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“LANGUAGES of the WORLD”(Jazyki mira):
A longitudinal project
Andrej A. KibrikYuri B. Koryakov
(Institute of Linguistics, RAN)[email protected]
Paris, February 29, 2012
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“Languages of the World”: basic information
Founded in mid-1970s by Viktoria N. Yartseva
Motive: fragmented character of individual language descriptions, due to: actual linguistic differences various linguistic traditions personal preferences
Goal: produce commensurable descriptions of as many human languages as possible
Format: encyclopedia Languaqe: Russian
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Template
Tool: typologically-oriented, uncommitted template, including information on: external aspects of language:
• history• geography• sociolinguistics• dialects• ..........
internal features:• phonetics and phonology• formal morphology• representation of semantic categories• syntactic constructions• lexicon
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Template
Standard typologically-oriented templates
I. Article on language family or group of dialects a.. Name b.. geographic spread and composition c.. Approximate number of speakers d.. Principles of genetic classification and its variants e.. Chronology of divergence (for higher level families) f.. Typical phonetic and grammatical features Bibliography II. Article on a language 1.1.0. Background information 1.1.1. alternative names 1.1.2. affilation (position in genealogical classification) 1.1.3. geographic spread; number of speakers 1.2.0. Linguo-geographical information 1.2.1. principal dialects 1.3.0. Socio-linguistic situation 1.3.1. communicative and functional status of the language 1.3.2. level of standartization
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Properties of the template
Positive very general
• easily applicable to any language flexible
• allows to fit in as much useful info as possible easy to use
• numbered positions allow for efficient cross-referencing
Negative somewhat outdated (developed in the 1970s) some overlap between positions
There is no other choice than keep going with the template, as long as we are able to
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1990s to now
Switch from the encyclopedia format to individual volumes on language groups
Since 1993 – 17 volumes on genealogical and areal language groupings
One megaproject is split into a large number of much more graspable and managable individual projects
Beginning from 2000s we integrate international colleagues and collect some articles in English
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c o v e r e d s o f
a r
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17 published volumes
Uralic 1993 Turkic 1997 Mongolic, Tungusic, Japanese, and Korean 1997 Paleoasiatic 1997 South-western Iranian 1997 North-western Iranian 1999 Eastern Iranian 1999 Dardic and Nuristani 1999 Caucasian 1999 Germanic and Celtic 2000 Romance 2001 Old and Middle Indo-Aryan 2004 Slavic 2005 Baltic 2006 Semitic I Relict non-Indoeuropean languages of Near East New Indo-Aryan languages
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Management
Editorial group “Languages of the World”Constituent of the Institute of Linguistics,
Russian Academy of Sciences 6 coworkers in the group Each project is managed by:
Supervisor from the group “LW” “Genealogical editor(s)” Group of authors
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Not yet published projects
I. Near completion II. In the making III. Incipient stage IV. Projected
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I. Near completion
18. Semitic II: Ethio-Semitic19. Relict Indoeuropean languages of
western and central Asia20. Dravidian21. Relict non-Indoeuropean
languages of Europe
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II. In the making
22. Austroasiatic and Andamanese23. Mande
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III. Incipient stage
24. Relict Indoeuropean languages of Europe
25. Sino-Tibetan
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IV. Projected
26. Tai-Kadai27. Miao-Yao
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c o v e r e d s o f
a r
18
19
20
21
2223
2425
2627
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In toto
10 forthcoming volumes or more?
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Applications
Reference tool Educational instrument Tool for quantitative research
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Database “Languages of the World” (Jazyki mira) Based on the encyclopedia Initiated in the 1980s Significantly advanced in the 2000s Vladimir Polyakov and Valery Solovyev
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Features, JM
p. 41
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The database
http://www.dblang.ru/en/Default.aspx
About 350 languages, mostly EurasiaRelatively complete coverage of
languagesHierarchically organized features 3800 binary featuresOver 1 million data points
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Applications of the DB “Jazyki mira”
typological studies areal-typological studies genealogical classifications of less-studied
families shift from purely lexical basis for classification
to the inclusion of grammatical properties
contribution of areal and genealogical factors
diachronic studies: language evolution and language prehistory
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DB “Jazyki mira” and WALS
Polyakov V., Solovyev V., Wichmann S., Belyaev O. Using WALS and Jazyki mira. Linguistic Typology. V. 13. 2009. P. 135–165.
