1750-1980 CE

LATER EUROPE AND THE AMERICAS

Early Europe and the Americas: Google Map18th Century and Related TermsFrom the Baroque to 19th Century Art and Related TermsLater Europe and the Americas Glossary of Required WorksThe 'isms' of Art: Illustrated GlossaryThe 19th Century 1800-1850: Related TermsThe 19th Century 1851-1899: Related TermsThe 20th Century: Related TermsTimeline of the 18th-19th Century Artworks

The Age of Global ConflictModern, Postmodern, and Contemporary ArtModern Art vs. Contemporary Art

Rococo: 1700-1750 and BeyondNeoclassicism: 1750-1815

ROCOCO AND NEOCLASSICISM

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Art is influenced by changes in society. It is affected by economic forces which cause widespread migration, war, and a concentration of population in cities. New countries emerge and social movements gain strength.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE• The late 18th century is known as the Enlightenment, a period of scientific advance.

It is followed by the revolutionary principles of the Romantic period.• New philosophies, particularly those by Marx and Darwin, spread throughout the

world. These views were supplemented by a new understanding of worldwide cultures.

Rococo: 1700-1750 and BeyondNeoclassicism: 1750-1815

ROCOCO AND NEOCLASSICISM

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Artists become more prominent members of society. Art movements come in rapid succession.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE• Modern movements include Neoclassicism and Romanticism.• Artists belong to academies and show their work in salons.• Architecture is characterized by a series of revivials.

Rococo: 1700-1750 and BeyondNeoclassicism: 1750-1815

ROCOCO AND NEOCLASSICISM

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Art is seen in a new, often provoking, way to the public.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE• The Salons of Paris grow in importance.• Artists work less in the service of religion, more for corporations.

Period of upheaval in EnglandCromwell destroyed church art.

Parliament seized power.English art became limited almost exclusively to portraiture.

TIME FRAME: 1720-1790EMPHASIS: Portraits of AristocracyPATRON: Upper ClassSTYLE: RestrainedQUALITIES: Dignity

ENGLISH TRADITIONS

John Michael WrightPortrait of Mary WilbrahamOil on canvas17th Century CE

William HogarthThe Marriage Contract Oil on canvasc. 1748 CE

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Marriage a la Mode

William HogarthThe Tete a TeteOil on canvasc. 1743 CE

Rococo developed in the early part of the 18th century in Paris, France as a reaction against the grandeur, symmetry and strict regulations of the Baroque, especially that of the Palace of Versailles.

Rococo artists opted for a more jocular, florid and graceful approach to Baroque art and architecture. Rococo art and architecture in such a way was ornate and made strong usage of creamy, pastel-like colors, asymmetrical designs, curves and gold.

Unlike the more politically focused Baroque, the Rococo had more playful and often witty artistic themes.

With regards to interior decoration, Rococo rooms were designed as total works of art with elegant and ornate furniture, small sculptures, ornamental mirrors, and tapestry complementing architecture, reliefs, and wall paintings.

ROCOCO

MOOD: Playful, Superficial, Alive with Energy

INTERIOR DECOR: Gilded Woodwork, Painted Panels, Enormous Wall Mirrors

SHAPES: Sinuous S and C Curves, Arabesques, RibbonlikeScrolls

STYLE: Light, Graceful, Delicate

COLORS: White, Silver, Gold, Light Pinks, Blues, and Greens

ROCOCO

Jean-Honoré FragonardThe Swing1767Oil on Canvas

Kahn Academy Video Resource: The Swing

Louise Elisabeth Vigee Le BrunSelf-Portrait1790Oil on Canvas

Video Resource: Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun

Neoclassicism is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome.

The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century competing with Romanticism.

In architecture the style continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries and into the 21st.

NEOCLASSICISM

•The hallmark of the Neoclassical style was severe, precisely drawn figures, which appeared in the foreground without the illusion of depth.

•Solid, naturalistic.

