Languages of India [Sheet 7] [Pali]

8/11/2019 Languages of India [Sheet 7] [Pali]

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Languages of India [Sheet 7] [PALI] P a g e | 1

Mr.Aekkasit Senaart 55070500263 [ME] Sec 26

Pali

Pli(also Pi) is aMiddle Indo-Aryan language(ofPrakrit group)of theIndian subcontinent.It is the language

of many of the earliest extantBuddhistscriptures, as collected in thePi Canon,or Tripitaka, and theliturgical language

ofTheravada Buddhism.

Origin and development

Etymology

The wordPliitself signifies "line" or "(canonical) text". This name for the language seems to have its origins in

commentarial traditions, wherein thePli(in the sense of the line of original text quoted) was distinguished from the

commentary or vernacular translation that followed it in the manuscript. As such, the name of the language has caused

some debate among scholars of all ages; the spelling of the name also varies, being found with both long "" [] and

short "a" [a], and also with either aretroflex[] or non-retroflex[l] "l" sound. Both the long and retroflex are seen in

theISO 15919/ALA-LCrendering, Pi; however, to this day there is no single, standard spelling of the term, and all four

possible spellings can be found in textbooks. R. C. Childers translates the word as "series" and states that the language

"bears the epithet in consequence of the perfection of its grammatical structure".[1]

Robert Csar Childers argues that the true or geographical name of the Pli language wasMagadhi,and that becausepli

means "line, row, series", the early Buddhists extended the meaning of the term to mean "a series of books", soPalibhasa

means "language of the texts".[2]

Classification

Pali is aliterary languageof thePrakritlanguage family and was first written down inSri Lankain the first

century BCE.[3]

Despite scholarship on this problem, there is persistent confusion as to the relation of Pi to thevernacular spoken in the ancient kingdom ofMagadha,which was located around modern-dayBihr.

Pli, as aMiddle Indo-Aryan language,is different fromSanskrit,not only with regard to the time of its origin but as to its

dialectal base since a number of itsmorphologicaland lexical features betray the fact that it is not a direct continuation of

gvedicVedic Sanskrit;rather it descends from a dialect or number of dialects that were, despite many similarities,

different fromgvedic.[4]
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Early history

Theravada Buddhism

ManyTheravadasources refer to the Pli language as "Magadhan"or the "language ofMagadha". This

identification first appears in the commentaries, and may have been an attempt by Buddhists to associate themselves more

closely with theMauryans.The Buddha taught in Magadha, but the four most important places in his life are all outside of

it. It is likely that he taught in several closely related dialects of Middle Indo-Aryan, which had a high degree of mutual

intelligibility. There is no attested dialect of Middle Indo-Aryan with all the features of Pli. Pli has some commonalities

with both theAshokaninscriptions atGirnarin the West of India, and atHathigumpha, Bhubaneswar, Orissain the East.

Similarities to the Western inscription may be misleading, because the inscription suggests that the Ashokan scribe may not

have translated the material he received from Magadha into the vernacular of the people there. Whatever the relationship of

the Buddha's speech to Pli, theCanonwas eventually transcribed and preserved entirely in it, while the commentarial

tradition that accompanied it (according to the information provided byBuddhaghosa)was translated intoSinhaleseand

preserved in local languages for several generations.

In Sri Lanka, Pli is thought to have entered into a period of decline ending around the 4th or 5th century (as

Sanskrit rose in prominence, and simultaneously, as Buddhism's adherents became a smaller portion of the subcontinent),

but ultimately survived. The work of Buddhaghosa was largely responsible for its reemergence as an important scholarly

language in Buddhist thought. TheVisuddhimaggaand the other commentaries that Buddhaghosa compiled codified and

condensed theSinhalesecommentarial tradition that had been preserved and expanded in Sri Lanka since the 3rd century

BCE.

