Latin American Independence Movements Latin American Independence - 19th century.
-
Upload
irma-perkins -
Category
Documents
-
view
247 -
download
1
Transcript of Latin American Independence Movements Latin American Independence - 19th century.
Latin American
Independence Movements
Latin American Independence - 19th century
French colonies: Revolution in Haiti(Saint Domingue)
Toussaint L’Ouverture• (too-SAN loo-vair-TOOR)
• Former slave, self-educated.
• Took leadership of a slave revolt that broke out in 1791 & was successful
• Napoleon tricked him with peace talks & sent him to a prison in the French Alps.
• He died 10 months later, April 1803.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
• Jan 1, 1804 - declared an
independent country.• World’s 1st black republic• Haiti = “mountainous land” in
Arawak• Haiti’s 1st emperor• Assassinated in a revolt• 1820: Haiti became an
independent republic
Spanish Colonies
Revolutions against Spanish Rule
Latin American social classes
European Background: Napoleon
• Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808.• Removed Spain’s King Ferdinand VII and made
Joseph (Napoleon’s brother) king of Spain.• Spanish colonies use the illegitimate monarchy as
a reason for revolution.• 1810 rebellion across Latin America.• 1814, Napoleon defeated and Ferdinand returned
to power, but independence movements continued.
Francisco Goya, Executions of May 3, 1808
Mexico
• Natives and mestizos, not creoles, played the key role in independence movements
• Creoles sided with Spain to avoid violence of lower-class rebellions (until 1820)
Miguel Hidalgo
“el Grito de Dolores”
Jose Maria Morelos
• Took leadership after Hidalgo’s defeat
• Defeated by creoles in 1815 & executed
Mexican Independence, 1821
• 1820 revolution in Spain put a liberal government in power
• Mexican creoles feared loss of influence, so they united against Spain
• Augustin Iturbide declared himself emperor, but was overthrown
• 1824: Establishment of the Mexican Republic
Mexico's Congress writes a constitution– Conservatives want a strong central government &
Roman Catholicism
– Liberals want the states to have more control & freedom of religion
Compromise in 1824– Republic with a president and a two-house
Congress
– Governors and legislatures heading the states
– Guadalupe Victoria, a follower of Hidalgo and Morelos, became the first president
United Provinces of Central America• El Salvador, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras declare their independence from both Spain and Mexico to create the United Provinces of Central America
• By 1840, United Provinces of Central America had split into Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua & Costa Rica
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
Bernardo O’Higgins
BolivarSan Martin
San Martin sailed for Europe and died in France 1850Dec 9, 1824, Bolivar defeated Spain at Battle of
Ayacucho
Gran Colombia, 1820-1830
Portugal’s Pedro I
Results of Latin American Independence Movements
• Political/Social:– Continued battles between liberals, conservatives
and the military over how to best rule.– Tensions between articulate political forces and the
separate masses.
• Economic:– Unable to free itself from dependence on Western-
controlled economic patterns.
• Cultural/intelligent:– Distinct cultural entity
• combination of Western styles and values plus its racial diversity, colonial past, and social structure of a semi-colonial economy.
Latin American Independence - 19th century