•Values: order, solemnity

•Tone: calm, rational

•Subjects: classical mythologies, histories, and art

•Technique: stressed drawing with lines, not color; no traces of brushstrokes

•Role of Art: morally uplifting, inspirational

NEOCLASSICISM: A VIDEO OVERVIEW

DavidOath of the Horatii1784–85Oil on Canvas

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Oath of the Horatii

DavidDeath of Marat 1793Oil on Canvas

Kahn Academy Video Resource: The Death of Marat

Jean-Antoine HoudonGeorge Washington Marbleheight 6’2” 1788–92

Thomas Jefferson MonticelloCharlottesville, Virginia1770-1806

Video Resource: The Duality of Thomas Jefferson Video Resource: Monticello

Thomas Jefferson MonticelloCharlottesville, Virginia1770-1806

1789-1848

ROMANTICISM:A VIDEO OVERVIEW

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Art is influenced b changes in society. It is affected by economic forces which cause widespread migration, war, and a concentration of population in cities. New countries emerge and social movements gain strength.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE• The late 18th century is known as the Enlightenment, a period of scientific advance.

It is followed by the revolutionary principles of the Romantic period.• New philosophies, particularly those by Marx and Darwin, spread throughout the

world. These views were supplemented by a new understanding of worldwide cultures.

Joseph WrightPhilosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery1763 CE Oil on Canvas

Joseph WrightAn Experiment on a Bird in the Air-Pump Oil on canvas1768

Charles Barry and Augustus W. N. PuginPalace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament)London, England1840–1870 C.E. Limestone masonry and glass

REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Westminster Analysis

Charles Barry and Augustus W. N. PuginPalace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament)London, England1840–1870 C.E. Limestone masonry and glass

Became painter to Charles IV of Spain, whose court was notorious for corruption and repression.

Bitter satirist and misanthrope-spurred by royal viciousness and the church’s fanaticism.

Created the Art of Social Protest.

Immediacy of photojournalism

FRANCISCO DE GOYA

Francisco GoyaFamily of Charles IV1800Oil on Canvas

ROMANTIC PAINTING

Kahn Academy Video Resource: The Royal Family

Francisco GoyaThird of May, 18081814–15Oil on Canase

Kahn Academy Video Resource: The 3rd of May, 1808

Francisco de Goya And There's Nothing to Be Done (Y no hai remedio)1810-1823Drypoint, Etching, Burin

Attended art school at age 11, by 17 he was a member of David’s studio.

Impeccable draftsman who influenced: Picasso, Matisse, and Degas

INGRES

IngresLarge OdalisqueOil on Canvas1814

Kahn Academy Video Resource: The Large Odalisque

Became the leader of the Romantic movement following Gericault’s death.

Chose his subjects from literature or from stirring topical events.

Violently charged images.

DELACROIX

Eugène DelacroixLiberty Leading the People: July 28, 1830Oil on Canvas1830

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Liberty Leading the People

Constable: made nature his subject•Believed landscapes should be based on observation

•Devotion to actual appearances

•Created oil sketches outdoors

Both strongly contribute to the Impressionist school.

Turner: made color the subject.

•Painted nature in the raw

•Began as a watercolorist

ENGLISH ROMANTICISM

Joseph Mallord William TurnerSlavers throwing overboard the Dead and Dying - Typhon coming on ("The Slave Ship")1840Oil on Canvas

Kahn Academy Video Resource: The Slave Ship

Joseph Mallord William TurnerSnowstorm: Hannibal and His Army Crossing the AlpsOil on Canvas1812

Joseph Mallord William TurnerThe Burning of the House of Lords and Commons, 16th October 1834Oil on canvas

Kahn Academy Video Resource: The Slave Ship

John ConstableThe White HorseOil on canvas1819

•Encompassed 2 subjects:

•Nature: landscapes

•Natural man: genre paintings of common people in ordinary activities.

