Large Scale Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear...
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Large Scale Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Energy
William A. SummersProgram Manager
Energy Security DepartmentSavannah River National Laboratory
Third International Hydrail ConferenceSalisbury, North Carolina
August 13-14, 2007
WSRC-STI-2007-00422
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 2
Outline
� Our Energy Future and the Hydrogen Economy
� How much hydrogen will be needed?
� How will it be produced?
� The role of nuclear energy
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 3
About our Energy Future
� World energy needs are growing rapidly
� There is a finite supply of oil and gas
� Alternative energy supplies need to be
developed soon
� Environmental concerns are increasing
� America needs energy security & diversity
– Petroleum imports will exceed 75% by 2025
WE NEED A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEM
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 4
The Changing View of Our Energy Supply
Solutions....Will Require New Approaches and Innovation
Environmental• Global Impact• Resource
Management
Financial• Affordability
Security• Reliability
Uncertainty and Risk
Alexander Karsner, Asst. Secretary for DOE
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy*
“I am motivated by these principles…
• We are a nation at war.
• Our earth is warming.
• Carbon emissions and greenhouse
gases are impacting air quality and
the environment.
• America is addicted to oil.”
* Power-Gen Renewable Energy and Fuel Conference 2006, Las Vegas, NV. April 11, 2006
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 5
Our world needs more energy
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 6
Growing World Energy Demand
� Rapid Energy Growth in
Developing Economies
� China now is No. 2 Oil
Importer (passing Japan)
� Growth Rate in Energy Use
since 1980:
– U.S. = 1.2% per year
– China = 4.0% per year
– India = 5.5% per year
0
10
20
30
40
1980 1985 1990 1995 2001
Energy Use (Quad)
China India
Note: U.S. = 100 Quad
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 7
Oil and Gas are the Major Energy Sources
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1970 1980 1990 2001 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Qu
ad
rill
ion
Btu
History | Projections
Oil Natural Gas
Coal
Renewables
Nuclear
Source: DOE/EIA IEO-2006
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 8
World Oil Production Predicted to
Peak Before Mid-Century
Source: DOE EIA & USGS
Billion
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 9
National Security demands Energy Security
"We have a serious problem.
America is addicted to oil, which is often imported from unstable parts of the world."
President Bush
2006 State of the Union Address
January 31, 2006
Daryl Cagle, MSNBC website
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 10
What are our Options to Replace Oil?
� Coal and Heavy Hydrocarbons
– Large resource base, including tar sands, oil shale
– Large environmental signature
– Global warming concerns
� Renewable Energy Sources
– Biomass, Hydro, Wind, Solar
– May only be partial solution (at least near term)
� Nuclear Fission
– Worldwide renaissance in progress
– No new U.S. reactors ordered since 1970’s
� Nuclear Fusion – long-term
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 11
A National Commitment toHydrogen Technology
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 12
What is a Hydrogen Economy?
� Broad-based use of hydrogen as a fuel– Energy carrier analogous to electricity
– Produced from variety of primary energy sources
– Can serve all sectors of the economy: transportation, power, industry, buildings and residential
– Replaces oil and natural gas as the preferred end-use fuel
– Makes renewable and nuclear energy “portable”
• can address transportation needs
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 13
Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
� Advantages– Inexhaustible
– Clean
– Universally Available to All Countries
� Major Challenges– Reduce cost (10x) and increase durability (3x) of fuel cell power units; develop mass production
– Reduce size, weight and cost of hydrogen storage
– Develop national hydrogen infrastructure
• Hydrogen production from sustainable sources
• Large-scale transmission and distribution
• Widespread refueling capabilities
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 14
A Hydrogen Economy will require
massive amounts of hydrogen
� Current industrial hydrogen use
– 10 million tons per year = 40 GW(th)
– >90% used in oil refineries and ammonia plants
– 5% of all U.S. natural gas usage is for hydrogen production
� Projected hydrogen use for all light-duty vehicles in 2050*
– 110 million tons hydrogen per year = 450 GW(th)
– 11-fold increase over current industrial use
– Same energy content as current avg. electrical demand (450 GWe)
� Total energy for hydrogen production could equal or
exceed that for electrical power generation by mid-century
*National Academies of Science, 2005.
