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Transcript of LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Language of Anatomy Martini Chapter 1 Credit: Portland Community College Edited...
![Page 1: LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY Language of Anatomy Martini Chapter 1 Credit: Portland Community College Edited 2009.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e545503460f94b4b15b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
Language of Anatomy
Martini Chapter 1
Credit: Portland Community CollegeEdited 2009
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Anatomy
• Gross anatomy: the study of body structures visible to the naked eye (without a microscope)
• Microscopic anatomy: • Cytology: Analysis of the internal structures of
individual cells• Histology: examination of tissues (groups of
specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function.
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Anatomical Position
• Anytime you describe structures relative to one another, you must assume this standard position:
• Body erect• Feet slightly apart• Palms facing forward• Thumbs point away from body
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Anterior Landmarks
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PosteriorLandmarks
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Anatomical Locations
• Abdominal: abdominal region• Acromial: the point of the shoulder• Antebrachial: forearm• Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow• Axillary: armpit• Brachial: upper arm• Buccal: cheek of the face• Calcaneal: heel of the foot• Carpal: wrist• Cephalic: head
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Anatomical Locations
• Cervical: neck• Deltoid: round part of the shoulder• Digital: fingers and toes• Dorsum: back • Femoral: thigh• Frontal: forehead• Gluteal: buttocks• Hallux: big toe• Inguinal: groin• Lumbar: lower back• Mammary: breast
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Anatomical Locations
• Mental: chin• Nasal: Nose• Occipital: base of the skull
• Olecranal: elbow• Oral: mouth• Orbital: bony eye socket• Otic: ear• Palmar: palm of hand• Patellar: Kneecap• Pedal: Foot
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Anatomical Locations
• Pelvic: pelvis region• Perineal: area between anus and
external genitals• Plantar: sole of foot• Pollex: thumb• Popliteal: behind the knee• Pubic: genital region• Sacral: lower back between the hips• Scapular: shoulder blade• Tarsal: ankle• Thoracic: chest• Vertebral: spine
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Body Orientationand Direction
• These are relative positions• Proximal/distal
• Used to describe locations on the arms and legs
• GI tract
• Medial/lateral• Medial is closer to the
midline
• Farther away from the midline
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Body Orientation and Direction
• Dorsal: Back• Ventral: Front• Superior or Cephalad is
toward the head• Inferior or Caudal is
toward the feet• Anterior: most forward• Posterior: toward the
backside
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Planes of the Body
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• Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system
• Contains Brain and Spinal Cord
Dorsal Body Cavity
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Cavities
• Thoracic Cavity• Heart & Lungs
• Subdivided into the mediastinum and plural cavities
• Lower border is the diaphragm• Abdominal Cavity
• Stomach, Liver, Intestines• Pelvic Cavity
• Reproductive organs Bladder, Rectum
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Serous Membranes
• Serous Membranes have two layers
1. Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
1. Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
• Serous fluid separates the serosae
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Serous Membranes
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Serous Membranes of the Heart
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Quadrants
• RUQ• Liver
• LUQ• Spleen
• RLQ• Appendix
• LLQ• Sigmoid colon
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Abdominopelvic Regions
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Lab Activity 2
Organ Systems
Martini Chapter 1, Pages 9-10
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Integumentary System
• Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands
• Function:• Forms external body covering• Protects deeper tissues from injury• Involved in vitamin D synthesis• Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry • Site of pain and pressure receptors
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Skeletal System
• Structure: 206 bones of the human body
• Function:• Protects and supports body organs• Provides a framework that muscles can use to create
movement• Hematopoiesis (synthesis of blood cells)• Mineral storage
• Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium
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Muscular System
• Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body
• Function: • Locomotion• Manipulation of the environment• Maintaining posture• Thermogenesis (generation of heat)
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Nervous System
• Structures: Brain, Spinal cord,
and peripheral nerves.
• Function:• Fast-acting control system of the body• Monitoring of the internal and external environment
and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity
• Information Assessment
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Endocrine System
• Structures: Hormone Secreting Glands• Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Pineal,
Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Stomach, Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys, Heart
• Functions:• Long-term control system of the body• Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient
use among other things.
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Cardiovascular System
• Structures: • Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
• Functions:• The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.• Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients
(glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes (urea, creatinine), signaling molecules (hormones), and heat.
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Lymphatic/Immune System
• Structures:• Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Spleen, Thymus,
Red bone marrow
• Functions:• Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream• Disposal of debris• Attacking and resisting foreign invaders (pathogens
i.e., disease-causing organisms)• Absorption of fat from the digestive tract
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Respiratory System
• Structures:• Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Functions:• Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove
CO2
• Regulate blood pH
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Digestive System
• Structures:• Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
• Functions:• Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into
absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells
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Urinary System
• Structures:• Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,
urethra
• Functions:• Removal of nitrogenous wastes• Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes,
and acidity
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Reproductive System
• Structures:• Male:
• Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis
• Female:• Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary
glands
• Functions:• Making Babies
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The End