Late Medieval Art … and a little bit of architecture (Romanesque & Gothic)
Late Gothic: England
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Transcript of Late Gothic: England
Late Gothic: England
Early English1190-1290
English Decorated Gothic1290-1350
Perpendicular Style1350-1500
Intermittent French influence here: Early GothicRayonnant
Political map of England - 1066 Political map of England - 1259
I. Alternate forms of Gothicness seen in Early Gothic England
Wells Cathedral, 1180-1240, additions to 1340
I. Alternate forms of Gothicness seen in Early Gothic England
Wells Cathedral
I. Alternate forms of Gothicness seen early in Southwest England
Wells Cathedral
Early Gothic nave Decorated style eastern choir
I. Alternate forms of Gothicness seen in Early Gothic England
Wells Cathedral
Early Gothic nave crossing
Canterbury Cathedral, eastern extension, 1177-84; French William of Sens, architect
II. Reception of ideas from the French capital: Gothic in Southeast England Heterogeneity the norm in England
Canterbury Cathedral, eastern extension
II. Reception of ideas from the French capital: Gothic in Southeast England Heterogeneity the norm in England
II. Reception of ideas from the French capital: Gothic in Southeast England
Canterbury Cathedral, eastern extension
Early Gothic French influence
Westminster Abbey, 1250-72
II. Reception of ideas from the French capital: Gothic in Southeast England Rayonnant French influence
Westminster AbbeySt.-Denis
Ste.-Chapelle
Reims Cathedral
Henry III (r. 1216-71)
II. Reception of ideas from the French capital: Gothic in Southeast England Rayonnant French influence
Westminster Abbey, nave 1250-72
II. Reception of ideas from the French capital: Gothic in Southeast England Rayonnant French influence
Westminster Abbey, nave 1250-72
II. Reception of ideas from the French capital: Gothic in Southeast England Rayonnant French influence
Westminster Abbey, nave 1250-72Reims Cathedral, France
II. Reception of ideas from the French capital: Gothic in Southeast England Rayonnant French influence
Westminster AbbeySte.-Chapelle, Paris
II. Reception of ideas from the French capital: Gothic in Southeast England Rayonnant French influence
III. Late Gothic
Late Gothic trends across Europe (from Wilson):
FragmentationDecline in the universal churchLaicizationIndebtedness to lesser building typesLate phases of any artistic movement
English Gothic window tracery types
The Eleanor crosses erected by King Edward I between 1291 and 1294 in memory of his wife Eleanor of Castile
St. Stephen’s Chapel at Westminster Palace, 1292
III. Late Gothic: Decorated style Laicization
flowing or curvilinear tracery liernes – short decorative ribs used for the first time in St. Stephen’s Chapel
St. Stephen’s Chapel at Westminster Palace, 1292
III. Late Gothic: Decorated style Late style
ogee arches
Octagonal crossing tower of Ely Cathedral, 1322-43
III. Late Gothic: Decorated style
Octagonal crossing tower of Ely Cathedral, 1322-43
III. Late Gothic: Decorated style Laicization
English Perpendicular Style, 1350-1500
Gloucester Cathedral, south transept 1331-36
IV. Perpendicular Style
Gloucester South transept (Decorated style)
IV. Perpendicular Style
Gloucester Cathedral, choir b. 1337
Gloucester Cathedral, choir b. 1337
IV. Perpendicular Style
Gloucester Cathedral, choir, b. 1337
glazed, open and blind tracery in a single plane
arch-enclosing rectangle or “panel”
subordination of detail to overall effect
arched panel motifs = heavenly mansions (“Let not your heart be troubled: ye believe in God, believe also in me. In my Father’s house are many mansions” John 14:1)
IV. Perpendicular Style
Gloucester Cathedral choir: great east window
IV. Perpendicular Style
tunnel vault with penetrations overlaid with dense mesh of lierne ribs four-centered archGloucester Cathedral choir
IV. Perpendicular Style
Gloucester Cathedral Cloister, 1351-64
IV. Perpendicular Style
Gloucester Cathedral Cloister, 1351-64
earliest fan vault
IV. Perpendicular Style
Gloucester Cathedral Cloister, 1351-64
vault parity with walls
IV. Perpendicular Style
