RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Genetics & Evolution with the title is “ Sex influence

gen”, which made by :

name : Syaiful Bakhri

reg. no : 081 404 192

group : III

Have been checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator and

this report is accepted.

Makassar, november 12th, 2010

Assistant Coordinator,

Misnawati S.Si

Assistant,

Misnawati S.Si

Known by

Lecturer of Responsibility,

Hartati, S.Si, M.SiReg No : 1974040520000032002

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

One of most real phenomenon to prove the existence of life is process

reproduce, where an individual type bear the new individual is which of a kind.

Human being only bears the human being. Tiger bear the tiger. That way by

various other organism types. One matter draws we which can see in course of

reproduction is the existence of looking like of among mains and its child. This

matter of course do not miss from endowment mechanism of is nature of which

then studied by mend tail in science genetics. Genetics represent one of very

important Biological science branch domicile it in our life. Entire all behavioral

information or nature of human being will be kept better in gene.

Besides gene which number in chromosome calamine, recognized also

gene influenced by sex and gene limited by sex. Here we will recognize a nature

of which is because of gene influenced by the sex (" sex influenced genes"). Gene

influenced by sex later will bear an nature of which then bequeathed to by its

clan. One of the example is long difference among the index finger and ring

finger. Therefore, in this praktikun is we will perceive the comparison one who

own the longer the index finger from at its ring finger with one who own the

longer ring finger from its the index finger, is related with the comparison of

frequency of people who of memiki gene influenced by the certain seks.

B. Purpose

This Practicum is executed as a mean to try to specify the genotif of his

self of pursuant to size measure its the index finger.

C. Benefit As for benefit of execution of activity practicum, that is 1.

1. To be student know better the way of determining part of finger assumed longer,

whether/what the index finger or ring finger

2. To be student able to specify the genotif x'self of pursuant to size measure its the

index finger

3. To be student know better determination procedures make an index to the

comparison of the index finger with the ring finger of through class data

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

The gene is the smallest biological unit of inheritance, and it is carried on a

chromosome. Hundreds and possibly thousand of genes are carried on each

chromosome, each in fixed or special position called a locus. The existence of a

particular gene can be determined genetically only because it exists in at least two

forms are called allelomorphs, and they usually affect a trait in contrasting manners.

Genes are so small that they cannot even be seen with the ordinary type of

microscope. Even if we could use a microscope powerful enough to enlarge the gene

image to visible size, we could not be certain what to look for. Nevertheless, scientist

have been able to learn quite a lot about the gene by using very special methods of

study, (john,1963)

In the preceding chapters, we have considered the patterns of transmission of

independently assorting and linked genes, the chromosomal location of genes, the

chemical structure of genes and chromosomes, and the mechanism of replication of

the genetic material. In this chapter, we will discuss how to genes perform their

phenotype function. That is, how do genes exert their effects on the phenotype of a

virus, a cell, or an organism? This question does not have a simple an swear.

Different genes clearly exert their effects in different ways. Moreover, all the genes of

an organism are located in the same cells and the same nuclei. They do not function

independently. The ultimate phenotype of an organism is the products of the action of

all the genes ( including many gene product interaction ) and their interaction with the

environment. The pathway of transfer or flow of information. From the gene to the

final effect of the gene on the phenotype is the frequently very complex,

At the time of the discovery of Mendel’s work in 1900, the English physician-

biochemist Sir Archibald E. Garod was studying several congenital metabolic disease

alkaptonuria, which is easily detected because of the blackening of the urine upon

exposure to air. The substance responsible for this blackening is alkapton or

homogentisic acid, an intermediate in the degradation of the aromatic amino acids

tyrosine and phenyl alanine. Garrod believed that the presence of alkapton or

homogentisic acid in the urine was due to a block in the normal pathway of

metabolism of this compound. Moreover, on the basic of the family pedigree studies,

garrod proposed that alkaptonuria was inherited as a sningle recessive gene. The

result of Garrod’s studies of alkaptonuria and a few other congenital diseases in

humans, such as albinism, were presented in detail in the first edition of Garrod’s

book, inborn errors of metabolism, published in 1909.

