LATIN AMERICAN LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS & REVOLUTIONS & CONSOLIDATIONCONSOLIDATION

Chapter 25Chapter 25

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AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1750-18501750-1850

• Only outside events inspired revolutionary Only outside events inspired revolutionary cooperation among Latin Americanscooperation among Latin Americans– American RevolutionAmerican Revolution– French RevolutionFrench Revolution– Napoleon’s invasion of Spain & PortugalNapoleon’s invasion of Spain & Portugal

Caribbean CrucibleCaribbean Crucible• Saint DomingueSaint Domingue

– L’Overture led 1L’Overture led 1stst successful slave rebellion: Haiti successful slave rebellion: Haiti bornborn

– Significance of event depends on social classSignificance of event depends on social class

Sp. American Independence Sp. American Independence (1750-1850)(1750-1850)

• northern South Americanorthern South America– Simon Bolivar & creoles led long bloody Simon Bolivar & creoles led long bloody

wars to free much of region & create wars to free much of region & create unified Gran Colombiaunified Gran Colombia

→→Most: (1) create representational gov Most: (1) create representational gov after flirting with monarchy, (2) after flirting with monarchy, (2) creoles key to successcreoles key to success

Political Fragmentation Political Fragmentation (1750-1850)(1750-1850)

• Political & class conflict undermined Political & class conflict undermined egalitarian idealsegalitarian ideals

• Fragmentation inevitable despite attempts at Fragmentation inevitable despite attempts at unionsunions– Geographic barriers, economic competition, Geographic barriers, economic competition,

regional & political rivalries, poor infrastructureregional & political rivalries, poor infrastructure

• Caudillos & military commandersCaudillos & military commanders– Inspired loyalty of various groups via cults of Inspired loyalty of various groups via cults of

personalitypersonality– Contributed to instability by making power grabsContributed to instability by making power grabs

Latin American Economies Latin American Economies (1750-1850)(1750-1850)

• Latin America sought clear diplomatic Latin America sought clear diplomatic sovereignty from former colonial powerssovereignty from former colonial powers– Only Britain capable of assuring this (although Only Britain capable of assuring this (although

Monroe Doctrine tried)Monroe Doctrine tried)– In exchange, Latin America opens to tradeIn exchange, Latin America opens to trade– Damages local industry & promotes dependenceDamages local industry & promotes dependence

• Wars for independence & poor infrastructure Wars for independence & poor infrastructure led to a stagnant economy in early 1800sled to a stagnant economy in early 1800s

• Early liberal reforms were undermined by Early liberal reforms were undermined by weak economy & conservative opposition to weak economy & conservative opposition to vast changevast change

Mexico (1750-1850) : Mexico (1750-1850) : • MexicoMexico

– Started by Father Hidalgo but lost Creole supportStarted by Father Hidalgo but lost Creole support– Iturbide & creoles pickup revolutionary mantle, Iturbide & creoles pickup revolutionary mantle,

winning independence, but neglecting social winning independence, but neglecting social reformsreforms

• Social problems, poverty, political tension Social problems, poverty, political tension remainedremained

• Santa Anna: despotic caudillo, father of politicsSanta Anna: despotic caudillo, father of politics– American manifest destiny challenged landholdings American manifest destiny challenged landholdings

& caused Mexican-American War (lost 5% of & caused Mexican-American War (lost 5% of population, 50% of land & economy potential)population, 50% of land & economy potential)

Brazilian Independence Brazilian Independence (1750-1850):(1750-1850):

• Achieved freedom differently despite Achieved freedom differently despite commonalitiescommonalities– Growing economy strengthens middle-class Growing economy strengthens middle-class

demandsdemands

• Napoleon’s invasion causes royalty to flee Napoleon’s invasion causes royalty to flee to Brazilto Brazil

• After Napoleon’s defeat royalty leaves, After Napoleon’s defeat royalty leaves, but Prince Pedro remains to gov Brazilbut Prince Pedro remains to gov Brazil– Quickly led short war for independence → did Quickly led short war for independence → did

not upset existing social ordernot upset existing social order

CONSOLIDATION: 1850-1914CONSOLIDATION: 1850-1914

EconomyEconomy

• Rising demand in industrialized West Rising demand in industrialized West led to economic boom at end of period led to economic boom at end of period in Latin Amerin Latin Amer

• High profits possible, but dependent High profits possible, but dependent on outside market conditionson outside market conditions

• Growth led to foreign investmentGrowth led to foreign investment

Government (1850-1914)Government (1850-1914)

• Liberal promotion of limited gov Liberal promotion of limited gov created union of elites & middle-class created union of elites & middle-class at expense of peasantsat expense of peasants

• Foreign investment limited policy Foreign investment limited policy options w/ Europeoptions w/ Europe

Culture (1850-1914)Culture (1850-1914)

• ElitesElites– Art heavily influenced by EuropeArt heavily influenced by Europe– Creoles dominated govCreoles dominated gov

• Mass culture Mass culture – Women subordinate in heavily patriarchal Women subordinate in heavily patriarchal

cultureculture– Racial divisions strong despite outlawingRacial divisions strong despite outlawing– Art was largely unaffected by elites Art was largely unaffected by elites

Mexico (1850-1914) : Mexico (1850-1914) : InstabilityInstability

• JuarezJuarez: liberal reformer: liberal reformer– Curtailed church & military, reformed land Curtailed church & military, reformed land

ownership, caused conservative responseownership, caused conservative response

• MaximilianMaximilian: foreign royal made emperor: foreign royal made emperor– Resented due to foreign heritage & lack of Resented due to foreign heritage & lack of

legitimacylegitimacy

• DiazDiaz: dictator: dictator– Economy transformed using strong govEconomy transformed using strong gov– Landowners & middle-class profit at expense of Landowners & middle-class profit at expense of

poorpoor– Foreign influence & social tension spark 1910 Foreign influence & social tension spark 1910

revolutionrevolution

Brazil (1850-1914) : Empire Brazil (1850-1914) : Empire to Republicto Republic

• Stability from colonial traditionsStability from colonial traditions• Changes disrupt traditions & stabilityChanges disrupt traditions & stability

– Political tension b/t liberals & conservativesPolitical tension b/t liberals & conservatives– Coffee transforms economy & intensifies Coffee transforms economy & intensifies

slaveryslavery– Middle-class, immigration, & modernized Middle-class, immigration, & modernized

plantations undermine slaveryplantations undermine slavery

• Monarchy, stability, & peasant support Monarchy, stability, & peasant support wither with new ideas and economic wither with new ideas and economic hardshiphardship

GLOBAL CONNECTIONSGLOBAL CONNECTIONS

• Latin America followed Atlantic Latin America followed Atlantic revolutionary trends, while running revolutionary trends, while running against current of European empire against current of European empire buildingbuilding

• Historical systems & colonial legacies Historical systems & colonial legacies strongstrong– Culturally & Politically EuropeanCulturally & Politically European– yet, Economic Dependencyyet, Economic Dependency

• Serves as preview of decolonization in Serves as preview of decolonization in other parts of worldother parts of world

Question Slide

What common problems arose throughout the period in a newly independent Latin America?

What problem do you think is most fundamental to the region’s issues? Why?