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Phylogenetic tree, WALS
(Solovyev 2011)
Hebrew Modern Persian
Nenets Itelmen
Chukchi Lezgian
Abkhaz Kabardian
Burushaski Bengali
Chechen Georgian
Ket Khanty
Selkup Uzbek
Tatar Bashkir
Chuvash Azerbaijani
Kirghiz Hungarian
Finnish Ukrainian
Icelandic Russian Polish
Czech Komi Zyrian
Bulgarian Breton Danish
Sw edish Dutch
French Portugese
Italian Catalan
0.05
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Phylogenetic tree, JM
Ukrainian Czech
Russian Polish
Bulgarian Burushaski Kabardian
Hebrew Modern Bengali
Itelmen Abkhaz
Chukchi Ket
Georgian Khanty Komi Zyrian
Hungarian Finnish
Selkup Nenets
Chechen Tatar Chuvash
Uzbek Azerbaijani
Bashkir Kirghiz Lezgian Persian Breton
Italian Catalan
Dutch Portuguese French Icelandic
Danish Sw edish
0.05
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Language maps
Authored by Yuri Koryakov
http://lingvarium.org/maps.shtml
Each volume is accompanied by a series of maps
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Language maps vs. Linguistic maps
Language maps demonstrate the spread of languages, or of their dialects, unified by:
common territory (Language Atlas of China. S. A. Wurm et al. (eds). 1987)
common genealogical affiliation (Коряков Ю.Б. Атлас кавказских языков)
another common characteristic (Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, 1996).
Linguistic maps demonstrate the spread of linguistic phenomena, by means of dots, isoglosses, or areas
within one language (e.g. on dialectological maps)
in one region (e.g. Общеславянский лингвистический атлас 1965–2011, Atlas Linguarum Europae 1975–2002)
world-wide (WALS 2005/2008)
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Some language maps are quite general, such as this map of Tibeto-Burman
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While some are very focused, such as this map of Jewish-Aramaic languages
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Applications of language maps
They serve as a visualization accompanying language description
Particularly useful in the studies in linguistic geography, areal typology, dialectology
The very process of mapping encourages linguists to pay close attention to many specific aspects of language description
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Visual illustrations for language descriptions
Source: Authier G. Grammaire kryz (Langue caucasique d'Azerbaïdjan, dialecte d'Alik). Paris: Peeters, 2009.
Languages of Eastern Caucasus Reduction of the Vodic territory in the 20th century
Source: Агранат Т.Б. Западный диалект водского языка. Mitteilungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica 26. Москва – Гронинген, 2007
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Production of this map provoked the editors of the Indo-Aryan volume to substantially correct and expand linguo-geographical information
Source: Языки мира: Новые индоарийские языки. ― М.: Academia, 2011.
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Phenomena resistent to mapping: multilingualism, social / age-related / community-related distribution of speakers, decay of languages/dialects
Complex linguistic situation in Istria and adjacent areas
Source: Atlas of Romance languages. Moscow, 2001.
Gradual decay of French dialects
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Maps may be combined with other representations, e.g. classification schemes
Source: Atlas of Romance languages. Moscow, 2001
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Creation of language maps
When creating language maps, a variety of sources is used, including textual and cartographic
There are several techniques used in the creation of language maps
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Maps may rely on census data, on the community-by-community basis, subsequently generalized
Linguistic profiles of individual communities Areas are generalized from communities
Maps for the forthcoming publication: Коряков Ю.Б. Атлас языков России
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Generalization accompanying scaling-down
Sources: Коряков Ю.Б. Атлас кавказских языков. М., 2006; Бурлак С.А. Сравнительно-историческое языкознание. М., 2005.
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Use of isoglottic maps for the identification of dialect boundaries
Isoglottic map
Dialect map
Source: Ежегодный альманах еврейской музыкальной культуры «Музыка идишкайта». 2006. Isogloss data from: Herzog, Marvin, et al. ed., YIVO, The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry, 3 vols., Tübingen, 1992–2000.
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Historical language maps
Stage 1: Historic “base”
Stage 2: Locations of finds
Stage 3: Language boundaries
Source: Языки мира: Семитские языки. Аккадский язык. Северозападносемитские языки. М., «Academia», 2009.
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Our latest publication
New Indo-Aryan languages. Ed. by Tatiana I. Oranskaia, Julia V. Mazurova, Andrej A. Kibrik, Leonid I. Kulikov, Aleksandr Y. Rusakov.
896 pp.