Languages of India [Sheet 1]

8/11/2019 Languages of India [Sheet 1]

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Languages of India [Sheet 1] P a g e | 1

Mr.Aekkasit Senaart 55070500263 [ME] Sec 26 Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India

Languages of India

The Languages of Indiabelong to severallanguage families,the major ones being theIndo-Aryan languages

(a subbranch of Indo-European) spoken by 74% of Indians and theDravidian languagesspoken by 23% of Indians.[1][2]

Other languages spoken in India belong to theAustro-Asiatic,Tibeto-Burman,and a few minor language families

andisolates.[3]

The official language of the Central Government ofRepublic of IndiaisStandard Hindi,whileEnglishis

the secondary official language.[4]

The constitution of India states that "The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in

Devanagariscript."[5]

Neither the Constitution of India nor Indian law specifies a national language, a position supported

by a High Court ruling.[6]

However, languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian constitution are sometimes

referred to, without legal standing, as the national languages of India.

[7][8]

Individualmother tonguesin India number several hundred;

[9]the 1961 census recognized 1,652

[10]

(SIL Ethnologuelists 415). According to Census of India of 2001, 30 languages are spoken by more than a million native

speakers, 122 by more than 10,000. Three millennia of language contact has led to significant mutual influence among

the four language families in India and South Asia. Twocontact languageshave played an important role in thehistory of

India:PersianandEnglish.[11]

HistoryThe northern Indian languages from theIndo-Iranianbranch of theIndo-European familyevolved from Old

Indo-Aryanby way of theMiddle Indo-AryanPrakritlanguages andApabhraaof theMiddle Ages.There is no

consensus for a specific time where the modern north Indian languages such asHindi-Urdu,Assamese,Bengali,Gujarati,

Marathi,Punjabi,Rajasthani,SindhiandOriyaemerged, but AD 1000 is commonly accepted.[12]

Each language had

different influences, with Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani) being strongly influenced byPersian.

TheDravidian languagesofSouth Indiahad a history independent of Sanskrit. The major Dravidian languages are

Tamil,Telugu,Malayalam,KannadaandTulu.[13]

Though Malayalam and Telugu are Dravidian in origin, over eighty

percent of theirlexiconis borrowed from Sanskrit.[14][15][16][17]

The Telugu script can reproduce the full range of Sanskrit

phonetics without losing any of the text's originality,[18]

whereas the Malayalam script includesgraphemescapable of

representing all the sounds of Sanskrit and all Dravidian languages.[19][20]

The Kannada and Tamil languages have lesser

Sanskrit and Prakrit influence.[citation needed]

TheAustro-AsiaticandTibeto-Burman languagesofNorth-East Indiaalso have

long independent histories.[citation needed]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Ishtiaq_1999-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Ishtiaq_1999-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Ishtiaq_1999-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Asiatic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Asiatic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Asiatic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-india-official-lang-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-india-official-lang-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-india-official-lang-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-simpson2007-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-simpson2007-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-simpson2007-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-contact-lingo-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-contact-lingo-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-contact-lingo-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp: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n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-contact-lingo-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-simpson2007-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-simpson2007-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-india-official-lang-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Asiatic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Ishtiaq_1999-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Ishtiaq_1999-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family


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Inventories

Dialectologists distinguish the terms "language" and "dialect" on the basis ofmutual intelligibility.The Indian

census uses two specific classifications in its own unique way: (1) 'language' and (2) 'mother tongue'. The 'mother tongues'

are grouped within each 'language'. Many 'mother tongues' so defined would be considered a language rather than a dialect

by linguistic standards. This is especially so for many 'mother tongues' with tens of millions of speakers that are officially

grouped under the 'language'Hindi.

The Indian census of 1961 recognised 1,652 different languages in India (including languages not native to the

subcontinent). The 1991 census recognizes 1,576 classified "mother tongues"[21]

ThePeople of India(POI) project of

Anthropological Survey of Indiareported 325 languages which are used for in-group communication by the Indian

communities.SIL Ethnologuelists 415 living "Languages of India" (out of 6,912 worldwide).

