loaded’ hydrides

•• Such coupling helps create very high Such coupling helps create very high local electric fields > 10local electric fields > 101111 V/m that can V/m that can renormalize masses of SPPs above renormalize masses of SPPs above threshold for ULM neutron production threshold for ULM neutron production

It is not difficult to throw a baseball at a It is not difficult to throw a baseball at a target with an energy of 10target with an energy of 102323 electron electron volts, but one will notvolts, but one will not see any nuclear see any nuclear transmutations. The electrical currents transmutations. The electrical currents must be collective and the electrons must be collective and the electrons must transfer energy coherently and all must transfer energy coherently and all together to trigger nuclear effectstogether to trigger nuclear effects

Surface Surface ProtonProton

““Sea” of SPP Sea” of SPP electronselectrons

When many electrons interact with a When many electrons interact with a proton, only one electron may pierce into proton, only one electron may pierce into the proton’s inside. That electron dies. All the proton’s inside. That electron dies. All of the other electrons have but donated a of the other electrons have but donated a little energy. The SPP plasma modes are little energy. The SPP plasma modes are collective and in synchronizationcollective and in synchronization

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Collective oscillations: surface plasmon polariton electrons


•• Confined to surfaces and nearConfined to surfaces and near--surfacesurface

•• Surface plasmons (SPs) are a collective Surface plasmons (SPs) are a collective oscillation of free electron gas at optical oscillation of free electron gas at optical frequenciesfrequencies

•• Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) are Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) are quasiparticlesquasiparticles resulting from strong resulting from strong coupling of coupling of electromagnetic waveselectromagnetic waves with an with an electric or magnetic electric or magnetic dipoledipole--carryingcarryingexcitation; i.e., result from coupling of excitation; i.e., result from coupling of surface plasmons with light (e.g., laser)surface plasmons with light (e.g., laser)

•• Play important role in Surface Enhanced Play important role in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)

•• Very sensitive to the properties of the Very sensitive to the properties of the materials on which they propagate materials on which they propagate

•• Interact strongly with nanoparticles Interact strongly with nanoparticles located on surface; can create huge range located on surface; can create huge range of variation in local electric field strengthsof variation in local electric field strengths

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Overview of W-L theory of LENRs in condensed matter


While it is a ‘busy’ While it is a ‘busy’ chart, this graphic chart, this graphic summarizes everything summarizes everything on a single pageon a single page

Please note that there Please note that there are multiple ways to are multiple ways to ‘pump energy into’ SPP ‘pump energy into’ SPP electrons, including electrons, including electric currents electric currents (electron “beam” in (electron “beam” in chart), ‘bombardment’ chart), ‘bombardment’ with ion fluxes, and with ion fluxes, and laser photonslaser photons

Collective effects and Collective effects and breakdown of the Bbreakdown of the B--O O approximation allow approximation allow SPP electrons to SPP electrons to become a ‘transducer’ become a ‘transducer’ that connects the that connects the otherwise disparate otherwise disparate realms of chemical and realms of chemical and nuclear energies nuclear energies

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W-L theory further extended beyond condensed matter


Extended WExtended W--L theory and collective effects from LENRs in condensed matter tL theory and collective effects from LENRs in condensed matter to o physical environments found in highphysical environments found in high--current exploding wires: large ‘wire’ inductors current exploding wires: large ‘wire’ inductors and magnetically dominated regimes that occur in largeand magnetically dominated regimes that occur in large--scale astrophysical systems.scale astrophysical systems.

Solves several

unexplained

astronomical mysteries

Energetic particles (GeVs), gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)

and ultra-high energy cosmic rays (TeVs)

Active galactic nuclei in vicinity

of compact, massive objects

(black holes)

Up to Up to several AU several AU (distance (distance from earth from earth

to sun)to sun)

Solves mysteries of heating of solar corona

and radioactive isotopes in stellar atmospheres

Transmutations, large fluxes of energetic

particles (to GeVs), limited gamma shielding, X-rays

Dusty plasmas: high mega-currents and

very large-scale, highly organized magnetic

fields

Outer layers and atmospheres of

stars (flux tubes)

Many Many Meters to Meters to

KilometersKilometers

This regime is useful for large-scale commercial

power generation

Transmutations, ‘leakier’ gamma shielding, heat; X-rays up to 10 keV, larger energetic particle fluxes

