LAOS: L ayered WWW A HS Authoring Model and their corresponding Algebraic O perator s
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LAOS:Layered WWW AHS Authoring Model
and their corresponding Algebraic Operators
Dr. Alexandra [email protected]
http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~acristea/
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Invited Tutorial, Madrid, Spain April 2008
LAOS
1. What is LAOS?2. Concept based adaptation3. LAOS components4. Why LAOS?5. LAOS authoring steps6. Future directions
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Invited Tutorial, Madrid, Spain April 2008
What is LAOS?
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What is LAOS ?
• a generalized model for generic adaptive hypermedia authoring
• based on the AHAM model• based on concept maps
• http://wwwis.win.tue.nl/~alex/HTML/Minerva/papers/http://wwwis.win.tue.nl/~alex/HTML/Minerva/papers/WWW03-cristea-WWW03-cristea-mooij.docmooij.doc
• http://www.ifets.info/journals/7_4/7.pdfhttp://www.ifets.info/journals/7_4/7.pdf
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Why LAOS?
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General motivation for layer distributed information
• Flexibility• Expressivity (semantics: also meta-data)• Reusability• Non-redundancy• Cooperation• Inter-operability • Standardization
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LAOS components
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LAOS components
• domain model (DM),
• goal and constraints model (GM),
• user model (UM),
• adaptation model (AM) and
• presentation model (PM)
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Invited Tutorial, Madrid, Spain April 2008
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Invited Tutorial, Madrid, Spain April 2008
LAOS motivation in detail
• Why domain model (DM) ?
• Why goal and constraints model (GM)?
• Why user model (UM)?
• Why adaptation model (AM)? and
• Why presentation model (PM)?
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Invited Tutorial, Madrid, Spain April 2008
LAOS motivation in detail
• Why domain model (DM) ?
• Because of historical AHS, ITS, AHAM
• Why goal and constraints model (GM)?
• Why user model (UM)?
• Why adaptation model (AM)? and
• Why presentation model (PM)?
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Invited Tutorial, Madrid, Spain April 2008
LAOS motivation in detail
• Why domain model (DM) ?
• Why goal and constraints model (GM)?
• Why user model (UM)?
• Because of historical ITS, AHS, AHAM
• Why adaptation model (AM)? and
• Why presentation model (PM)?
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Invited Tutorial, Madrid, Spain April 2008
LAOS motivation in detail
• Why domain model (DM) ?
• Why goal and constraints model (GM)?
• Why user model (UM)?
• Why adaptation model (AM)? and
• Because of AHAM – see also LAG !!
• Why presentation model (PM)?
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Invited Tutorial, Madrid, Spain April 2008
LAOS motivation in detail
• Why domain model (DM) ?
• Why goal and constraints model (GM)?
• Why user model (UM)?
• Why adaptation model (AM)? and
• Why presentation model (PM)?
• Because of Kuypers, AHAM
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Invited Tutorial, Madrid, Spain April 2008
LAOS motivation in detail
• Why domain model (DM) ?
• Why goal and constraints model (GM)?
• Because of book metaphor• Also because of goal adaptation!!
(see adapt to what?)
• Why user model (UM)?
• Why adaptation model (AM)? and
• Why presentation model (PM)?
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GM book metaphor – why?
• Domain model: – equivalent to skip the presentation and just
tell the user to read the book.
• search space too big • Not only one purposeful orientation
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GM motivation
• intermediate authoring step,
• goal & constraints related:
• goals: focused presentation– specific end-state
• constraints: limit search space– DM filter
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DM
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GM
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Authoring steps in LAOS• STEP 1: write domain concepts + concept hierarchy + attributes
(contents) + other domaindomain relations• STEP 2: add content related adaptive features regarding GMGM
(design alternatives – AND, OR, weights, etc.)• STEP 3: add UMUM related features (simplest way, tables, with
attribute-value pairs for user-related entities (AHAM); UM can be represented as a concept map)
• STEP 4: decide among adaptationadaptation strategies, write in adaptation language medium-level adaptation rules or give the complete set of low level rules (such as condition-action (CA) or IF-THEN rules).
• STEP 5: define format (presentationpresentation means-related; define chapters)
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LAOS components – definitions
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Domain concept model• Definition 1. An AHS domain map DM is determined
by the tuple <C,L, Att>, – where C: set of concepts, – L: set of links,– Att a set of DM attributes
• Definition 2. A domain concept cDMi. C is defined by <A,C> – where A : set of attrs and C : set of sub-concepts.
• Constraint 1. Amin is the minimal set of (standard) attributes required for each concept to have (AAmin).– for sufficient meta-data– if Amin = required standard attributes.
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Domain concept model – cont.
• Definition range 2.1. A domain concept cC is a composite domain conceptcomposite domain concept if c.C.
• Definition range 2.2. A concept cC is an atomic atomic domain conceptdomain concept if c.C=.
• Definition 3. A domaindomain linklink lL is a tuple <S, E, N, W> with S,E {DMi.ck}i,k (S, E) start and end sets of DM concept instances, respectively; N set of labels of the links; W set of weights of the links.
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Domain concept model – cont.