Direct study of the genetic basis of human traits ha depended largely on

refined statistical analysis of genealogical lines and the compilation of vital statistics.

These methods have been forced upon us by the long reproductive cycle in man,

about thirty years per generation, and, in the genetics sense, by unrestricted mating.

Fortunately, all the accumulated evidence confirms the proposition that the

transmission and function of human genes corresponds to that of other bi parental

diploid organism. Let us begin with an examination of some very recent data derived

from the introduction of new and promising methods

It has recently been found that mongolism, serious neurological disorder

accompanied by a characteristic mongoloid appearance and by mental retardation, is

associated in many cases with a chromosome count of 47. The rate child with 47

chromosome is generally born to parents with normal counts of 46. The most

reasonable explanation for this aberration is no disjunction. An egg cell in which one

of the chromosome pairs does not separate during meiosis would, upon fertilization,

form a zygote with 47 chromosome, 22 normal pairs and 1 triplet. In mongolism, the

triplet normally occurs in chromosome no.21, and for some unexplained reason,

additional chromosome alters development and results in the described neurological

disorders.

Usually gene dominant show its influence at individual and also woman /

female. Newly in a state of homozygote recessive , that influence dominant will not

look the x'self in phenotype. Here will be explained by a gene which dominansi hinge

from individual gender, follow the example of the bald head, usually bald head will

look after that people have is age of about 30 year. In boyhood or its adolescent is he

still normal hair. Is originally assumed that by a that bald head because of gene of

found on chromosome sex, as does colour blindly. However fact that a father having

bald head can have the bald boy also. This fact is that above mentioned anticipation

cannot in agreeing, because gene suppose for the head of that bald there are at

chromosome X hence father not possible to and its child is men have the nature of

same. That if Gene is anticipated by there is a chromosome Y, hence anticipation

cannot in agreeing, considering that there is woman having bald head. Linking with

that taken by conclusion that is bald head because of gene influenced by gender ( in

Language inggris referred as " sex influenced gene".

gene Structural in definition as sequence nucleotide compiling the

specification of sour sequence of amino ( that is its structure) at polypeptide.

Association with early and final, each gene structural is sequence nucleotide which

canal as controller elements, got mixed up with by transcripts. Interaction of between

controller elements, enzyme of polymerase RNA and regulator protein. Here enough

presumably to note the existence of two type of controller element which is there are

at all points : sequence promoter, what is at RNA polymerase have to be trussed when

going to copy the gene into mRNA and sequence terminator, wigwagging that

polymerase have to secede and print.

CHAPTER IIIMETHODE PRAKTICUM

A. Time and Place

Day / Date : Friday / november 29th 2010

Time : 13.00 a.m. until 15.00 a.m.

Place : Biology Laboratory IInd floor West FMIPA UNM Makassar

B. Tool and Material

1. Tools

a. Ruler

b. Pen

2. Materials

a. Paper

b. The index finger And ring finger of property by my self

C. Work procedure

1. Made a clear horizontal line at paper sheet.

2. Placed left or right palm is above paper sheet which have been marked with

lines in such a manner.

3. Said the word where situation of tip of forefinger by using other pen

stationery.

CHAPTER IVOBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCCUSSION

A. Observation result

Group Phenotype of man Phenotype of womanShort of middle finger (TT< Tt)

Long of middle finger (tt)

Short of middle finger (TT)

Long of middle finger (Tt, tt)

I 1 0 4 0II 1 0 3 1III 1 0 4 1IV 1 2 4 0V 2 0 3 1VI 2 2 0 0Total 8 2 21 3

Notes :

If = Index finger

Data analysis

1. Frequency fenotip

a. Frequency for short index finger at male ( TT,Tt )

% (TT.Tt) = x 100 %

= x 100 %

= 1 %

b. Frequency for long index finger at male ( tt )

% (tt) = x 100 %

= x 100 %

= 0 %

c. Frequency for short index finger at female ( TT )

% (TT.Tt) = x 100 %

= x 100 %

= 0,7 x 100 %

= 70 %

d. Frequency for long index finger at female ( Tt )