Dusty plasmas: mixed high-current and high local magnetic fields

Exploding wires, planetary lightning

Microns to Microns to Many Many

MetersMeters

This regime is useful for small-scale commercial

power generation

Transmutations, high level gamma shielding, heat,

some energetic particles

Very high, short-range electric fields on solid

substrates

Hydrogen isotopes on

metallic surfacesMicronsMicrons

Obtain unavailable trace elements; survive deadly gamma/X-ray radiation

Transmutations, highlevel gamma shielding

Very short-range electric or magnetic

fields

Certain earthly bacteria and

fungiSubmicronSubmicron

CommentCommentCollective LENR Collective LENR PhenomenaPhenomena

Electromagnetic Electromagnetic Regime Regime

TypeTypeof Systemof System

Length Length ScaleScale

Solves several

unexplained

astronomical mysteries

Energetic particles (GeVs), gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)

and ultra-high energy cosmic rays (TeVs)

Active galactic nuclei in vicinity

of compact, massive objects

(black holes)

Up to Up to several AU several AU (distance (distance from earth from earth

to sun)to sun)

Solves mysteries of heating of solar corona

and radioactive isotopes in stellar atmospheres

Transmutations, large fluxes of energetic

particles (to GeVs), limited gamma shielding, X-rays

Dusty plasmas: high mega-currents and

very large-scale, highly organized magnetic

fields

Outer layers and atmospheres of

stars (flux tubes)

Many Many Meters to Meters to

KilometersKilometers

This regime is useful for large-scale commercial

power generation

Transmutations, ‘leakier’ gamma shielding, heat; X-rays up to 10 keV, larger energetic particle fluxes

Dusty plasmas: mixed high-current and high local magnetic fields

Exploding wires, planetary lightning

Microns to Microns to Many Many

MetersMeters

This regime is useful for small-scale commercial

power generation

Transmutations, high level gamma shielding, heat,

some energetic particles

Very high, short-range electric fields on solid

substrates

Hydrogen isotopes on

metallic surfacesMicronsMicrons

Obtain unavailable trace elements; survive deadly gamma/X-ray radiation

Transmutations, highlevel gamma shielding

Very short-range electric or magnetic

fields

Certain earthly bacteria and

fungiSubmicronSubmicron

CommentCommentCollective LENR Collective LENR PhenomenaPhenomena

Electromagnetic Electromagnetic Regime Regime

TypeTypeof Systemof System

Length Length ScaleScale

Note: mass renormalization of electrons by high local ENote: mass renormalization of electrons by high local E--fields not a key factor in magnetically dominated regimes at larfields not a key factor in magnetically dominated regimes at large length scalesge length scales

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W-L and Srivastava – Standard Model + collective effects

Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007Source of Graphic: Nature, 445, January 4, 2007

Inc

rea

sing

ne

utro

n a

nd

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arg

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pa

rticle

en

erg

ies

Inc

rea

sing

ne

utro

n a

nd

ch

arg

ed

pa

rticle

en

erg

ies

ShortShort--Range Range Collective Collective

Electric Field Electric Field Effects Effects

DominateDominate

LongerLonger--Range Range Collective Collective Magnetic Magnetic

Field Effects Field Effects Begin to Begin to

DominateDominate

LongLong--Range Range Collective Collective Magnetic Magnetic

Field Effects Field Effects DominateDominate

Mixed Regime of High Energy Particle Reactions and LENRsMixed Regime of High Energy Particle Reactions and LENRs

ScalesScales--up to very large length scalesup to very large length scales Wide range of magnetic field strengthsWide range of magnetic field strengths

hig

hh

igh

cu

rre

nt

cu

rre

nt

• Stars Stars –– additional nuclear reactions occurring in their photospheres & additional nuclear reactions occurring in their photospheres & out thru coronasout thru coronas

•• Dusty, hydrogenDusty, hydrogen--rich nebular plasma clouds exposed to stellar photon radiationrich nebular plasma clouds exposed to stellar photon radiation

•• Magnetars and active galactic nuclei (WMagnetars and active galactic nuclei (W--LL--S mechanism creates UHE cosmic rays)S mechanism creates UHE cosmic rays)

e* + p 1 neutron + neutrino e* + p 1 neutron + neutrino oror e* + d 2 neutrons + neutrinoe* + d 2 neutrons + neutrinoMaximum number of commercial opportunities occur in this regimeMaximum number of commercial opportunities occur in this regime

