Laryngeal allophonies: English pre-aspiration and ... · PDF fileLaryngeal allophonies:...
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Laryngeal allophonies: English pre-aspiration and glottalisation
Míša Hejná (Newcastle University)
GULP lunch seminars, University of Glasgow
February 2016
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Manchester English n Manchester English well-known for glottalisation
n we found pre-aspiration in the variety
n glottalisation is an adducting laryngeal gesture
n pre-aspiration is an abducting one
n What is the relationship between the two?
n ‘CVP (bat), ‘CVPV(C) (batter)
n ‘CVF (mass)
With Jane Scanlon
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Pre-aspiration
n period of voiceless (primarily) glottal friction
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Pre-aspiration
n period of voiceless (primarily) glottal friction
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Glottalisation
n irregularity in the glottal pulses
n sudden drop in f0
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Glottalisation
n irregularity in the glottal pulses
n sudden drop in f0
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Glottalisation
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Speakers n 3 females & 2 males
n 20-22 years
n parents also from Manchester
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Data n words embedded in That’s the word X.
n plosive context: pat, patter n 36-72 tokens per speaker
n 305 tokens in total
n fricative context: mass n 15-31 tokens per speaker
n 105 tokens in total
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Data
n /æ/, /ɪ/, /ɒ/, /ʊ/ combined with
n /p/, /t/, /k/
n /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/
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Results: plosives n word-medially pre-aspirated
batter [pahthə]
n word-finally (pre)glottalised
bat [paʔt] ~ [paʔ]
n other aspects no effect
n vowel backness
n vowel height
n place of articulation of the plosive
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Results: fricatives n Fricatives
n pre-aspiration obligatory
n glottalisation co-occurs with pre-aspiration n mass [maʔhs] ~ [mahs]
n glottalisation more frequent with low vowels n significant for /a/ vs /ɪ/
n not significant for /ɒ/ vs /ʊ/
n mass - matt allophony:
n fricatives pre-aspirated n plosives glottalised
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Results: fricatives n Fricatives
n pre-aspiration obligatory
n glottalisation co-occurs with pre-aspiration n mass [maʔhs] ~ [mahs]
n glottalisation more frequent with low vowels n significant for /a/ vs /ɪ/
n not significant for /ɒ/ vs /ʊ/
n mass - matt allophony:
n fricatives pre-aspirated n plosives glottalised
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Glottalling n can happen with a glottal adducting or abducting gesture
n suggesting a relationship between pre-aspiration and glottalisation
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But how widespread are these allophonies?
ABERYSTWYTH ENGLISH
n one speaker shows the same pattern in the plosive environment
n glottalisation most frequently vowel-final
n pre-aspiration in fricatives above 90%
n always co-occurring with glottalisation if the latter is present
n glottalisation place is variable
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But how widespread are these allophonies?
Pilot student project focusing on phonetic realisations of /t/
n What is the phonetic realisation? n What are the allophonic patterns related to /t/?
n How many allophonic patterns are there? n Are these region specific?
n Style specific?
n Gender specific?
n Do these form dialectological continua?
With Lauren Bramley, Sadie Maher & Siobhan Paterson
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Data n 6 regions:
n Bangor, Aberystwyth, Bridgend; Manchester, Birmingham, Kent
n 6 speakers: n all females
n 20-22 years old
n parents from the same area (excepting Bridgend)
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Data n 6 regions:
n Bangor, Aberystwyth, Bridgend; Manchester, Birmingham, Kent
n 6 speakers: n all females
n 20-22 years old
n parents from the same area (excepting Bridgend)
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Data
words in isolation
n word-initial /t/: tat 8 x 6 (48)
n word-medial /t/: tatter 13 x 6 (78)
n word-final /t/: tat 11 x 6 (66)
n exploratory analysis (192 tokens in total)
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Post-aspiration
POST-ASPIRATION
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Affrication
AFFRICATION
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Spirantisation
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Spirantisation
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Glottalling
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Glottal reinforcement
GLOTTAL REINFORCEMENT
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Pre-aspiration
PRE-ASPIRATION
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Allophonies?
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Allophonies?