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 15
Hydrogen Production Options
� Hydrocarbons from fossil fuels– Current method for 98% of hydrogen production
– Serious environmental and supply concerns
� Biomass– New hydrocarbons produced from solar energy
– Large land area requirements; limited capacity
� Water-Splitting– Clean and sustainable
– Needs large energy input to break H-O bonds
– Requires cost effective, clean primary energy at large scale
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 16
Hydrogen can be made from a variety
of domestic energy resources
.
Distributed Generation
Transportation
Biomass
Renewable Electric
HydroWindSolar
Geothermal
Coal
Nuclear
NaturalGas
Oil
Wit
h C
arb
on
Se
qu
es
tra
tio
n
HIGH EFFICIENCY& RELIABILITY
ZERO/NEAR ZEROEMISSIONS
Heavy HC
Source: U.S. DOE
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 17
Heat
ModularHeliumReactor
Time of Day/MonthH2 Storage
High Capacity H2 Pipeline
Thermochemical Process
H2O → H2 + ½ O2
Industrial H2 Users
Hydrogen Fueled Future
Distributed
Power
Transport
Fuel
Centralized Nuclear Hydrogen Production Plant
One View of a Nuclear Hydrogen Future
O2
H2
Water
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 18
Nuclear Energy and Hydrogen
“Within the scope of today’s technology, nuclear
fission is the only viable, clean source of large
quantities of energy.”
-Dr. Geoffrey Ballard
Founder, Ballard Power
(Fuel cell pioneer)
NOTE: A 1 GWe nuclear power plant requires 1 m3
of fuel per year and produces no carbon emissions.
An equivalent fossil plant requires 4 million tons of
coal (a train over 400 miles long) and produces 9
million tons of CO2 per year.
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 19
Nuclear energy can help provide the
hydrogen by several routes
� Electric power generation ���� Water Electrolysis– Proven technology; can use existing reactor type
– Low overall efficiency ~24% (LWR), ~36% (Hi T Reactors)
� Electricity + Heat ���� High temperature steam electrolysis– Need both electricity generation and high temperature process heat
– Efficiencies up to ~ 50%
– Developing technologies (based on solid oxide fuel cells)
� High temperature heat ���� Thermochemical water-splitting– Uses advanced high temperature nuclear reactors
– A set of chemical reactions that use heat to decompose water
– Net plant efficiencies of up to ~55%, avoid cost of electricity generation
– Developing technology
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 20
Advanced reactors are necessary for
high temperature operation
ControlRodDriveAssemblies
ReactorMetallic Internals
ReplaceableReflector
Core
Reactor Vessel
Shutdown Cooling System
Hot GasDuct
ControlRodDriveAssemblies
ReactorMetallic Internals
ReplaceableReflector
Core
Reactor Vessel
Shutdown Cooling System
Hot GasDuct
Uranium Oxycarbide
Porous Carbon Buffer
Silicon Carbide
Pyrolytic Carbon
PARTICLES COMPACTS FUEL ELEMENTS
TRISO Coated fuel particles (left) are formed into fuel rods (center) and inserted into graphite fuel elements (right).