• Definition 4. A domain attribute a DMi.C.A is a tuple <type, val>, where – type is the name of the DM attribute; – val is the value (contents) of the DM attribute.
• Constraint 2. concept c must be involved at least in one link l. This special relation is called hierarchical link (link to ancestor concept). Exception: root concept.
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algebraic operators & respective operations over the model
• constructors – create, edit
• destructors – delete
• visualization or extractors– list, view, check
• compositors – repeat
•Effects
–restructuring (constructors, destructors and any compositors using at least one operator belonging to the previous categories) or
–structure neutral (visualization and any compositors applied to visualization alone)
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operation &
operator
Range of operation in DM Description
Create&
‘C’
• Input (atomic): optionally object name (text label) of objects such as for DMx,; father concept for c; ids
(numerical) of (S, E) and labels, weights for l, ai[h] (with h>Amin )
Input (set): as above for sets of objects {cj}
+,{lj}+,{ai[h]}+ (with
1hAmin ) •· Output space: DM, C, L, A •· Output: DMx , {cj}
*,{lj}*,
{ai[h].type}*
creates one object such as a concept map, concept, link, a non-standard attribute creates sets of objects such as set of new hierarchical child nodes and/ or links connected to the same parent or a full standard attributes set
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Edit&
‘E’
Input: object ids or expression Output: { {DMx, c, l, ai[h]}.type}*
edits the object value
Delete&
‘D’
Input: as the two above together, condition or expression
Output space: DM, C, L, A
deletes an object (set) from the corresponding structure or empties the contents
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List&
‘L’
Input: Any sets from above, optional condition or expression Output: interface object
lists the objects of the set(s)
View&
‘V’
Input: (set of) object id-s and mode (e.g., Graph/ Text) Output: interface object
gives alternative views of the results to the author
Check&
‘Ck’
Input: (set of) object id-s from DM, C, L, A , checking goal, (and implicitly their value domains) Output: interface object
checks the checking goal for the selected object and informs about value domain trespasses
Repeat&
‘R’
Input: Any of above, number of times or other stopping condition Output space: same as operation performed
Repeats any of the operations above
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Goal and constraints model
• Definition 5. A constraint conceptconstraint concept gGMi.G in GM is defined by the tuple <GA, G, DMj.c.a> GA is a set of attributes; G a set of sub-concepts; DMj.cC is the ancestor DM concept and DMj.c.aA is an attribute of that concept; GMi is the name of the GM map instance to whom it belongs.
• Definition 6. A constraint linkconstraint link glL is a tuple <S, E, N, W> with S,E {DMi.ck}i,k (S, E) start and end sets of GM concept instances, respectively; N set of labels of the links; W set of weights of the links.
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Description
Create&
‘C’
Atomic operation
& operators
Range of operation in GM
Input: original concept id in GM and attribute id; optionally object name (text label) of objects such as for GMx, father concept for c; ids (numeric) of (S, E); labels, weightsfor l Input: as above for sets of objects {cj}
+,{lj}+,{ai[h].var}+ (1h2 ) · Output space: GM , G, L, A · Output: GMx, {cj}
*,{lj}*, {ai[h].type}*
creates object e.g. GM map, concept, link, a non-standard attribute creates sets of objects e.g., set of new hierarchical child nodes +/- links to the same parent or a full standard attributes set
Edit&
‘E’
Input: object ids or expression Output: { {GMx, c, l, ai[h]}.val}*
edits the object value
Delete&
‘D’
Input: as the two above together, condition or expression Output space: GM, G, L, A
deletes an object (set) from the corresponding structure or empties the contents
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List&
‘L’
Input: Any sets from above, optional condition or expression Output: interface object
lists the objects of the set(s)
View&
‘V’
Input: (set of) object id-s and mode (e.g., Graph/ Text) Output: interface object
gives alternative views of the results to the author
Check&
‘Ck’
Input: (set of) object id-s from GM, G, L, Ac , checking goal, (and implicitly their value domains) Output: interface object
checks the checking goal for the selected object and informs about value domain trespasses
Repeat&
‘R’
Input: Any of above, number of times or other stopping condition Output space: same as operation performed
Repeats any of the operations above
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What can LAOS do for you?
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Example 1: flexibility index between concept C1 and rest of concepts in DM for automatic semantic
linking in the DM or GM
min2 1 )1()(,*)1( ACcardflexC
j cjc AA
where C = card(DM)and Amin = card(Amin)
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Example 2: flexibility degree for selecting attributes from DM concept C1 for GM, considering the order
min
minc
min
min
min
A
cA
A
i
A
i
card
i
iA
A
iAPicardPflex
1
1
)(
1 1
)!(
!
),()),(()1( 1
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Future developments LAOS
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Further developments LAOS
• Operators for each layer (partially done)
• Automatic transformations between layers for authoring simplification (done)
• Automatic concept linking (done)
• Verification work of the different layers (partially done)
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LAOS summary
• a five level AHS authoring model with a clear cut separation of the processing levels:
• 1. the domain model (DM), • 2. the goal and constraint model (GM), • 3. the user model (UM), • 4. the adaptation model (AM) - more LAG
following • 5. the presentation model (PM).
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Any questions?