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What motivates the allophonic patterns?
n connection between the pre-release and post-release gestures?
n pre-aspiration and post-aspiration perceptually confusable in Andalusian Spanish (Ruch & Harrington 2014)
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Further questions: motivations
n connection between the pre-release and post-release gestures?
n not borne out by preliminary informal analyses
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Affrication & pre-aspiration foot-medially
Pre-aspiration Affrication
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Affrication & pre-aspiration foot-finally
Pre-aspiration Affrication
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Affrication & glottal reinforcement
foot-medially
Affrication Glottal reinforcement
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Affrication & glottal reinforcement
foot-finally
Affrication Glottal reinforcement
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Further questions: motivations
n pre-aspiration and affrication can co-occur
n glottalisation and affrication can also co-occur
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Further questions: motivations
HYPOTHESES
n breathiness as a precursor to pre-aspiration
n post-aspiration as a precursor to (local) breathiness
n utterance-final glottalisation as a precursor to segmental glottalisation
n If this is the case, we should never get the type of allophony where n pre-aspiration = foot-final n glottalisation = foot-medial
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Is breathiness a precursor to pre-aspiration?
n breathiness in Italian VP sequences (Gobl & Ní Chasaide 1988)
n pre-aspiration found recently (e.g. Stevens & Hajek 2007)
n pre-aspiration found in languages with post-aspiration
n pre-aspiration present à breathiness present
n breathiness present ≠ pre-aspiration present
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Aberystwyth English: pre-aspiration implies breathiness
DATA
n ‘CVP, ‘CVPV matt matter
n ‘CVF mass
n ‘CVCVP, ‘CVCVF gullet Wallace
n 2x in a carrier sentence Say X once.
n 1x in siolation
n Almost 10,000 tokens
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Aberystwyth English: pre-aspiration implies breathiness
SPEAKERS
n 12 females & 6 males
n born & raised in Aberystwyth
n L1 Welsh speakers
n 22-91 years
n non-smokers
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Aberystwyth English: pre-aspiration implies breathiness
STRESSED SYLLABLES
93
Figure 3.25. Pre-aspiration and breathiness occurrence by manner of articulation and stress
The top row shows the stressed context ('CVC(V)) and the bottom row shows the unstressed context ('CVCVC); the figures on the left show the frequency of occurrence (%) of pre-aspiration across the two manners of articulation (fricatives vs plosives) and the figures on the right show the frequency of
occurrence (%) of breathiness across these two contexts
On the other hand, pre-aspiration and breathiness durations agree in being longer in
stressed than unstressed syllables (p < 0.0001). Unlike pre-aspiration, however,
breathiness is longer in duration with fricatives than with plosives (p < 0.05). These
tendencies are demonstrated in Figure 3.26.
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Aberystwyth English: pre-aspiration implies breathiness
UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES
93
Figure 3.25. Pre-aspiration and breathiness occurrence by manner of articulation and stress
The top row shows the stressed context ('CVC(V)) and the bottom row shows the unstressed context ('CVCVC); the figures on the left show the frequency of occurrence (%) of pre-aspiration across the two manners of articulation (fricatives vs plosives) and the figures on the right show the frequency of
occurrence (%) of breathiness across these two contexts
On the other hand, pre-aspiration and breathiness durations agree in being longer in
stressed than unstressed syllables (p < 0.0001). Unlike pre-aspiration, however,
breathiness is longer in duration with fricatives than with plosives (p < 0.05). These
tendencies are demonstrated in Figure 3.26.
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Inconclusive coda n What relationships between pre-aspiration and glottalisation exist in
English accents?
n Do these relationships change in different styles?
n Do we get the same relationships in older speakers?
n How old is English pre-aspiration?
n Is it as old as glottalisation?
n Do both serve to cue phonetic voicelessness?
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Thank you for lihstening!
