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Language Studies FormMeaningContext Slide 2 Language Studies FormLexicologyPhoneticsPhonologyMorphologySyntaxMeaningSemanticsPragmaticsContext Sociolinguistics Discourse analysis Sociology of language Psycholinguist ics Slide 3 What is semantics? A branch of linguistics dealing with the study of meaning, including the ways meaning is structured in language and changes in meaning and form over time (Random House Websters Dictionary) Semantics, roughly defined, is the study of meaning. (McManis, C.; Stollenwerk, D.; Zheng-Sheng, Z. (1998) "the study of how meaning is generated in language." (Glossary Definition UsingEnglish.com: http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/semantics.html)http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/semantics.html "in general, the study of the relationship between words and meanings....The field of semantics has three basic concerns: the relations of words to the objects denoted by them, the relations of words to the interpreters of them, and, in symbolic logic, the formal relations of signs to one another (syntax)." (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Columbia University Press: New York. 2009) Slide 4 What is pragmatics? "is the study of the use of context to make inferences about meaning. (Fasold (1990: 119). Cited in http://www.criticism.com/linguistics/semantics-vs- pragmatics.php)http://www.criticism.com/linguistics/semantics-vs- pragmatics.php A branch of linguistics with language in its situational context, including the knowledge and beliefs of the speaker and the relationships and interaction between speaker and listener. (Random House Websters Dictionary) Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has more to do with what people mean than what the words or phrases say. (Yule, 1996) Slide 5 What do these words mean? KickThe bucket Slide 6 What does this sentence mean? He kicked the bucket Semantics Pragmatics Slide 7 Semantics Vs. Pragmatics While semantics is the study of meaning in a language, pragmatics is the study of language from the point of view of language users. Semantic meaning focuses on the meaning of words, phrases, clauses, and speech acts and pragmatic meaning on how speakers and addressees perceive language use. Semantics is concerned with meaning regardless of context while pragmatics is concerned with communication within a specific context. Distinguishing Pragmatics from Semantics: http://www.criticism.com/linguistics/semantics-vs- pragmatics.php Slide 8 Another example: He was eating a hamburger He was eating a chair He was making a chair Slide 9 Semantic or pragmatic meaning? Joe hasnt met my parents She hasnt taken a shower. He was so tired he could sleep for days. Slide 10 http://bitstrips.com/r/CM8 Slide 11 Colourless green ideas sleep furiously This sentence was presented by Chompsky as an example of a series of words strung together randomly. Explain it based on your understanding about syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Slide 12 Meaning What do you do when you dont know the meaning of a word? How do you help your students when they dont know the meaning of a word? Slide 13 The Conversation between Humpty Dumpty and Alice (Alice in Wonderland, Lewis Caroll) Slide 14 1 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. 2 'Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch! Slide 15 "I don't know what you mean by 'glory,' " Alice said. Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. "Of course you don't till I tell you. I meant 'there's a nice knock-down argument for you!' " "But 'glory' doesn't mean 'a nice knock-down argument'," Alice objected. " When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean neither more nor less." "The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things." "The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master that's all." Alice was too much puzzled to say anything, so after a minute Humpty Dumpty began again. "They've a temper, some of themparticularly verbs, they're the proudestadjectives you can do anything with, but not verbshowever, I can manage the whole lot! Impenetrability! That's what I say!" Slide 16 What is meaning? How do we attribute meaning to words or sentences? Slide 17 The meaning of meaning Michelle means trouble The principal means what he says about discipline Romeo and Juliet were meant for each other This weather will mean long traffic jams Money means nothing for me Those dark clouds mean rain She didnt mean to hurt you What is the meaning of life? Slide 18 Point, purpose To foretell, indicates Denote, connote, signify, represent To produce, cause Intend To have the importance of To say or to do in all seriousness To destine or design for a certain person or purpose. The meaning of meaning Slide 19 How do we attribute meaning to words? Dictionary meaning Mental images Meaning and reference Meaning and true Meaning and language use Slide 20 Conclusions Although there is a lot to be said about meaning, a few things should be clear: Slide 21 1. Meaning (like any other aspect of language) is provided by a community of native speakers, not by some special authority like a dictionary or grammar book. Slide 22 2. The meaning of an expression is not just a definition composed of more words in the same language, since the meaning system of any language would form a vicious cirle. Slide 23 3. The meaning of an expression is not just a mental image, since mental images seem to vary from person to person more than meaning does, since mental images tend to be only of typical or ideal examples of the things they symbolize, and since not all words have corresponding mental images. Slide 24 4. The meaning of a word involves more than just the actual thing the word refers to, since not all expressions have real-world referents, and substituting expressions with identical referents for each other in a sentence can change the meaning of the sentence as a whole. Slide 25 5. Knowing the meaning of a sentence involves knowing the conditions under which it would be true, so explaining the meaning of a sentence can be done in part by explaining its truth conditions. Slide 26 6. Knowing the meaning of an utterance also involves knowing how to use it, so conditions on language use also form an important aspect of meaning. Slide 27 Meaning is a complex phenomenon involving relationships between a language and the minds of its speakers, between a language and the world, and between a language and the practical uses to which it is put. Slide 28 Activity for the forum In which way do you think that semantics and pragmatics theory could contribute to your practice in the FL classroom?