•Influenced by the writings of Emerson and Thoreau

•Founding of the Hudson River School

•Led by Thomas Cole

•Combination of the real and ideal

AMERICAN ROMANTICISM

Thomas ColeThe OxbowOil on Canvas1836

Kahn Video Analysis: The OxbowVideo Resource: Painting the American Landscape

Louis-Jacques-Mandé DaguerreThe Artist’s StudioDaguerreotype1837

THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOGRAPHY

Video Resource: Daguerreotype

Honore DaumierNadar Raising Photography to the height of Art1862Lithograph

Eadweard MuybridgeThe Horse in Motion1878Photograph

Video Resource: Eadweard MuybridgeVideo Resource: The Horse in Motion

LATE 19TH CENTURY ART

MOVEMENT DATES

Realism 1848-1860s

Impressionism 1872-1880s

Post-Impressionism 1880-1890s

Symbolism 1890s

Art Nouveau 1890s-1914

1848-1900

LATE 19TH CENTURY ART

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Art is influenced b changes in society. It is affected by economic forces which cause widespread migration, war, and a concentration of population in cities. New countries emerge and social movements gain strength.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE• New philosophies, particularly those by Freud and Einstein, spread throughout the

world. These views were supplemented by a new understanding of worldwide cultures.

1848-1900

LATE 19TH CENTURY ART

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Artists become more prominent members of society. Art movements come in a rapid succession.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE• Modern movements include Realism, Impressionism, and Post-Impressionism.• Artists joined groups and worked for galleries.• Artists used new media like photography and lithography.• Architects used new technology in construction.

1848-1900

LATE 19TH CENTURY ART

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Art was seen in a new, often provoking, way by the public.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE• Commercial galleries become important. Museums open and display art. Art sells to

an ever widening market.• Artist work for private and public institutions to a sometimes critical public.

Courbet: credited with the founding of the Realist movement.

•Limited himself to subjects close to home.

•Painted scenes of plain folk on epic sizes, typically reserved for history paintings.

FRENCH REALISM:A VIDEO OVERVIEW

Gustave CourbetThe Stone BreakersOil on Canvas1849

Jean-François MilletThe GleanersOil on Canvas1857

•Subjects: updated Old Masters themes, painted contemporary scenes with hard edge.•Colors: dark patches against light, used black as accent.

•Early: somber

•Late: colorful

•Style: simplified forms with minimal modeling, flat color patches outlined in black.•Advice: not much of a theorist but did say artist “simply seeks to be himself and no one else.”

MANET

Édouard ManetLe Déjeuner sur l’herbe (The Luncheon on the Grass)Oil on Canvas1863

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Luncheon

Édouard ManetOlympiaOil on Canvas1863

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Olympia

José María VelascoThe Valley of Mexico from the Santa Isabel Mountain Range (Valle de México desde el cerro de Santa Isabel)1875Oil on Canvas

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Velasco

•Subjects: landscapes, waterfront scenes, series paintings, cliffs, haystacks, poplars, Rouen Cathedral.

•Later work: almost abstract water lilies.•Colors: sunny hues, pure primary colors dabbed side by side, use of color theory.•Style: dissolved form of subject into light and atmosphere, soft edges, classic Impressionist look•Advice: “Try to forget what objects you have before you, a tree, a house, a field or whatever. Merely think, here is a little square of blue, here an oblong of pink, here a streak of yellow, and paint it just as it looks to you.”

IMPRESSIONISM AND MONET

Claude MonetGare St-Lazare 1877Oil on Canvas

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Gare St-Lazare

Mary Cassatt The Coiffure1890–91Drypoint and Aquatint

Auguste RodinBurghers of Calais Bronze1884–89

A Video Overview: Post ImpressionismArt Sleuth: Starry Night

Vincent van GoghStarry Night1889Oil on Canvas

Paul GauguinWhere do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?1897-98Oil on Canvas

Provided the sharpest break with the past in the whole evolution of Western art.

Declared all subjects fair game, liberated form from traditional rules, and freed color from accurately representing an object.

Relentless quest for radical freedom of expression.

Art moved away from any pretense of rendering nature toward pure abstraction, where form, line, and color dominate.