made with large ashlar blocks instead of ribs and rough masonry
Gloucester Cathedral Cloister, 1351-64
IV. Perpendicular Style
Perpendicular style Canterbury Cathedral nave, 1378-1405
V. Spread of the perpendicular style as “national” English style
Chapel of St. George at Windsor Castle, b. 1475-1511, commissioned by Edward IV
Authurian romance pretense: chapel more magnificent than a cathedralVI. Late phase of the late perpendicular style
King Edward IV’s Chapel of St. George, Windsor Castle, b. 1475-1511
Flattened four-centered arch
VI. Late phase of the late perpendicular style Greater perpendicularity
Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey, London, England, 1503-09
VI. Late phase of the late perpendicular style Lady chapel as mausoleum
Intended mortuary chapel for a canonized Henry VI
Henry VII (r. 1485-1509)
VI. Late phase of the late perpendicular style Lady chapel as mausoleum
Henry VII Chapel, great west window
“Late” phase further refinement and elaborationVI. Late phase of the late perpendicular style
Henry VII Chapel (figural ornament)
VI. Late phase of the late perpendicular style
Pendant fan vaults at the Henry VII Chapel Chapel
“Late” phase further refinement and elaborationVI. Late phase of the late perpendicular style
Henry VII Chapel
“Late” phase further refinement and elaborationVI. Late phase of the late perpendicular style
Henry VII Chapel Henry VII’s Richmond Palace, 1501Henry VII Chapel
Indebtedness to other building typesVI. Late phase of the late perpendicular style
Indebtedness to other building types
Westminster Hall (1099)hammerbeam roof installed 1397-99
Henry VII Chapel at Westminsterpendant fan vault, 1503-09
VI. Late phase of the late perpendicular style
1957 1967 in French; Eng. trans. 2005
VII. Panofsky’s Gothic Architecture + Scholasticism thesis
habitussystem of internalized schemes that have the
capacity to generate all the thoughts, perceptions, and actions characteristic of a culture, and nothing else
(Bourdieu 2005, 233)
modus operandimental habits
mentality
thoughts of theologians designs of architects
VII. Panofsky’s Gothic Architecture + Scholasticism thesis
Unity of 13th-century civilization
Scholastic thought best represented by summas
Encyclopedic content of sculpture on Gothic facades, portals, and stained glass
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica (1265-74) Reims Cathedral, Reims, France, 1211-90
VII. Panofsky’s Gothic Architecture + Scholasticism thesis
Scholastic mental habits best represented in structure of summas
Scholastic thought = Visual logic of Gothic architecture
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica (1265-74) Reims Cathedral, Reims, France, 1211-90
VII. Panofsky’s Gothic Architecture + Scholasticism thesis
Reims Cathedral, Reims, France, 1211-90
VII. Panofsky’s Gothic Architecture + Scholasticism thesis
13th century organization of theological treatises
whole
parts (partes)
smaller partes
membra
quaestiones (questions)
articuli (articles)
Scholastic mental habits best represented in structure of summas
Scholastic thought = Visual logic of Gothic architecture
Two “controlling principles” assimilated as “mental habits” by the architects
Reims Cathedral, Reims, France, 1211-90
VII. Panofsky’s Gothic Architecture + Scholasticism thesis
Scholastic thought = Visual logic of Gothic architecture
1. manifestatio - elucidation or clarification (see discussion questions for more)
2. concordantia (Latin) – reconciliation, pattern for considering problems in relationship to conflicting authority of the past.
Question (quaestio) followed by:videtur quodsed contrarespondeo dicendum
(see discussion questions for more)
VII. Panofsky’s Gothic Architecture + Scholasticism thesis
2. concordantia (Latin) – reconciliation, pattern for considering problems in relationship to conflicting authority of the past.
Question (quaestio) followed by:videtur quodsed contrarespondeo dicendum
(see discussion questions for more)
videtur quod, sed contra, respondeo dicendum“it is seen that,” “but on the contrary,” “I answer saying that . . .”
Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica (1265-74)