Helium Gas-Cooled Reactor• Modular Design
• Underground silo installation
• Capable of high temp operation (1000 °C)
• Refractory-coated fuel
• Passive safety
• Attractive economics
Source: General Atomics
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 21
Hydrogen plant leverages reactor designs
for power production
� Modular (600 MWth) reactors installed underground
� Passive safety eliminates need for containment structure
� Refractory fuel and gas-cooling permit high temperature operation -- 900-1000°C
� H2 plant requires replacement of power generation system with intermediate heat exchanger
� Secondary Helium loop used to transfer heat to hydrogen plant
Source: General Atomics
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 22
Nuclear Hydrogen Production Plant
� Reactor plant is combined with a
water-splitting chemcial plant
� All chemicals are recycled
� Only water and nuclear fuel are
consumed
� Produces hydrogen and oxygen
� Highest thermal efficiency from
nuclear heat to hydrogen
� Plant sizes from 200 to 800 tons per
day of hydrogen (300 – 1200 MWth)
Courtesy of General Atomics
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 23
Thermochemical water-splitting
� Series of coupled chemical reactions
� Water consumption only; all intermediates regenerated
� Thermal input only (pure cycles) or thermal & electric
input (hybrid cycles)
� Extensively studied in 1970s
� Over 3000 potential cycles have been suggested with
115 cycles reported in literature
� Thermodynamics dictate high temperature (>800°C)
� Potential for high plant thermal efficiency maximizing
conversion of nuclear energy into hydrogen
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 24
Hybrid Sulfur (HyS) Process
H2SO4 ½O2 + SO2 + H2O> 800°C
H2 + H2SO4 SO2 + 2H2O100°C
SO2 + H2OH2SO4 (H2O)
H2O
H2
½O2
> 800°C
Heat
< 100°C
Electric EnergySO2 + H2OH2SO4 (H2O)
H2O
H2
O2
H2O
H2
Inputs:• Water• Heat• Electricity
Outputs:• Hydrogen• Oxygen• Waste Heat
Waste Heat
H2SO4 ½O2 + SO2 + H2O
SO2 + 2H2OH2 + H2SO4
• Simplest thermochemical cycle
• Requires heat (80%) and electricity (20%)
• Common high temperature acid decomposition step
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 25
Hybrid Sulfur (HyS) Process
� Simple, all fluids, two-step hybrid process
� Chemistry involves only S-O-H species
� Developed by Westinghouse Electric in 1970’s
� Closed-loop 120 lph bench-scale demonstrated in 1978
� Key development issues
– Sulfuric acid decomposition (common with SI Cycle)
– Optimization of flowsheet and SO2/O2 separation
– Development and scale-up of SO2 electrolyzer
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 26
HyS Electrolyzer Concept
� Modification of water
electrolysis process
� Uses sulfur dioxide to lower
cell voltage by >75%
� Produces sulfuric acid that is
sent to high temp section
� Design approach leverages
R&D on PEM fuel cells
� Proof-of-concept achieved
by SRNL in 2005
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 27
SO2-depolarzied Electrolyzer Test Facility
ELECTROLYZER
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 28
Technology is still in early stages
� Major design challenges due to corrosive
chemicals, impurities, reactant separation, high
temperature heat exchange, and high capital costs
� High chemical-to-hydrogen weight ratios lead to
large material flows and equipment sizes
� Currently in lab-scale development stage
– Scale-up to MW-scale pilot plant in 3-5 years
� DOE plans to demonstrate full-size nuclear reactor
combined with hydrogen plant in 2017
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 29
Delivered NuH2 is Competitive with
Natural Gas Reforming
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Natural Gas Price, $ per MMB
Hyd
rog
en
, $ p
er
kg
No CO2 Removal CO2 Sequestration Nuclear H2
Breakeven Price for NG vs. NuH2 for Industrial H2 User
NG price real escalation = 2% per year
May 07
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 30
Summary and Conclusions
� World needs to convert to a sustainable energy system
� Hydrogen could replace oil and gas as a major energy
carrier
� A hydrogen economy will need massive energy inputs
� Water-splitting is a preferred source of hydrogen
� Nuclear energy can produce large amounts of
hydrogen at high efficiency with no greenhouse gases
� First nuclear hydrogen plant could be operating within
ten years
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WSRC-STI-2007-00422, Hydrail 2007 31
THANK YOU