THE 20TH CENTURY

Paul CézanneMont Sainte-Victoire1902-04Oil on Canvas

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Mont Sainte-Victoire

Edvard MunchThe Scream1910Tempera on Board

SYMBOLISM

Art History in a Hurry: The Scream

Gustav KlimtThe Kiss1907-1908Oil on Canvas

ART NOUVEAU

Video Resource: Art NouveauKahn Academy Video Resource: The Kiss

BrancusisThe Kiss1916Stone

Khan Academy Video Resource: The Kiss

Daniel BurnhamReliance Building1890-1894Chicago

LATE 19TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

Louis SullivanCarson Pirie Scott1899-1904Iron, steel, glass and terra cotta Chicago

LATE 19TH CENTURY ARCHITECTURE

MOVEMENT DATES MAJOR ARTISTS

Fauvism c. 1905 Matisse

Expressionism 1905-1930s Kollwitz

• The Bridge 1905 Kirchner

• The Blue Rider 1911 Kandinsky

Cubism 1907-1930s Picasso, Braque

Constructivism 1914-1920s Stepanova

Dada 1916-1925 Duchamp

DeStijl 1917-1930s Mondrian

Mexican Muralists 1920s-1930s Rivera

International Style 1920s-1930s Le Coorbusier

Surrealism 1924-1930s Kahlo, Oppenheim, Lam

EARLY AND MID-20TH CENTURY

MOVEMENT DATES MAJOR ARTISTS

Harlem Renaissance 1930s Lawrence

Abstract Expressionism Late 1940s-1950s DeKoonig

Pop Art 1955-1960s Warhol, Odenburg

Color Field Painting 1960s Frankenthaler

Happenings 1960s Kusama

Site Art 1970s-1990s Lin, Smithson

Postmodern 1975-today Venturi

EARLY AND MID-20TH CENTURY

1900-1980

EARLY TO MID 20TH CENTURY

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Art is influenced by changes in society. It is affected by economic forces which cause widespread migration, war, and a concentration of population in cities. New countries emerge and social movements gain strength.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE• New philosophies, particularly those by Freud and Einstein, psread throughout the

world. These view were supplemented by a new understanding of worldwide cultures.

1900-1980

EARLY TO MID 20TH CENTURY

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Artists become more prominent members of society. Art movements come in a rapid succession.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE• Modern movements include Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism, etc.• Women artist become more recognized.• Artists publish manifestos.• Artists and architects use new materials such as acrylic, earthworks, and cantilevers.

1900-1980

EARLY TO MID 20TH CENTURY

ENDURING UNDERSTANDING: Art was seen in a new, often provoking, way by the public.

ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE• Commercial galleries become important. Museums open and display art. Art sells to

an ever widening market.• Artists work for private and public institutions to a sometime critical public.

“Color was not given to us in order that we should imitate Nature, but so that we can express our own emotions”

Sought to eliminate the nonessentials and retain only a subject’s most fundamental qualities.

MATISSE

Fauvism is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), a short-lived and loose group of early twentieth-century Modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism.

Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910.

FAUVISM

Henri MatisseThe Woman with the Hat1905Oil on Canvas

Henri MatisseGoldfish1912Oil on Canvas

In Germany, a group known as the Expressionists insisted art should express the artist’s feelings rather than images of the real world.

Use of distorted, exaggerated forms and colors for emotional impact began to dominate German art.

EXPRESSIONISM

Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) was a group of artists from the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany. The group was founded by a number of Russian emigrants, including Wassily Kandinsky, Alexej von Jawlensky, Marianne von Werefkin, and native German artists, such as Franz Marc, August Macke and Gabriele Münter. Der Blaue Reiter was a movement lasting from 1911 to 1914, fundamental to Expressionism, along with Die Brücke which was founded the previous decade in 1905.

DER BLAUE REITER

Kandinsky was the first to abandon any reference to recognizable reality in his work.

The belief that color could convey emotion irrespective of content spurred Kandinsky to take the bold step of discarding realism altogether.

KANDINSKY

Vasily KandinskyImprovisation 28 (Second Version) Oil on Canvas1912

Khan Academy Video Resource: Kandinsky's Compositions

Die Brücke (The Bridge) was a group of German expressionist artists formed in Dresden in 1905, after which the Brücke Museum in Berlin was named. Founding members were Fritz Bleyl, Erich Heckel, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner and Karl Schmidt-Rottluff. Later members were Emil Nolde, Max Pechstein and Otto Mueller. The seminal group had a major impact on the evolution of modern art in the 20th century and the creation of expressionism.