Applications: productionApplications: production ofof neutrons,neutrons, energy, and transmutation products energy, and transmutation products • Microorganisms Microorganisms –– biological transmutations by certain types of earthly bacteria biological transmutations by certain types of earthly bacteria & fungi& fungi

•• Pressure gradients across membranes Pressure gradients across membranes –– e.g., Iwamura, Li, & Arata/Zhang e.g., Iwamura, Li, & Arata/Zhang -- gas phasegas phase

•• CurrentCurrent--driven P&Fdriven P&F--typetype chemical cells chemical cells -- liquid phase; glow discharge cells liquid phase; glow discharge cells -- gas phasegas phase

•• LaserLaser--triggered chemical cells triggered chemical cells –– e.g., Letts, Cravens, Violante, etc. e.g., Letts, Cravens, Violante, etc. -- liquid or gas phaseliquid or gas phase

•• RFRF--triggered dusty plasmas triggered dusty plasmas -- gas phasegas phase

•• CurrentCurrent--driven dusty plasmas driven dusty plasmas -- gas phasegas phase

•• Vacuum diodes Vacuum diodes –– e.g. Protone.g. Proton--21, Kiev, Ukraine, Sandia NL (US) in 1970s 21, Kiev, Ukraine, Sandia NL (US) in 1970s -- gas phasegas phase

•• Exploding wires Exploding wires –– e.g., Wendt & Irion, Chicago 1922; Ze.g., Wendt & Irion, Chicago 1922; Z--pinch, Sandia NL pinch, Sandia NL -- gas phase gas phase

•• Magnetic flux compression generators, e.g. US (LANL), RussiaMagnetic flux compression generators, e.g. US (LANL), Russia

•• Lightning (terrestrial, planetary, nebular), especially in dusLightning (terrestrial, planetary, nebular), especially in dusty environments ty environments –– e.g., Dwyere.g., Dwyer

•• ULMNULMN--catalyzed subcritical fission reactors (<<< nuclear waste) catalyzed subcritical fission reactors (<<< nuclear waste) -- reprocess old wastesreprocess old wastes

Hig

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s of n

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sH

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~0

eV

Ultra

low

mo

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m n

eu

tron

s …. M

eV

ne

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ns …

Ge

V n

eu

tron

~0

eV

Ultra

low

mo

me

ntu

m n

eu

tron

s …. M

eV

ne

utro

ns …

Ge

V n

eu

tron

s ….T

eV

ss …

.Te

Vs

Applications:Applications: mostly basic sciencemostly basic science

Regime of Mostly Low Energy Nuclear Reactions: LENRS DominateRegime of Mostly Low Energy Nuclear Reactions: LENRS Dominatem

ega

curr

ents

meg

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rren

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en

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Lattice Energy LLC


Widom-Larsen theory – seven papers publicly released


“When a new truth enters “When a new truth enters the world, the first stage of the world, the first stage of reaction to it is ridicule, the reaction to it is ridicule, the second stage is violent second stage is violent opposition, and in the third opposition, and in the third stage, that truth comes to stage, that truth comes to be regarded as selfbe regarded as self--evident.”evident.” -- Arthur Arthur Schopenhauer, 1800sSchopenhauer, 1800s

“[New] Theories have four “[New] Theories have four stages of acceptance: stages of acceptance:

i) this is worthless i) this is worthless nonsense; nonsense;

ii) this is an interesting, ii) this is an interesting, but perverse, point of view. but perverse, point of view.

iii) this is true but quite iii) this is true but quite unimportant. unimportant.

iv) I always said so.”iv) I always said so.”-- J.B.S. Haldane, 1963J.B.S. Haldane, 1963

Beginning in May 2005, Lattice has publicly Beginning in May 2005, Lattice has publicly released seven papers on selected nonreleased seven papers on selected non--proprietary basic science aspects of our theory proprietary basic science aspects of our theory of LENRs:of LENRs:

““Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on Metallic Hydride SurfacesMetallic Hydride Surfaces””, , Eur. Phys. J. CEur. Phys. J. C 46, 107 (2006 46, 107 (2006 –– arXiv arXiv in May 2005) Widom and Larsenin May 2005) Widom and Larsen