According to the 1991 census, 22 'languages' had more than a million native speakers, 50 had more than 100,000 and 114

had more than 10,000 native speakers. The remaining accounted for a total of 566,000 native speakers (out of a total of 838

million Indians in 1991).[21]

According to the most recent census of 2001, 29 'languages' have more than a million native speakers, 60 have

more than 100,000 and 122 have more than 10,000 native speakers.

The government of India has given 22 "languages of the 8th Schedule" the status of official language. The number of

languages given this status has increased through the political process. Some languages with a large number of speakers

still do not have this status, the largest of these beingBhili/Bhiladiwith some 9.6 million native speakers (ranked 14th),

followed byGarhwaliwith 2.9 million speakers,Gondiwith 2.7 million speakers (ranked 18th) andKhandeshiwith 2.1

million speakers (ranked 22nd). On the other hand, 2 languages with fewer than 2 million native speakers have recently

been included in the 8th Schedule for mostly political reasons:Manipuri/Maitheiwith 1.5 million speakers (ranked 25th)

andBodowith 1.4 million speakers (ranked 26th).

Language families

The languages of India belong to severallanguage families.The largest of these in terms of speakers is theIndo-

Europeanfamily, predominantly represented in itsIndo-Aryanbranch (accounting for some 700 million speakers, or 69%

of the population), but also including minority languages such as Persian, Portuguese or French, and English as alingua

franca.Kashmiriand otherDardic languages,which form part of the Indo-Iranian, and arguably Indo-Aryan family, have

some 4.6 million speakers in India.

The second largest language family is theDravidianfamily, accounting for some 200 million speakers, or 26%.

Families with smaller numbers of speakers areAustro-Asiaticand numerous smallTibeto-Burman languages,with some

10 and 6 million speakers, respectively, together 5% of the population.
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TheOngan languagesof the southernAndaman Islandsform a fifth family; theGreat Andamanese languagesare extinct

apart from one highly endangered language with a dwindling number of speakers. There is also a knownlanguage isolate,

theNihali language.TheShompenlanguage or languages is/are poorly attested and unclassified.Sentineleseis entirely

unknown.

Most languages in the Indian republic are written in Brahmi-derived scripts, such asDevanagari,Kannada,Eastern Nagari -

Assamese/Bengali,Telugu,Oriya,Tamil,etc., though Urdu is written inan Arabic script,and a few minor languages such

asSantaliuse independent scripts.

Official languages

Theofficial languagesof theRepublic of IndiaareStandard Hindi(41% of the countryspeaks Standard Hindi or

another Hindi dialect)andEnglish.According to the article 343 (1) of theConstitution of India,"The Official Language of

the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script."[22]

The individualstatescan legislate their own official languages,

depending on their linguistic demographics. For example, the state ofMaharashtrahasMarathias its sole official language,

the state ofPunjabhasPunjabias its sole official language, the state ofAndhra PradeshhasTeluguas its sole official

language, the state ofOrissahasOriyaas its sole official language, the state ofTamil NaduhasTamilas its sole official

language, the state ofKarnatakahasKannadaas its sole official language and the state ofKeralahasMalayalamas its sole

official language, while the state ofJammu and KashmirhasKashmiri,Urdu,andDogrias its official languages.

Article 345 of the constitution authorizes the several states of India to adopt as "official languages"of that state

which

people of that state can then use in all dealings with all branches of the local, state and federal governmentseither

Standard Hindi or any one or more of the languages spoken in that state. Until the Twenty-First Amendment of the

Constitution in 1967, the country recognised 14 official regional languages. The Eighth Schedule and the Seventy-First

Amendment provided for the inclusion ofSindhi,Konkani,MeiteilonandNepali,thereby increasing the number of official

regional languages of India to 18. At present there are 22 official languages of India.[23]

Individual states, whose borders are

mostly drawn on socio-linguistic lines, are free to decide their own language for internal administration and education.

