LATIN AMERICAHISTORY OF THE LAND

FUN FACT OF THE DAY September 20, 1519

Ferdinand Magellan sets sail from Spain to find a western sea route to Indonesia. He sailed with five ships and 270 men; he sailed to West Africa and then to Brazil. He was determined to find a way to get from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. He tried down the Rio de la Plata, but failed. He then found the strait he had been looking for. This strait was later named The Strait of Magellan.

VOCABULARY Viceroy: an official who rules in place of a

king. Mercantilism: an idea that a country’s

economic strength depended on the more gold they exported than the goods they imported.

Peninsulares: an official sent from Spain to control the colonies.

Creoles: American-born citizens of Spanish settlers.

Mestizos: People of mixed European and Native American ancestry.

Free Blacks: Slaves who bought or were given their freedom.

Christopher Columbus set sail August 1492 Plan was to find a faster route to Asia Named the native people “Indians”

Treaty of Tordesillas Ferdinand Magellan

Cape Horn Pacific Ocean Found wealth from Aztecs and Incans

Mid-1500’s Spanish empire reached from Mexico to Peru

Appointed two Viceroys Council led Viceroys Under mercantilism, colonies had two roles Could only work with parent country

Supplied raw materials; lumber, cotton, sugar, precious metals.

Market where they sold goods such as furniture, clothing, and tools

Could not manufacture goods

Wealth was created through mining and agriculture Mining

Gold Silver

Single crops Sugar cane Meat Leather Wool

Encomienda Demand taxes and labor Pay Native Americans for work Care for their health Teach them Christianity

Forced labor in mines Lack of a stable environment Bartolome de las Casas

Spoke out against treatment of Native Americans Became a Dominican Friar and went to Spain Changed laws to make enslavement of Native

Americans illegal

SLAVE TRADE Russians and Poles

were first slaves Europeans first to

use African-Americans as slaves

Exchanged cloth and weapons for gold, salt, and slaves

SLAVERS

PORTUGUESE IN BRAZIL African-American slaves 5-350 plantations in 55 years Sugar cane, cotton, coffee During 1690’s found gold in the highlands

Caused expansion of the country

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Global exchange of people, goods, and ideas Millions came over bringing government, law,

and religion Enslaved Africans

Folktales, music, and beliefs Food

Europeans Corn, potatoes, squash, chocolate, peanuts, and tomatoes

Asians Pineapples, papaya, chili peppers

Europeans to America Wheat, barley, chickpeas Horses, cows, sheep, chickens, and pigs

CLASS SYSTEM Peninsulares

Creoles

Mestizos

Native Americans

Free Blacks

Slaves

LATIN AMERICAIndependence Wars

Simon Bolivar- the “Liberator” Creole from Venezuela Fought against Peninsulares/royalists Bogota, New Grenada Illaneros 1819, defeated Spanish Republic of Gran Columbia: Venezuela, Colombia,

Ecuador, and Peru

Jose de San Martin Creoles from Argentina Officer in Spanish Army Liberated Chile Bernardo O’Higgins helped win Independence for

Chile San Martin help liberate Ecuador and Peru with

Bolivar

Father Miguel Hidalgo Creoles supported Native Americans and Mestizo

army Army seized estates of wealthy creoles and

peninsulares Promised to return the land back to the Indians Loyalty to Spain increased Died by firing squad

Jose Morelos Mestizo priest Brought discipline to army Had some wins Captured and executed Helped organize army/after it was loosely

organized

Mexican independence Constitution created Creoles thought their privileges would be taken

away with constitution Fought for independence

Agustin de Iturbide Creoles army officer Declared Mexican independence Made himself emperor/ 2 years later stepped

down Creole leaders created a constitution that made

Mexico a republic

Brazil Peaceful means

Napoleon invaded Portugal King John VI fled with 15,000 members of his court to

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Stimulated farming, trade, industry Creoles wanted self-rule, constitution, and freedom King John left, son Pedro was in charge Pedro declared independence/emperor Agreed to accept constitution/basic rights and

elective legislature Brazil did not abolish slavery Monarchy until Pedro was forced to step down then

became a republic

Take out a sheet of paper Put your name, date, and period You may use your notes

………………..

QUIZ What countries did Simon Bolivar help liberate? Who helped San Martin liberate Chile? What was Morelos’s job before he helped liberate

Mexico?

When finished put your quiz in a pile on the front desk. When everyone in your group is finished you may work

together, quietly/keep it to a whisper Everyone must be sitting down in a seat If you have any questions ask Mr. Sack or Miss Loan

Good Luck! Religion projects due tomorrow!!

LATIN AMERICAEconomic Development

TRADE No longer had to limit trade to Spain and

Portugal Exported:

Sugar, beef, copper, and coffee Imported:

Manufactured goods

COLONIES Spain did not want to let go Colonies created small workshops and

produced textiles and metal goods British imports created competition Supply and demand for goods

FOREIGN INVESTMENT Colonies wanted to modernize. Looked to foreigners for basic needs to build

steamboats, railroads, and telegraphs. British and United States invested heavily in

Latin America. Dredged harbors and laid out railroad tracks,

and developed gold, silver, and copper mines.

Transportation boosted trade, but did little on investment.

Made it easier to ship goods but not move around the country.

ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM Imperialism: control by one country of the political,

economic, or cultural life of another country or region.

Modernization was expensive, Latin America had to borrow large sums of money.

When debt was not paid, they threatened military action.