Die Brücke is sometimes compared to the Fauves. Both movements shared interests in primitivist art. Both shared an interest in the expressing of extreme emotion through high-keyed color that was very often non-naturalistic. Both movements employed a drawing technique that was crude, and both groups shared an antipathy to complete abstraction. The Die Brücke artists' emotionally agitated paintings of city streets and sexually charged events transpiring in country settings make their French counterparts, the Fauves, seem tame by comparison.

DIE BRUCKE

KirchnerSelf Portrait as a Soldier Oil on Canvas1915

Kathe KollwitzMemorial Sheet for Karl LiebknectWoodcut1919

Cubism is a 20th century avant-garde art movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. In cubist artworks, objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. Often the surfaces intersect at seemingly random angles, removing a coherent sense of depth. The background and object planes interpenetrate one another to create the shallow ambiguous space, one of cubism's distinct characteristics.

Deemed the “art consisting of invention, not copying” by Leger.

CUBISM:A VIDEO OVERVIEW

Strongly inspired by a trip to North Africa he took when he was 24-particularly by the use of color.

Consciously imitated the dreamlike magic of children’s art by reducing his forms to direct shapes full of ambiguity.

Interest in inner vision made Klee study archaic signs such as hex symbols, hieroglyphics, and cave markings.

PICASSO

Pablo PicassoSelf-Portrait Oil on Canvas1901

Pablo PicassoFamily of SaltimbanquesOil on Canvas1905

Pablo PicassoLes Demoiselles D’Avignon (The Young Ladies of Avignon)Oil on Canvas1907

Kahn Academy Video Resource: The AnalysisVideo Resource: Relativity and the Unconscious

Pablo PicassoGuernica Oil on Canvas1937

Pablo PicassoMa Jolie Oil on Canvas1911-12

Georges BraqueThe PortugueseOil on Canvas1911

Pablo PicassoGlass and Bottle of Suze Pasted paper, gouache, and charcoal1912

Pablo PicassoMandolin and Clarinet Construction of painted wood with pencil marks1913

French Extensions of CubismRobert DelaunayHomage to BlériotTempera on Canvas1914

French Extensions of CubismFernand LegerThree Women Oil on Canvas1921

Italian Extensions of CubismFuturismGino SeveriniArmored Train In Action Oil on Canvas1915

Video Resource: An Overview of Futurism

Italian Extensions of CubismFuturismUmberto BoccioniUnique Forms of Continuity in Space Bronze1913

Russion Extensions of CubismCubo-FuturismKazimir MalevichSuprematist Painting (Eight Red Rectangles) Oil on Canvas1915

Alfred StieglitzThe Steerage1907Photograph

PHOTO SECESSION

WWI was the most brutal time in human history up to that point.

Germany suffered 850,000; France suffered 700,000; Great Britain suffered 400,000- all in the year of 1916

Disgust with the conflict springs up on the art front as a reaction against the slaughter and its moral quandaries.

The goal of Modern art was questioning and overthrowing the traditions of art.

DADA

Marcel DuchampFountain Porcelain plumbing fixture and enamel paint1917

Khan Academy Video Resource: The Fountain

Attacked the rational emphasis of Western culture, founded by Andre Breton in 1924.

Participated in some of the earlier Dada movement- harnessed some of the unfocused bitterness of that movement.

Surrealist Manifesto: 1924Based upon the theories of Freud

Human psyches were the battleground where the rational, civilized forces of the conscious mind struggled against the irrational, instinctual urges of the unconscious.

Facing inner demons through the art context.

Included numerous techniques: dream analysis, free association, automatic writing, work games, and hypnotic trances.

THE SURREALISTS

Meret OppenheimObject (Le Déjeuner enFourrure) (Luncheon in Fur) 1936

SURREALISM

Video Resource: Object

Frida KahloThe Two FridasOil on Canvas1939

Video Resource: The Two Fridas

Wifredo LamThe Jungle1943 C.E. Gouache on paper mounted on canvas

Video Resource: Wifredo Lam

Utilitarian Art Forms in Russia

Constructivism

Socialist Realism

ART BETWEEN THE WARS

Varvara StepanovaThe Results of the First Five-Year PlanPhotomontage1932

CONSTRUCTIVSM

Belief that the reform of human thought would come through art.Primary movement: DeStijl

