Last portion of the Ppt Lecture notes(Good Luck on the Quiz Ch. 19 Tomorrow)

Confederacy forced to conscript men between ages of 17 & 50 as early as April, 1862; a year earlier than the Union.

Rich men could hire substitutes or purchase exemption.

Mountain whites refused to enlist

African-American soldiers in the North.About 180,000 blacks served in

the Union armies; about 10% of total Union enlistments; 38,000 died

Black volunteers initially rejected

1862, need for soldiers and emancipation opened door to black volunteers

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Established by Governor John Andrew (top right), who appointed 24 year old Robert Gould

Shaw (bottom right) commander. Recruits included Frederick Douglass’s sons Charles, and Lewis (below, center). Training began for Black volunteers at Camp Meigs in Readville,

MA on February 21, 1863.

The 54th Regiment

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Fort Wagner

The Union planned to seize Charleston, South Carolina. Fort

Wagner was one of several forts that surrounded the city and provided

artillery protection for the city.

General Quincy A. Gilmore decided that the harbor had to be opened up,

and therefore Fort Wagner was selected as the first target for Union

forces.

Fort Wagner was actually one of several forts, including Fort Sumter,

which surrounded Charleston Harbor.

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The fort was surrounded by swamp, ocean and fortifications which made it difficult to penetrate by foot. It had 14 cannons and a bombproof ceiling that could protect up to

1,000 men.

General Gilmore believed that a naval attack would destroy resistance. The Union

was initially successful at Morris Island, however, they did not follow up their

attack, allowing the Confederates enough time to prepare for the next wave of battle.

The 54th Regiment was sent in to seize the fort, however, more than one-half of the unit was killed or wounded in the initial

charge, including Shaw, their commander.

Other regiments were sent to capture Fort Wagner, however they all suffered similar

losses and the plan was abandoned.

Assault on Fort Wagner, July 18, 1863

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Sergeant William Carney was wounded multiple times in the assault and was awarded

the Congressional Medal of Honor for his bravery. However, the Medal was not awarded

to him until 30 years after the war.

More than 250 of the 54th Massachusetts were killed in the assault on Fort Wagner. However, as

word of their bravery spread, more and more African-Americans joined the army. By the end of

the war, approximately 180,000 had joined.

Effects of the battle on the 54th Regiment

Lincoln later claimed the Union’s victory was largely due to impact of the black regiments.

Confederacy did not enlist slaves until a month before the war ended.

Indian Territory: Most of Five Civilized Tribes sided with the

Confederacy including Cherokees (who owned slaves), Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles

Cherokee volunteers

13.Financial aspect to the Civil War

Raising money in the North First income tax in nation’s

history; relatively small but still raised millions: Paid for 2/3 of the war’s cost

Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol substantially increased by Congress.

Morrill Tariff Act of 1861 -- Raised low Tariff of 1857 about 10%

Greenbacks About $450 million issued at face

value to replace gold.

Justin Smith Morrill

Supported by gold; value determined by nation’s credit

Sale of bonds through U.S. Treasury: marketed through private banking house of Jay Cooke & Co. which earned enormous monies from commissions

National Banking System authorized by Congress in 1863 Designed to establish standard bank-note currency.

Southern financesCustoms duties cut-off to Union blockade

Gov’t issued large amounts of bonds sold at home & abroad = $400 million.

Significant raise in taxes and 10% tax on farm products

Biggest source of revenue: printed large amounts of paper money

War-time prosperity in the North Civil War produced first millionaire class in U.S.

history. New factories protected by the new tariff emerged. Beginning of the “Gilded Age” dominated by “Robber Barons”

New labor-saving machinery spurred expansion while best laborers fought war Sewing machine Mechanical reapers numbered 250,000 by 1865

Petroleum industry born in Pennsylvania in 1859Westward movement

Homestead Act of 1862: Provided free land to pioneers heading to unsettled lands out west; Many pioneers headed west to escape the draft.

Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862Each state received 30,000 acres of public lands for each

senator and congressman in CongressProfits from sale of lands financed agricultural and

mechanical colleges in each state.Southern states who rejoined the Union enjoyed the same

terms Pacific Railway Act (1863) -- established a transcontinental

railroad to be built connecting northern states and territories to California.

Shipping: The only Northern industry to

suffer was overseas shipping due to Confederate commerce-raiders.

14. Demise of the Cotton Kingdom

Blockade and destruction by Union armies ruined southern economy.

South eclipsed by new 2nd Industrial Revolution of the North.

15. Lincoln and civil liberties As a war-time President Lincoln

bent the Constitution and suspended certain civil liberties.

Motive: Saving the Union required circumventing some areas of Constitution.

Congress generally accepted or approved Lincoln’s acts.

Suspension of liberties not total but more than any other period of U.S. history.

Lincoln believed civil liberties would be restored once the Union was preserved

Blockade proclaimed when Congress not in session shortly after Fort Sumter. -- Action later upheld by Supreme Court.

Increased size of federal army and navy (without Congressional Approval)

Constitution states only Congress could do this

Later approved by Congress who actually increased appropriations and the size of the army.

Extended volunteer enlistment to three years (without Congressional approval)

Directed his sec. of treasury to advanced $2 million to three private citizens for military purposes (without Congressional approval)

Suspended writ of habeas corpus so that anti-Unionists could be arrested.

Ex Parte Merriman, 1861:Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that habeas corpus could only be set aside by Congress 864 people held without trial during first nine months of the

war Lincoln ignored Taney’s report and took no action. Significance: During crisis of wartime, the President could

bend the law for the welfare of the country, including suspending the Court’s authority

In 1863, Congress approved Lincoln’s action

After 1862, arrests increased: spies, smugglers, blockade-runners and foreigners.

Arranged for Union Army to oversee voting in Border States-- Voters holding colored ballot indicating party preference had to walk between two lines of armed troops. Intimidation?

Federal officials also suspended certain newspapers and the arrest of their editors for obstructing the Union war cause.

Signed a bill outlawing slavery in all the national territories even though it conflicted with the Dred Scott decision

Emancipation Proclamation

Generally, civil liberties & constitutional rights were respected during war. -- Few political opponents were arrested.

Jefferson Davis, unlike Lincoln, unable to exercise arbitrary power-- South seemed more willing to lose war than surrendering state or local rights

16. Major Themes to Know: Lincoln’s administration & the Republican Party

created one of the most successful economic programs in American history (after the South seceded):

Pacific Railway Act (1863) created the transcontinental railroad by 1869

Homestead Act (1862) opened millions of acres of land for free to pioneers

Morrill Tariff (1861) raised tariffs —a trend that continued until the 20th century and became a dominant issue in politics during much of the post-Civil War era.

National Banking Act (1862) created a new national bank that would last until 1913

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) resulted in agricultural and mechanical colleges in the west

Income Tax: First federal income tax in U.S. history (although ended after the war)