The following table lists the official languages, aside from English, set out in the eighth schedule as of May 2008:[24]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shompen_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shompen_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shompen_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinelese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinelese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinelese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_writing_system#Eastern_Nagari_script_.28Assamese.2FBengali.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_writing_system#Eastern_Nagari_script_.28Assamese.2FBengali.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_writing_system#Eastern_Nagari_script_.28Assamese.2FBengali.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_writing_system#Eastern_Nagari_script_.28Assamese.2FBengali.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India#Linguistic_demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India#Linguistic_demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India#Linguistic_demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cite_ref-0-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cite_ref-0-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cite_ref-0-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiteilonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiteilonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiteilonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiteilonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cite_ref-0-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India#Linguistic_demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_writing_system#Eastern_Nagari_script_.28Assamese.2FBengali.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_writing_system#Eastern_Nagari_script_.28Assamese.2FBengali.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_alphabethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinelese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shompen_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongan_languages


4/7



Language FamilySpeakers

(in millions, 2001)State(s)

Assamese/Axomiya Indo-Aryan,

Eastern

13 Assam,Arunachal Pradesh

Bengali Indo-Aryan,

Eastern

83 West Bengal,Tripura,Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Bodo Tibeto-Burman 1.4 Assam

Dogri Indo-Aryan,

Northwestern

2.3 Jammu and Kashmir

Gujarati Indo-Aryan,

Western

46 Dadra and Nagar Haveli,Daman and Diu,Gujarat

Hindi Indo-Aryan,

Central

258422[26]

Andaman and Nicobar Islands,Arunachal Pradesh,

Bihar,Chandigarh,Chhattisgarh,thenational capital

territoryofDelhi,Haryana,Himachal Pradesh,

Jharkhand,Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan,Uttar Pradesh

andUttarakhand

Kannada Dravidian 38 Karnataka

Kashmiri Indo-Aryan,

Dardic

5.5 Jammu and Kashmir

Konkani Indo-Aryan,

Southern

2.57.6[27]

Goa,Karnataka,Maharashtra,Kerala

Maithili Indo-Aryan,

Eastern

1232[28]

Bihar

Malayalam

Dravidian 33 Kerala,Andaman and Nicobar Islands,Lakshadweep,

Puducherry

Manipuri(also Meitei

or Meithei)

Tibeto-Burman 1.5 Manipur

Marathi Indo-Aryan,

Southern

72 Maharashtra,Goa,Dadra & Nagar Haveli,Daman and

Diu,Madhya Pradesh

Nepali Indo-Aryan,

Northern

2.9 Sikkim,West Bengal,Assam
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indo-Aryan_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_capital_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_capital_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_capital_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_capital_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_%26_Nagar_Havelihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_%26_Nagar_Havelihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_%26_Nagar_Havelihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_%26_Nagar_Havelihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweephttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_capital_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_capital_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indo-Aryan_languages


5/7



Oriya Indo-Aryan,

Eastern

33 Orissa

Punjabi Indo-Aryan,

Northwestern

29 Chandigarh,Delhi,Haryana,Punjab

Sanskrit Indo-Aryan 0.01 non-regional

Santhali Munda 6.5 Santhaltribals of theChota Nagpur Plateau

(comprising the states ofBihar,Chattisgarh,

Jharkhand,Orissa)

Sindhi Indo-Aryan,

Northwestern

2.5 non-regional

Tamil Dravidian 61 Tamil Nadu,Andaman & Nicobar Islands,Puducherry

Telugu Dravidian 74 Andaman & Nicobar Islands,Andhra Pradesh,

Puducherry

Urdu Indo-Aryan,

Central

52 Jammu and Kashmir,Andhra Pradesh,Delhi,Bihar,

Uttar PradeshandUttarakhand

Official classical languagesIn 2004, theGovernment of Indiadeclared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the

status of a "Classical Languagein India".[29]

Languages thus far declared to be Classical areTamil(in 2004),[30]

Sanskrit(in

2005),[31]

KannadaandTelugu(in 2008).[32]