% (Tt.Tt) = x 100 %

= x 100 %

= 0,3 x 100 %

= 30 %

2. Frequency genotip

(p+ q)2 = 1

P2(TT) + 2 pq(Tt)+ q2(tt) =1, where p+q

1. For male

P+q =1

q2 =

q2 =

q = 0

p = 1-q

= 1-0

= 1

1). Presentation genotype for male

a. TT (Short finger) = p2 x 100 %

= 12 x 100 %

100 %

b. Tt ( Short finger) = 2pq x100 %

= 2.1.0 x 100 %

= 0 %

c. tt (long finger) = q2 x 100 %

= 02 x 100 %

= 0 %

3. Total genotip

a. Male short index finger ( TT,Tt )

( TT,Tt ) = (2pq + p2) x total of male

= 1 x 1

= 1

b. Male long index finger (tt)

(tt) = q2 x total of man

= 0 x 1

= 0

2. For female

P+q =1

p2 =

p2 =

p2 = 0,7

p =

p = 0.837

1). Presentation genotype for male

d. TT (Short finger) = p2 x 100 %

= 12 x 100 %

100 %

e. Tt ( Short finger) = 2pq x100 %

= 2.1.0 x 100 %

= 0 %

f. tt (long finger) = q2 x 100 %

= 02 x 100 %

= 0 %

4. Total genotip

c. Male short index finger ( TT,Tt )

( TT,Tt ) = (2pq + p2) x total of male

= 1 x 1

= 1

d. Male long index finger (tt)

(tt) = q2 x total of man

= 0 x 1

= 0

B. Discussion

Practicum this done observation towards one of the character gen-gen

influenced by sex or sex, that is long index finger. This character is controlled by

gene pair t and t, where in has dominant and in has recessive woman.

Based on data analysis that taken from class data so known that man total that

has phenotype index finger long as much as 0 person (0%); man total that has

phenotype index finger short 1 person (1%). While, woman total that has phenotype

index finger long 6 person (30%) and woman total that has phenotype index finger

short as much as 14 person (70%). This matter proves that most of all has ring finger

longer from in index finger, good in also in woman.

Percentage genotype for woman is got that man finger short index finger

homozygote (TT) as big as 100%, man index finger short heterozygote (Tt) as big as

0%, and man index finger long (tt) 0%. This matter proves man total index finger

long homozygote at most. From this data us can conclude that woman with short

index finger has percentage genotype biggest in comparison with female index finger

long.

In general practice has genotype usually found in society. This matter is as

according to anonymous, previous study theory finds finger change because hormone

change testosterone when in pregnancy. But we also have found long finger 70%

bequeathed gene. Hormone influence during pregnancy very infinitesimal. This

watchfulness is trusted that factor genetic influential in determine long finger than

factor hormone change. Second length ratio this finger is not future many changes

postnatal. So far not found special race usually has longer ring finger than index

finger.

CHAPTER VCONLUSSION AND SUGESSTION

A. Conclusion

The short index finger caused by sex influenced gene, it has dominant at male

and recessive at female.

B. Suggestion

a. For Laboratory

1. Laboratory should prepare complete equipment and materials which will be

use in practicum, so easy for practicant to done the practicum.

2. Laboratory should complete the practicum rooms with air conditioner or

fan so make practicant glad to be in laboratory.

b. For Practicant

1. Practicant should prepare anything they need before enter into laboratory,

so they will easy to done practicum.

2. Practicant should work together with teammate, so practicum will be

faster and the result.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adisumarto.1988.Genetika.Jakarta: Erlangga

Anonyma.2010.sex influence gene. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki.

Anonymb. 2010. sex influence gene http://www.unjabisnis.com/2009/12/\sex

influence gene \.html

Elrod, Susan. 2006. Genetika Edisi Empat. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Hartati 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Genetika. Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM. Makassar.

John,F lasley.1963. Genetics of live stock improvement. New Jersey. Department of

animal husbandry Universty of Nissouri.

Norton.1975. An introduction to genetics. New York. The University of Minnesota

gardner

Suryo. 2008. Genetika. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.

Victoria henuhili,suratsih. 2002. Genetika. Makassar : Biologi UNM