RATIONALISM IN THE NETHERLANDS

Piet MondrianComposition in Red, Blue, and YellowOil on Canvas1930

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Composition in Red, Blue, and Yellow

Frank Lloyd WrightFallingwater1936-1939Bear Run, Pennsylvania

PRAIRIE STYLE

Video Resource: Fallingwater

Le CorbusierVilla Savoye1929Steel and reinforced concrete, France

INTERNATIONAL STYLE

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Villa Savoye

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip JohnsonSeagram Building1954-1958Steel frame with glass curtain wall and bronze, New York

INTERNATIONAL STYLE

Many art movements had the goal of improving the world somehow.

Styles ranged from realism to abstraction.

ART AND POLITICS

Aaron DouglasAspects of Negro Life: from Slavery through Reconstruction Oil on Canvas1934

THE HARLEM RENAISSANCEVideo Resource: Aaron DouglasVideo Resource: Aspects of Negro Life: from Slavery thro

Jacob LawrenceThe Migration of the Negro, Panel 49 Tempera on Masonite1940–41

Kahn Academy Video Resource: The Migration Series

Jacob LawrenceDuring the World War there was a Great Migration North by Southern Negroes Tempera on Masonite1940–41

Diego RiveraMan, Controller of the Universe Fresco1934

THE MEXICAN MURALISTS

Diego RiveraDream of Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Central ParkFresco1934

Video Resource: Dream of Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Central Park

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

Rise of fascism led to European artists moving to the U.S.

By 1941, Andre Breton, Dali, Leger, Mondrian, and Max Ernst were living in New York where they had a strong impact on the art scene.

Innovative developments in material use, methods of application, compositional structures, and the sizes of resulting works.

Abstract Expressionism is also known as the New York School.

Willem de KooningWoman, I1950–1952 C.E. Oil on canvas

ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

Khan Academy Video Resource: Woman, I

Helen FrankenthalerThe BayAcrylic on Canvas1952

COLOR FIELD PAINTING

Video Resource: The BayVideo Resource: Interview with Helen Frankenthaler

Art moves into the real world by borrowing mass-produced imagery or using mass-production techniques in their art.

Growing presence of mass media in the prosperous postwar culture.

Slicker appearance than other contemporary movements.

Typically has an ironic, cynical, or detached attitude.

POP ART

Richard HamiltonJust What is it That Makes Today’s Homes So Different, So Appealing?1955

Andy WarholMarilyn DiptychOil, acrylic, and silkscreen on enamel on canvas, two panels1962

Video Resource: Diptych Analysis

Claes OldenburgLipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar TracksPainted steel body, aluminum tube, and fiberglass tip1969, reworked 1974

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Oldenburg

HAPPENINGS

Yayoi KusamaNarcissus Garden1966Installation of mirrored ballsVenice, Italy

Video Resource: Yayoi Kusama

EARTHWORKS AND SITE SPECIFIC SCULPTURE

Artists begin using the Earth itself as a medium by considering the shape of the site.

Michael HeizerDouble Negative 240,000-ton Displacement at Mormon Mesa, Overton, Nevada1,500 X 50 X 30' (457.2 X 15.2 X 9.1 m)1969–70

Christo and Jeanne-ClaudeRunning FenceNylon fenceheight 18' (5.50 m), length 24 ½ miles (40 km)1972–76

Robert SmithsonSpiral Jetty1969-1970Black rock, salt crystal, and earth spirallength 1,500′ (457 m)

Kahn Academy Video Resource: Spiral Jetty

INTO THE POSTMODERN ERA

Most agree that the shift to Postmodernism happened around 1970.

The quest to set aside conventions died when it seemed that all of the rules of art had been broken- leading to the decline of the avant-garde.

Modern art arrived with the transition to an industrial society, Postmodern art is heralded by postindustrial society. Modern art itself was no longer cotnroversial.

Postmodern art reflects our pluralist and globalized society in which innovation can happen any place. Pluralism referring to a a number of stles and trends coexisting simultaneously.

Art is used as a commentary of the world.

Robert Venturi, John Rauch, and Denise Scott BrownHouse in New Castle County1978-1983Wood frame, stucco, Delaware