““Absorption of Nuclear Gamma Radiation by Heavy Electrons on Absorption of Nuclear Gamma Radiation by Heavy Electrons on Metallic Hydride SurfacesMetallic Hydride Surfaces”” arXiv:condarXiv:cond--mat/0509269 mat/0509269 (Sept 2005)(Sept 2005)Widom and LarsenWidom and Larsen

““Nuclear Abundances in Metallic Hydride Electrodes of Nuclear Abundances in Metallic Hydride Electrodes of Electrolytic Chemical CellsElectrolytic Chemical Cells”” arXiv:condarXiv:cond--mat/0602472 mat/0602472 (Feb 2006)(Feb 2006)Widom and LarsenWidom and Larsen

““Theoretical Standard Model Rates of Proton to Neutron Theoretical Standard Model Rates of Proton to Neutron Conversions Near Metallic Hydride SurfacesConversions Near Metallic Hydride Surfaces”” arXiv:nuclarXiv:nucl--th/0608059v2 (Sep 2007) Widom and Larsenth/0608059v2 (Sep 2007) Widom and Larsen

““Energetic Electrons and Nuclear Transmutations in Exploding Energetic Electrons and Nuclear Transmutations in Exploding WiresWires”” arXiv:nuclarXiv:nucl--th/0709.1222 (Sept 2007) Widom, Srivastava, th/0709.1222 (Sept 2007) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsenand Larsen

““High Energy Particles in the Solar CoronaHigh Energy Particles in the Solar Corona”” arXiv:nuclarXiv:nucl--th/0804.2647 (April 2008) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsenth/0804.2647 (April 2008) Widom, Srivastava, and Larsen

““A Primer for ElectroA Primer for Electro--Weak Induced Low Energy Nuclear Weak Induced Low Energy Nuclear ReactionsReactions”” arXiv:genarXiv:gen--ph/0810.0159v1 (Oct 2008) Srivastava, ph/0810.0159v1 (Oct 2008) Srivastava, Widom, and LarsenWidom, and Larsen

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Why has R&D in LENRS had limited progress in 20 years?


•• Until the advent of the WidomUntil the advent of the Widom--Larsen theory of LENRs, there were no Larsen theory of LENRs, there were no believable theoretical explanations that could help guide experibelievable theoretical explanations that could help guide experimental mental work; reproducibility of results was also very poor. Few mainstrwork; reproducibility of results was also very poor. Few mainstream eam scientists wished to continue work or enter the field because ofscientists wished to continue work or enter the field because of its its questionable reputation and notable lack of substantial governmequestionable reputation and notable lack of substantial government or nt or private sector funding private sector funding –– worldwide numbers of researchers actively worldwide numbers of researchers actively involved in work on LENRs has declined significantly since earlyinvolved in work on LENRs has declined significantly since early 1990s1990s

•• Since 1989, most “cold fusion” researchers have been unaware thaSince 1989, most “cold fusion” researchers have been unaware that t LENRs are actually a surface effect and that specific nanoparticLENRs are actually a surface effect and that specific nanoparticle le properties and certain nanoscale surface phenomena are what are properties and certain nanoscale surface phenomena are what are actually controlling overall experimental results and reproducibactually controlling overall experimental results and reproducibility ility

•• BulkBulk--effect Deffect D--D “cold fusion” paradigm, on which most LENRD “cold fusion” paradigm, on which most LENR--related related theoretical/experimental work has been based since 1989, was wrotheoretical/experimental work has been based since 1989, was wrong. ng. Experimental paths taken by many researchers were thus misguidedExperimental paths taken by many researchers were thus misguided; ; results of otherwise good experiments were commonly misinterpretresults of otherwise good experiments were commonly misinterpreteded

•• All of the above, in conjunction with a lack of multidisciplinarAll of the above, in conjunction with a lack of multidisciplinary y knowledge on the part of many researchers, hindered R&D progressknowledge on the part of many researchers, hindered R&D progress

Lattice Energy LLC-High Level Historical and Technical Overview of LENRs-Feb 14 2009

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Transcript of Lattice Energy LLC-High Level Historical and Technical Overview of LENRs-Feb 14 2009