In 2005, Sanskrit, which already had special status in Article 351 of the Constitution of India as the primary source

language for the development of the official standard of Hindi,[33]

was also declared to be a classical language; this was

followed by similar declarations for Kannada and Telugu in 2008, based on the recommendation of a committee of

linguistic experts constituted by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.[32]

In a 2006 press release, Minister of Tourism & Culture Ambika Soni told the Rajya Sabha the following criteria

were laid down to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered for classification as a "Classical Language",[34]

High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years; A body of ancient

literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers; The literary tradition be

original and not borrowed from another speech community; The classical language and literature being distinct

from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-bbcclassical-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-bbcclassical-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-bbcclassical-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-antiquity-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-antiquity-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-antiquity-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-antiquity-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-antiquity-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-antiquity-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-offshoots-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-offshoots-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-offshoots-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-offshoots-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-antiquity-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-antiquity-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-bbcclassical-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_%26_Nicobar_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattisgarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_language


6/7



Other local languages and dialects

In addition, the 2001 census identified the following mother tongues (i.e. languages and dialects) having more than

one million speakers. All were grouped under Hindi or Oriya.[35]

Mother tongue No. of speakers

Bhojpuri 33,099,497

Rajasthani 18,355,613

Magadh/Magahi 13,978,565

Chhattisgarhi 13,260,186

Haryanvi 7,997,192

Marwari 7,936,183

Malvi 5,565,167

Mewari 5,091,697

Khorth/Khotta 4,725,927

Bundeli/Bundelkhan 3,072,147

Bagheli/Baghel Khan 2,865,011

Pahari

2,832,825

Laman/Lambadi 2,707,562

Awadhi 2,529,308

Harauti 2,462,867

Garhwali 2,267,314

Nimadi 2,148,146

Sadan/Sadri 2,044,776

Kumauni 2,003,783

Dhundhari 1,871,130

Surgujia 1,458,533

Bagri Rajasthani 1,434,123

Banjari 1,259,821

Nagpuria (Varhadi) 1,242,586

Surjapuri 1,217,019

Kangri 1,122,843
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magahi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magahi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanvi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanvi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khortha_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khortha_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeli_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeli_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheli_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheli_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harauti_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harauti_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimadi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimadi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumauni_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumauni_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhundari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhundari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgujia_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgujia_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varhadi_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varhadi_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surjapuri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surjapuri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surjapuri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varhadi_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgujia_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhundari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumauni_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimadi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harauti_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheli_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeli_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khortha_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanvi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magahi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-35


7/7



Regional languages

InBritish India,English was the sole language used foradministrativepurposes as well as forhigher education

purposes. When India became independent in 1947, the Indianlegislatorshad the challenge of choosing a language for

official communication as well as for communication between different linguistic regions across India. The choices

available were:

Making "Hindi", which a plurality of the people (43%)[citation needed]

identified as their mother tongue, the official

language, though only a minority of these "Hindi" speakers spokeHindi proper.

Making English, as preferred by non-Hindi speakers, particularlyTamilsandKannadigas,and those from

MizoramandNagaland,the official language. See alsoAnti-Hindi agitations.

Declare both Hindi and English as official languages and each state is given freedom to choose the official

language of the state.

TheIndian constitution,in 1950, declaredHindiinDevanagariscript to be theofficial languageof the union.[37]

Unless

Parliament decided otherwise, the use ofEnglishfor official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into

effect, i.e., on 26 January 1965.[37]

The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking

areas of India, especiallyDravidian-speaking states inSouth Indiawhose languages were not related to Hindi at all (see

examples at right). As a result,Parliamentenacted theOfficial Languages Act, 1963,[38][39][40][41][42][43]

which provided for the

continued use of English for official purposes along with Hindi, even after 1965.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadigashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadigashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadigashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_Languages_Act,_1963&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_Languages_Act,_1963&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_Languages_Act,_1963&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadigashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislatorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_educationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India

Languages of India [Sheet 1]

Documents

Transcript of Languages of India [Sheet 1]