Latest Final Argumentation

8/17/2019 Latest Final Argumentation

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Argumentative/Persuasive Reading

& writing

Reading an Argument

Considering RhetoricalContext

(Author,Audience,Date/Place

of Publication)


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uidelines for Determining

Rhetorical Context !ho wrote this argument,and what

are his/her training,"ersonal

bac#ground,and "olitical learning$ !ho is the intended audience$

!here did it a""ear originall%$

!hen was the argument written$

!h% was the article written$


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A te"'%'te" anal%sis of oulmin *ethod of

evaluation of logical"attern

Anal%+e the Claimdentif% the Claim

-oo# for .ualiers0 Absolute,Relative,or1niversal /2t%"icall%2 /3usuall%2 /3most of the

time24ind the 5xce"tions

ummari+e the Claim

Assess the arguer6s refutations


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Argumentation versus

Persuasion hese words are often used interchangeabl%8 Argumentation0 the "rocess of forming

reasons and of drawing conclusions anda""l%ing them to a case in discussion8 Anargument involves the "rocess ofestablishing a claim and then "roving it withthe use of logical reasoning, exam"les, andresearch8

Persuasion0 the tactical "rocess of moving toa belief, "osition or a course of action8


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t%les of argumentative of

writing oulmin model0 4ollows the "attern

of a claim ("ro"osition/thesis), data

(su""ort) with :ualiers, warrant, and aconcession8

Rogers6 model0 1se of Rogerianarguments to come to a conclusion thatmixes both views of the issue to reach a

common ground8


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the uses;8 5ver%da% life

!or#"lace

Academic environment

Reading and -istening' (current

events)


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Audience !rite with sincerit% towards audience

using an ethical a""eal

Don6t write with an arrogance or withdisregard to o""osing views

r% starting in introduction, gaining

condence of audience his a""roach will show %our concern

and fair'minded "ur"ose


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Persuasive 5ssa% =utline

Contin8 8 4irst argument or reason to

su""ort %our "osition A8 o"ic sentence ex"laining %our

"oint

8 5laboration


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Persuasive =utline Contin8

8econd Argument or reason

?8 hird Argument

?8 =""osing view"oint A =""osing "oint to %our argument 8Rebuttal to the o""osing "oint

C8 5laboration0 %llogistic -ogic

?8 Conclusion0

A8 ummar% of main "oints or

reasons


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ntroduction inArgumentative/Persuasive

essa%s include0 A2 hoo# or grabber2 to catch

attention(trong tatement02Cigarettes arethe number one cause of lung cancer in theworld@2),(.uotations058>ubbard once said,3ruth is stronger than ction82),tatistics,anecdote,a :uestion,exaggerationor outrageous statement0he whole world

watched as the comet ew overhead8 hesis or focus statement0 o"ic,stance,Pur"ose,sco"e,organi+ation


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5xam"le ntroduction0 Brabber0trong tatement=f all the

"roblems facing the environment

toda%,the one that bothers me the mostis global warming8ome scientists sa%that the earth is getting warmerbecause of the greenhouse e9ect8

Bhesisn this "a"er will describe thegreenhouse e9ect and whether theatmos"here is actuall% getting warmer8


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>5 =D< of a Persuasive

Provide evidence to su""ort the o"iniono9ered in the thesis statement

1se Deductive/nductive reasoning to "rovidesolid reasons to bac# %our thesis

5laborate with the use of statistics orresearch,exam"les,or real'life ex"eriences

Clarif% a "osition,draw com"arison,ma#e an

anal%sis,draw an analog%,refute counterarguments,and generate h%"otheticalinstances(cues0e8g8 su""ose that,what if,etc8)


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Conclusion

Restate %our thesis or focus statement ummari+e the main "oints b%

"ara"hrasing !rite a "ersonal comment or call for

action0 with a "rediction,with a:uestion to draw reader6s own

conclusion,with a recommendationstressing the actions or remedies thatshould be ta#en


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eneral uideline for!riting a Persuasive 5ssa%

>ave a rm o"inion that %ou li#e %ouraudience to acce"t

egin with a grabber or hoo# =9er evidence to su""ort %our o"inion

Discuss and refute the o""osing views

Conclude with a restatement of what%ou want the reader to do or believe


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=btaining information

% reading

Conversation with others

1se %our own observations .uestionnaire

Periodicals

Alwa%s cite sources used *a#e sure the information %ou receive is

relevant and credible and valid


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5vidence

ncludes0

5stablished ruths

>istorical, scientic, and geogra"hical facts

Authoritative "oint of view

Primar% sources tatistics

Personal ex"erience/5xam"les


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*anaging evidence

Reliabilit%

>ow much endorsing evidence$

Contradictor%

>ow well established is evidence$

Does it su""ort/t %our claim$ Allow it to be conclusive


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-ogos0 reasoningstrategies

nduction0 A "rocess through which the"remises "rovide some basis for theconclusion8