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References
n Buizza, E.; Plug, L. 2012. “Lenition, fortition and the status of plosive affrication: the case of spontaneous English /t/”. Phonology 29, 1. 1-38.
n Gobl, C.; Ní Chasaide, A. 1988. “The effects of adjacent voiced/voiceless consonants on the vowel voice source – a cross language study”. STL-QPSRL 2-3/1988. 23-59.
n Ruch, H.; Harrington, J. 2014. “Synchronic and diachronic factors in the change from pre-aspiration to post-aspiration in Andalusian Spanish”. Journal of Phonetics 45. 12-25.
n Hejná, M.; Scanlon, J. 2015. “New laryngeal allophony in Manchester English”. 18th ICPhS, Glasgow.
n Hejná, M. 2015. Pre-aspiration in Welsh English: a case study of Aberystwyth. PhD thesis, University of Manchester.
n Morris, J. 2010. “Phonetic variation in Northern Wales: preaspiration”. Meyerhoff, M., Adachi, C., Daleszynska, A. and Strycharz, A. (eds) Proceedings of the Second Summer School of Sociolinguistics, The University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. 1-16.
n Stevens, M.; Hajek, J. 2007. “Towards a phonetic conspectus of preaspiration: acoustic evidence from Sienese Italian”. 16th ICPhS, Saarbrücken. 429-32.
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Aberystwyth English: pre-aspiration implies breathiness
STRESSED SYLLABLES
PLOSIVES
95
Figure 3.27. Breathiness and pre-aspiration occurrence in plosives by speaker
Each column represents one speaker (e.g. ABE12, as indicated at the bottom); the number at the top stands for the number of tokens available for the analyses for each speaker (e.g. 591 for ABE12); the figure itself shows the percentage of pre-aspiration occurring on its own, breathiness occurring on its
own, neither occurring, or the two co-occurring within each speaker
Breathiness is however obligatory in fricatives in stressed syllables (mass) and in
both fricatives and plosives in unstressed syllables (Wallace, gullet). It follows that
when pre-aspiration is found with fricatives in stressed syllables or in unstressed
syllables, it always co-occurs with breathiness since the latter is obligatory in these
environments. This is further illustrated in Figures 3.28. and 3.29. For each speaker,
the total number of tokens is provided at the top of the appropriate column. The y-
axis of the graphs represents percentages (100% = 1.0, 20% = 0.2, etc.).
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Aberystwyth English: pre-aspiration implies breathiness
STRESSED SYLLABLES
FRICATIVES
96
Figure 3.28. Breathiness and pre-aspiration occurrence in fricatives by speaker
Each column represents one speaker (e.g. ABE11, as indicated at the bottom); the number at the top stands for the number of tokens available for the analyses for each speaker (e.g. 33 for ABE11); the
figure itself shows the percentage of pre-aspiration occurring on its own, breathiness occurring on its own, neither occurring, or the two co-occurring within each speaker
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Aberystwyth English: pre-aspiration implies breathiness
APPARENT TIME, STRESSED SYLL, PLOSIVES
260
Figure 7.6. (Biological) age and pre-aspiration and breathiness occurrence (raw frequency count)
Irrespective of gender or age, there is a strong tendency for the two to co-occur,
although for most speakers breathiness is more frequent than pre-aspiration,
especially in the oldest generation. This supports the suggestion that breathiness is a
precursor to pre-aspiration, but data from more speakers need to be analysed.
Bigger differences between pre-aspiration and breathiness are found in how their
frequency of occurrence is conditioned segmentally and prosodically. They are both
more frequent in /ɪ/ followed by a word-final rather than a word-medial plosive. This
prosodic conditioning is however significant on its own for breathiness, whilst it is
not for pre-aspiration. For pre-aspiration, on the other hand, the conditioning by the
vowel type is on the whole significant, which is not the case for breathiness. The two
therefore overlap in terms of their linguistic conditioning, but whilst breathiness is
more sensitive to prosodic factors, pre-aspiration is more strongly affected by the
segmental factors. The two show a trading pattern regarding the place of articulation
of the post-tonic plosive: breathiness becomes more frequent the more posterior the
plosive is, and the opposite is true for pre-aspiration.
70
100
130
160
190
220
250
280
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Freq
uenc
y of
occ
urre
nce
Age
Age and breathiness & pre-aspiration occurrence
"pre-aspiration" "breathiness"
Linear ("pre-aspiration") Linear ("breathiness")