Early western views

T. W. Rhys Davidsin his bookBuddhist India,[5]

andWilhelm Geigerin his bookPli Literature and Language,

suggested that Pali may have originated as a form oflingua francaor common language of culture among people who used

differing dialects in North India, used at the time of the Buddha and employed by him. Another scholar states that at that

time it was "a refined and elegant vernacular of all Aryan-speaking people".[6]

Modern scholarship has not arrived at a

consensus on the issue; there are a variety of conflicting theories with supporters and detractors.[7]

After the death of the

Buddha, Pali may have evolved among Buddhists out of the language of the Buddha as a new artificial language.[8]

R. C.

Childers, who held to the theory that Pli was Old Magadhi, wrote: "Had Gautama never preached, it is unlikely that

Magadhese would have been distinguished from the many other vernaculars of Hindustan, except perhaps by an inherent

grace and strength which make it a sort ofTuscanamong the Prakrits."[9]

According toK. R. Norman,it is likely that the viharas in North India had separate collections of material, preserved in the

local dialect. In the early period it is likely that no degree of translation was necessary in communicating this material to
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other areas. Around the time of Ashoka there had been more linguistic divergence, and an attempt was made to assemble

all the material. It is possible that a language quite close to the Pli of the canon emerged as a result of this process as a

compromise of the various dialects in which the earliest material had been preserved, and this language functioned as a

lingua franca among Eastern Buddhists in India from then on. Following this period, the language underwent a small

degree of Sanskritisation (i.e., MIA bamhana -> brahmana, tta -> tva in some cases).[10]

Modern scholarship

Bhikkhu Bodhi,summarizing the current state of scholarship, states that the language is "closely related to the

language (or, more likely, the various regional dialects) that the Buddha himself spoke". He goes on to write:

Scholars regard this language as a hybrid showing features of several Prakrit dialects used around the third century BCE,

subjected to a partial process of Sanskritization. While the language is not identical to what Buddha himself would have

spoken, it belongs to the same broad linguistic family as those he might have used and originates from the same conceptual

matrix. This language thus reflects the thought-world that the Buddha inherited from the wider Indian culture into which he

was born, so that its words capture the subtle nuances of that thought-world.

[11]

According toA. K. Warder,the Pli language is a Prakrit language used in a region of western India.[12]Warder

associates Pali with the Indian realm (janapada)ofAvanti,where theSthavirasect was centered.[13]

Following the initial

split in the Buddhist community, the Sthavira branch of Buddhism became influential in western and southern India, while

theMahsghikabranch became influential in central and eastern India.[14]Akira Hirakawa and Paul Groner also

associate Pli with west India and the Sthavira sect, citing inscriptions atGirnarinGujarat,India, which are linguistically

closest to the Pli language.[15]

Pali today

Today Pli is studied mainly to gain access to Buddhist scriptures, and is frequently chanted in a ritual context.The secular literature of Pli historical chronicles, medical texts, and inscriptions is also of great historical importance.

The great centers of Pli learning remain in theTheravadanations ofSoutheast Asia:Burma,Sri Lanka,Thailand,Laos,

andCambodia.Since the 19th century, various societies for the revival of Pali studies in India have promoted awareness of

the language and its literature, perhaps most notably theMaha Bodhi Societyfounded byAnagarika Dhammapala.

In Europe, thePali Text Societyhas been a major force in promoting the study of Pli by Western scholars since its

founding in 1881. Based in the United Kingdom, the society publishes romanized Pli editions, along with many English

translations of these sources. In 1869, the firstPali Dictionarywas published using the research ofRobert Caesar Childers,
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one of the founding members of the Pali Text Society. It was the first Pali translated text in English and was published in

1872. Childers's dictionary later received theVolney Prizein 1876.

The Pali Text Society was in part founded to compensate for the very low level of funds allocated toIndologyin

late 19th-century England and the rest of the UK; incongruously, the citizens of the UK were not nearly so robust in

Sanskrit andPrakritlanguage studies asGermany,Russia,and evenDenmark.Without the inspiration of colonial holdings

such as the former British occupation of Sri Lanka andBurma,institutions such as theDanish Royal Libraryhave built up

major collections of Pli manuscripts, and major traditions of Pli studies.

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali

Some chants. ( Ratanattaya Vandana)Salutation to the Triple Gem

(, , )Araham samm-sambuddho bhagavBuddham bhagavantam abhivdemi

The Lord, the Perfectly Enlightened and Blessed One, I pay homage to the Buddha, the Awakened One, the Blessed One.

(prostrate once)

( , )Svkkhto bhagavatdhammo Dhammam namassmi

The Teaching, well expounded by the Blessed One, I pay homage to the Dhamma.

(prostrate once)

(, )Supatipanno bhagavato svakasagho Sagham nammi

The Sangha, the Blessed One's disciples have practiced well, I pay homage to the Sangha.

(prostrate once)..

Reference: http://www.thailandqa.com/forum/showthread.php?32134-Chanting-Pali-Thai-English-and-translation
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Languages of India [Sheet 7] [Pali]

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