When Mexico could not pay debts, France sent 40,000 troops.

Maximilian was then named emperor of Mexico and ruled for three years.

The countries may not rule another country directly by a leader but because of economic imperialism they still had a large hand in how the country worked.

BENITO JUAREZ Mexican president who fought to win a better life for

Mexico’s poor. At the age of 12, he was unable to read or speak

Spanish. At the age of 18, he began to practice law and was

elected to local and state posts. He called for democratic reforms. He wanted to lower the wealth and power of the

Catholic Church and the army. Conservatives were outraged and asked followers to

resist. The laws were written into the new Mexican

constitution and this caused a civil war called the War of Reform

BENITO JUAREZ (CONT.) The reformers won the war. He was then elected President of Mexico, and

he was the first Native American elected president for Mexico.

Years of war divided Mexico during his time. Mexico owed many foreign countries, and

France sent over an emperor (Maximilian) to rule that led Juarez to flee.

He died during his fourth term in 1872, was known for helping Mexico's Indians restore self-esteem, and creating a republic by separating church and state in Mexico.

LIMITED PROGRESS Foreign investment helped develop some

countries like Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. Arrival of Europeans helped create economic

growth. Economic growth helped create the middle

class. Gap between rich and poor still existed but

many hoped the middle class would help create a stable government.

LATIN AMERICA TODAY United States

Bought sugar plantations in Cuba Bought copper mines in Chile Built railroads and factories in Brazil and

Argentina Invested in oil wells in Mexico and Venezuela

Investments benefited the wealthy but not the majority of the Latin American population.

When countries could not pay their loans they used military force.

In the Dominican Republic the US took over the control of customs and repaid the loans.

After the loans were paid, marines still occupied the island until 1924.

The US would intervene in a country like Nicaragua, Haiti, and Honduras if it protected American lives or had a government that favored American interests.

“Yankee Imperialism”

The Great Depression hit the US and the rise of Anti-American in Latin American caused the US to want to better their relationship.

FDR created a policy called the Good Neighbor Policy. “No state has the right to intervene in the

internal or external affairs of another state.” US continued to be the most powerful

economic force in the region. US owned large tracts of land, commercial

farms, and mines. US is leading trade partner with Latin

America.

REGIONAL COOPERATION Countries were small, so they had a limited

market for their goods. In 1960’s and 1970’s, some organized a

regional common market to create a larger market for the sale of their goods.

Andean Pact: countries within the pact agreed to lower their tariffs and promote economic development.

Countries involved were Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Venezuela.

Organization of American States (OAS): the use of peaceful means, discourage foreign intervention, and promote economic development and democracy.

US has dominated the OAS. OAS has helped settle wars between

countries, helped democratically elected president restore order after they were overthrown by military.

US helped member nations who are poorer improve health care, transportation, and education.

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement.

Canada, United States, and Mexico Latin Americans seek similar idea after

seeing that Mexico has benefited from the arrangement.

GLOBAL ISSUES Latin America is filled with mainly Third World

countries who borrowed money. In the 1980’s interest rates on loans

increased causing nations who had trouble repaying loans to almost default.

This could cause lending banks to fail. Debt-for-nature swaps: nations agreed to

cancel a small part of another nation’s debt if it agreed to support local conservation projects.

Latin American countries own more than $600 billion.

Governments have cut spending on services to poor, laid off workers, and sold state owned industries.

These ideas saved money but lowered standard of living even more.

DRUG TRADE The lack of financial resources from the

country leads many to sell illegal drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and marijuana.

There is a demand in the US and Europe, and because of poverty in Latin America.

There has been small progress with stopping. Drug lords are violent and controlling. Farmers want economic aid if they are told to

do something else for a living instead of growing coca.

GOVERNMENTS “Many tyrants will arise on my tomb”- Bolivar Caudillos: military leaders

Came into power and often became dictators Would hold office for a short time before

overthrown Mexico: General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna seized

power 6 times between 1832-1855. Argentina: Juan Manuel de Rosas was head of the

army; used army in 1835 to enforce his ideas. In power for 17 years before he was overthrown.

Many were war heroes in the fight for independence. Promised democracy and land reform. Went back on their promise and promoted friends and

family members to official jobs and fulfilled their own interests instead of the country’s.

Oligarchy Wealthy landowners, church officials, merchants,

mine owners, and military. Most governments became oligarchies. The land was governed by the wealthy and by

their ideals.

Liberals vs. Conservatives Liberals:

Wanted a democratic republic. Separation of Church and state. Governed by elected officials. Wanted rapid change in education, religious freedom,

and freedom of the press. Doctors, lawyers, artisans, and people of lower ranks

in Church and military. Conservatives:

Slow change. Have schools and government governed by the Church. Opposed freedom of press and speech.

Wealthy landowners, high Church officials, top-ranking military officers.

Chile Bolivia

LATIN AMERICACulture

Ferdinand Magellan

Simon Bolivar

Jose de San Martin

Jose Morelos

Bernardo O’Higgins

Father Miguel Hildago

Agustin de Iturbide

King John VI

Benito Juarez

MAXIMILIAN

RIO GRANDE

Mexico City Skyline

Mexico During the Day

Mexican Plateau

DRUG WAR

CARACAS SKYLINE

ATACAMA DESERT

COPPER MINES

BRASILIA, BRAZIL

RIO DE JANIERO

BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA

ANDES MOUNTAINS

Salsa Dancing

Tango

Rumba

Flamenco