Deduction0 A "rocess through which the"remises "rovide conclusive "roof for theconclusion8 Reductio ad Absurdum0 (toreduce to absurdit%) o :uestion a "ositionb% showing that its conse:uence are"roblematic if carried to their logical end8


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.uestions of Credibilit%

>as the reader been able to rel% on what%ou have said in the "ast$ f the% areunfamiliar with %ou;

Do %ou #now what %ou6re tal#ing about$Are %ou familiar with all sides of the issue$

>ave %ou done %our research on the issue$ >ave %ou documented %our research

thoroughl% and accuratel%$ >ave %ou thoughtfull% addressed

the o""osition$


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ome !a%s to 1se the hree A""eals

Credibility Logic Emotion

how that %ouare fair' and

o"en'minded Point to other

3ex"erts2 or anauthorit% otherthan %ourself

Cite research how wh% "eo"le

should listen to%ou and %oubelieve

Rel% "rimaril% onfacts

1se deductive orinductivereasoning toreach %ourconclusion

1se classicalargument,including reasonand evidence tosu""ort %our

claim

1se emotionall%charged or

highl%connotativewords

A""eal to"eo"les fears,

concerns,"assions, vanit%,sense of ustice,and so forth

a#e advantage

of rh%thm andrefrain in


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%llogism

he sim"lest se:uence of logical"remises and conclusions

ever% s%llogism contains at least three"arts0 a maor "remise (global assum"tion)

a minor "remise (s"ecic claim)

a conclusion

4 AE and EC, then AEC


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5nth%meme

shorten version of s%llogism

a s%llogism without stating either

the maor or minor "remise (it isim"lied)

less formal than the s%llogism

sometimes more "ersuasive

are often 3because2 statements


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4allaciesE mista#es made in thelogic of arguments

Common fallacies found in arguments include0 >ast% enerali+ations' a conclusion based on insuFcient or

biased evidence

7on e:uitur' 3t does not follow2 li""er% slo"e' the snow ball e9ect

Card tac#ing'"resenting "art of the claim

tereot%"ing Ad "o"ulum' an emotional a""eal that s"ea#s to "ositive (such as

"atriotism, religion, democrac%) or negative (such as terrorism orfascism) conce"ts rather than the real issue at hand


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4allacies (cont8)

5ither/=r

egging the claim' conclusion that the writer should

"rove is validated within the claim( Circular argument) Arguing =9 the "oint he argument ad >ominem' 3attac# the "erson6s

character than their o"inion2 A""eal to crowd uilt b% association Post >oc, ergo Pro"ter >oc'2after this, therefore

because of this2 4ault% analog%0 assuming two unli#e things are similar

when in fact the% are not Red >erring


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Avoid also;

trawman tactics' "ointing out andfocusing on ims% wea#nesses of

o""osing side8 Anon%mous authorit%' refers to a source

of authorit% but does not name thesource nor ex"lain its legitimac%8

his will show that %ou are tr%ing to"rove %our "osition b% disregardingother facts8


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rue argument vs8 validargument

true argument' argument that hasconclusion that "eo"le commonl%

consider to be fact based on theirworldl% ex"erience or wide's"read belief

valid argument' argument that has aconclusion that logicall% follows its

underl%ing assum"tion regardless ofwhether the assum"tion is true or not


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Revising

Consider the obections of the o""osinga""eal

Do %ou ca"ture the audience$ s evidence a""ro"riate to the argument$

Are the authorities :ualied to be used asa source$

s the "ro"osition clearl% stated$ s it free of fallacies$


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i"s of writing an essa%

Avoid emotional language e able to determine di9erence between a

logical conclusion and an emotional "oint ofview

Don6t ma#e u" evidence Cite %our sources *a#e an outline' D= >5 !R7 PR=C5 e "re"ared to defend %our side b% #nowing

the strongest arguments for the other side8


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Concluding

Restate %our "osition8

ummari+e %our main "oints8

Predict the conse:uences if it doesor does not "revail8

Pre"are to end %our essa% "ossibl%with an emotional a""eal8


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